linda513

15. 老鼠实验证明新西兰人的出现时间

By simple874还考到了一篇是讲new zeland的，关于pollution的。大致是先提到以前的研究认为这个地方开始有生物是什么什么时候，第二段说谁在哪儿发现了rat的骨头还是化石好像，总之最后说那个地方有人类有生物被污染是近600年的事（这是到考题）

by天堂之门(660)关于新西兰和老鼠的，说有一种争论，关于新西兰最早的人来是出现在十三世纪还是200BC，但是由于后一种说法一直没有一个确切的考古发现，所以受到反对者的批判。
第二段讲一哥们儿进行了一下发掘，就是他的这个发掘过程
第三段最后说这个发现很重要，确定了关于人类和老鼠的出现所造成的破坏（破坏森林，而且老鼠还导致了几种鸟类的灭亡）的时间应该是十三世纪之后，

linda513

1.2.        Analysis & Research
1.2.1New Zealand*
1段：说之前表明13世纪才有人到那去，但是一个神马关于老鼠的carbon-date 是AD300年就有了，很多人认为是实验出错了
然后第二段有个人跳出来说刚刚他们也做了同样的实验 发现时1289年的。
最后一段是说反驳之前有人说人类在AD300去了之后导致了鸟和frog的灭绝 这里有考点。问这段的作用
考古
老鼠实验证明新西兰人的出现时间
来自ScienceDaily。这再一次证明ScienceDaily是个好的泛读材料。
New Zealand's Colonization 1000 Years Later Than Previously Thought?
ScienceDaily (June 4, 2008) — The dating project, in one of the largest studies of its kind, has shown that the country was not visited by humans over 2000 years ago, as some previous research suggests.

An international team of researchers, led by Dr Janet Wilmshurst from Landcare Research, spent 4 years on the project which shows conclusively that the earliest evidence for human colonisation is about 1280-1300 AD, and no earlier. They based their results on new radiocarbon dating of Pacific rat bones and rat-gnawed seeds. Their results do not support previous radiocarbon dating of Pacific rat bones which implied a much earlier human contact about 200 BC.
The original old rat bones dates have been hotly debated ever since they were published in Nature in 1996. The ages are controversial because there is no supporting ecological or archaeological evidence for the presence of kiore or humans until 1280-1300 AD and the reliability of the bone dating has been questioned. This is the first time that the actual sites involved in the original study have been re-excavated and analyzed.
Dr Wilmshurst and her team researchers re-excavated and re-dated bones from nearly all of the previously investigated sites. All of their new radiocarbon dates on kiore bones are no older than 1280 AD. This is consistent with other evidence from the oldest dated archaeological sites, Maori whakapapa, widespread forest clearance by fire and a decline in the population of marine and land-based fauna.
“As the Pacific rat or kiore cannot swim very far, it can only have arrived in New Zealand with people on board their canoes, either as cargo or stowaways. Therefore, the earliest evidence of the Pacific rat in New Zealand must indicate the arrival of people” Dr Wilmshurst said.
The dating of the rat bones was also supported by the dating of over a hundred woody seeds, many of which had distinctive tell-tale rat bite marks, preserved in peat and swamp sites from the North and South Islands.
“These rat-gnawed seeds provide strong additional evidence for the arrival of rats, and therefore humans, and are an indirect way of testing the veracity of the dates we have done on rat bones,” said Dr Tom Higham, Deputy Director of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit at Oxford University.
Rats leave rows of narrow grooves or bite marks on woody seed cases when they gnaw open the seed, and these distinctive teeth marks can be seen with the naked eye. “The width of the teeth marks left on the woody seeds exactly match those of a rat's two front teeth, and cannot be mistaken for any other seed predator. We have dated over 100 individual seeds, some rat-gnawed, others intact or bird-cracked, which show that rat gnawed seeds only occur in both the North and South Islands of New Zealand after about 1280 AD”, Dr Wilmshurst said.
With over 165 dates on seeds and bones from a large number of sites, the overwhelming evidence suggests that rats and their human carriers did not reach New Zealand until about 1280 AD.

linda513

1.1.20一篇是大公司和小公司的创新
大公司和小公司的创新（好像在gwd中见过这一篇，不知道是不是幻觉）
1.1.21manufacturer和retailer
比较长，不是很记得了。貌似是stimulate还是什么营销手段inter什么的？manufacturer和retailer有点不一样吧。 manufacturer比较好，又不用怎么花钱有宣传了，retailer的那个不咋地，因为其他的因素会影响，shop的clean什么的。

linda513

　　考古(未确认,感觉很像) 感谢vincent007

　 　v1 economist 有一个 hypothetical model, 内容主要说： when firms apply for a bank loan, 他们需要知道自己的operating costs,但是operating cost会被其他因素影响，因此还需要向bank 申请evaluation, bank要对他们进行investigation.

　　higher cost firms不容易被approved,while low cost firm更容易被approved，那么high cost firms will be subsidisized by low cost firms. and the low cost firm knows that. 因此，to distinguish from the high cost firm, they will 跟银行弄一个collateral.而collateral 的风险成本很大，所以high cost firm基本上不会collateral，而low cost firm 因为本身low cost，不特别在乎其带来的风险. 所以到后来，就只有low cost firm 弄collateral，而且他们只要弄了collateral银行就基本上不会对他们进行eveluation.

　　v2: 关于bank loan的。

　　第一段先提出了一个经济模型(有题)

　 　第二段大概是对high cost company 和low cost company借款之前要先evaluation一下，要收费。后来发现，low cost company subsidize the high cost company, 就是低成本的在花费这方面补给了高成本的公司，于是低成本的公司想出了一个办法，那个词挺关键，不过我不认识，记不清了，大概是co什么的。最后一段说 low cost company用这种办法的前提是什么。High cost company为减小这个花费也有一些risk.

　　注：原文参考首页raist的原文文章

　 　V3 by foxwill low cost公司和 high cost公司的担保问题。机经上貌似没有。主要是讲经济学上一种叫做screening啥玩意的模型。第一段讲假设公司分两种：low cost公司和 high cost，显然high cost偿还银行贷款的能力更弱，银行因此更不愿意把钱贷给他们，所以银行发贷款前要审查;第二段讲审查是要成本的，因此呢，那些low cost公司等于就在补贴 high cost公司了(因为low cost其实是不需要审查的);第三段讲鉴于此，low cost公司就为贷款提供担保，好让银行把他们从 high cost公司里挑出了，而不用审查，避免补贴 high cost公司(这句话有题);第四段讲这个手段为什么有效呢，因为 high cost公司模仿的成本很高——如果他们提供抵押担保的话，他们是很容易还不了债而出去抵押物的。后面的题目不难，找准定位即可。

　　 V4 by qiuhailing01 economist 有一个 hypothetical model, 内容主要说： when firms apply for a bank loan, 他们需要知道自己的operating costs,但是operating cost会被其他因素影响，因此还需要向bank 申请evaluation, bank要对他们进行investigation.

　 　higher cost firms不容易被approved,while low cost firm更容易被approved，那么high cost firms will be subsidisized by low cost firms. and the low cost firm knows that. 因此，to distinguish from the high cost firm, they will 跟银行弄一个collateral.而collateral 的风险成本很大，所以high cost firm基本上不会collateral，而low cost firm 因为本身low cost，不特别在乎其带来的风险. 所以到后来，就只有low cost firm 弄collateral(质押)，而且他们只要弄了collateral银行就基本上不会对他们进行eveluation.

　　问题好像有:

　　(1)银行只对批准贷款的公司作风险评估,为什么?

　　(2)high cost firms 在什么情况下会去做质押?

　　现在头很痛,我刚起来还没洗脸,趁着还记得些东西赶紧先写下来.以后想起来再补.下面说点儿经验供广州的G友参考.

　 　higher cost firms不容易被approved,while low cost firm更容易被approved，那么high cost firms will be subsidisized by low cost firms. and the low cost firm knows that. 因此，to distinguish from the high cost firm, they will 跟银行弄一个collateral.而collateral 的风险成本很大，所以high cost firm基本上不会collateral，而low cost firm 因为本身low cost，不特别在乎其带来的风险. 所以到后来，就只有low cost firm 弄collateral(质押)，而且他们只要弄了collateral银行就基本上不会对他们进行eveluation.

　　问题好像有: (1)银行只对批准贷款的公司作风险评估,为什么? (2)high cost firms 在什么情况下会去做质押?

　 　V5 by carolwting Past collateral.这题我总觉得是以前考过的..但是又想不起来是在哪里了.是说经济学家提出一个假设,假设有两种公司,一种是low operating cost,一种是high operating cost.在为项目申请贷款时候,低的因为成本低,项目成功性大,容易成功.而高的相反.银行为保证他们的贷款,都通常会对申请进行 evaluation.然后第二段就开始说,银行的evaluation是有cost的,为了保证他们的cost可以recoup,他们通常只向贷款成功 的firm收费.而因为低成本公司通过审查的成功率高,因此到头来,他们发现都是低成本的那些公司在为高成本公司的审查买单.第三段,低成本公司为了避免 这种状况,就申请post collateral.(这里我不是特别确定,有点记不太清楚了).有些经济学家就又提出一个观点...(这是一个段内的小观点).第四段就说,这样一 来,申请贷款的公司在银行那里就是一个低成本公司的代名词,从而导致银行的审查不严格或干脆不审了.

linda513

1.1.18 顾客坚持己见
第一段把资料分成好几类,第二段说顾客对某些事情仍就不相信,会坚持己见(考点多
1.1.19公司贷款抵押screening effect*
screening effect，就是银行会根据high-cost和low-cost company （project operational cost吧）进行evaluation fee的收取。为了避免high-cost company的搭便车行为，low-cost company可以通过抵押品collateral来向银行传递信号，说自己靠谱。
公司贷款抵押

考古 未确定
　　By richardmzq(720)讲为什么公司在贷款时要抵押。整篇完全在讲一个经济模型。

　　P1，说银行贷款时往往碰到两类公司，Low-cost 和high-cost(以下简称好和坏)。说了下好公司风险低，借了钱还的概率比较高。但是在实际中，外表上看银行是区分不了这两类公司的。讲的是模型的假设

　　P2，说银行贷款审查时要收费，好的公司和差的公司都要交，而好的公司实际上不必要审查，由于银行不审查区别不了才这么做，这实际上相当于好公司补贴坏公司。于是为了躲避审查，给抵押就是一个好办法。从而好公司都愿意给抵押，而坏公司大多不愿意。

　　P3， 开始讲抵押。好公司为了让自己区分于坏公司，就说提供抵押，因为坏公司项目失败可能性高，自己都没信心所以不愿意给抵押，而好公司相反。 但好公司给抵押也要一定程度的，至少抵押多到坏公司不愿给的程度。

　　题目1，问了下列哪个说法正确，就是绕来绕去的选项，我选的是坏公司比好公司更有可能进行欺骗性的抵押

　　题目2，好公司为什么要给抵押，我选的是不去进行审查从而躲避对坏公司的变相补贴

　　By SherryBNU(730M51V37)题目1，问了下列哪个说法正确，就是绕来绕去的选项，我选的是坏公司比好公司更有可能进行欺骗性的抵押(我选的好像不是这个)

　　题目2，好公司为什么要给抵押，我选的是不去进行审查从而躲避对坏公司的变相补贴(对)

　 　bytangsusie说low operating cost 的公司比high operating cost的公司去贷款，bank要evaluation of the firm，还需要charge fees，有一题问bank charge fee的考括号里imply什么，好像是说bank charge fee 的时候要charge company approved不然bank 可以通过charge fee赚钱而且不用真的去evaluation。然后说low operating cost的公司可以通过post colleteral。。我不会拼诶，是不是说抵押的意思?不知道，low cost post colleteral only if 某某某condition，然后说low cost 的公司post Colleteral的风险比high cost低，他们做project成功的概率也高，然后bank就给他们放贷without evaluation。

linda513

1.1.17 stock-keeping units@
还有一个是说近年来出现了一个矛盾现象，就是虽然scanner和其他先进的技术可以使company生产少量的多样化的产品，但还是有越来越多的inventory 不足或过剩的现象。我记得是GWD或者prep里的原题 有印象的人帮忙找一下吧
原文
Companies that must determine well in advance of the selling season how many units of a new product to manufacture often underproduce products that sell well and have overstocks of others. The increased incidence in recent years of mismatches between production and demand seems ironic, since point-of-sale scanners have improved data on consumers’ buying patterns and since flexible manufacturing has enabled companies to 24 produce, cost-effectively, small quantities of goods. This type of manufacturing has greatly increased the number of new products introduced annually in the United States. However, frequent introductions of new products have two problematic side effects. For one, they reduce the average lifetime of products; more of them are neither at the beginning of their life (when prediction is difficult) or at the end of their life (when keeping inventory is expensive because the products will soon become obsolete). For another, as new products proliferate, demand is divided among a growing number of stock-keeping units (SKU’s). Even though manufacturers and retailers can forecast aggregate demand with some certainty, forecasting accurately how that demand will be distributed among the many SKU’s they sell is difficult.  For example, a company may be able to estimate accurately the aggregate number of shoes it will sell, but it may be uncertain about which specific types of shoes will sell more than other types.
问题是
Q35:
Which of the following most accurately describes the function of the last sentence in the passage (lines 35-40)?
A.    To cite a situation in which the aggregate demand is more important than the distribution of demand among SKU’s
B.    To refute an assertion about the side effects of flexible manufacturing
C.    To illustrate an assertion about companies’ ability to forecast demand
D.    To provide an example of ways in which companies address the difficulties of forecasting demand
E.    To note an exception to the author’s assertion about distributing demand among SKU’s
----------------------------------------------------------------
Q36:
The passage suggests which of the following about divided demand among a growing number of SKU’s?
A.    It has increased the average lifetime of products.
B.    It has resulted from retailer’s attempts to predict demand more accurately and avoid both understocks and overstocks.
C.    It has decreased the use of flexible manufacturing by companies.
D.    It has not increased the expense of keeping inventory of certain products.
E.    It has not prevented companies from predicting aggregate demand with some certainty.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Q37:TTGWD-6
According to the passage, which of the following has led to growth in the number of new products introduced in the United States each year?
A.    Reduced average lifetime of products
B.    Increased ability to forecast aggregate demand
C.    More cost-effective ways of keeping inventory for products
D.    Cost-effective production of small quantities of goods
E.    Increased ability to divide demand among a number of SKU’s and to forecast how that demand will be distributed among those SKU’s
OA :  D、E、D

linda513

1.1.16 网上销售
比较长，写的是一个类似于网上销售的吧，
先说了一下在实体店中retail的销售有什么弊端，
第二段写到销售商和制造商想出了一个方法，我觉得和网上购物差不多吧。说了一下这个是怎么运作的。
第三段先说了一下这个方法还是有不足，however在转折一下还是在说这个方式不错吧，lz的理解哈~
问题：
貌似问了一个说第三段的作用
         问了一个从文章中可以infer出有关这个新的购物形式的有啥作用不之类的.....

linda513

1.1.15 benchmarking的standard
第一段，公司要追求利润就要对满意程度进行记录和测评， 有一种方法一共有三个standard ,第一个standard是内部的这个可以作为今后比较的参照(有题就说第一个standard 其实是作为今后比较的database)
第二段，第二个standard 分两种一种是。。。。。。
第三段， 第二种是。。。。
第四段，第三个standard是最关键的，是跟竞争对手的比较
第五段，分析了一下这种方法的不足之处
问题问了前两段的结构是什么 by crazyluna

有篇阅读讲benchmarking的，三个standard,挺简单

linda513

1.1.14 manufacutory industory全球化
跨国公司要实现利润需要两中手段，一个是用global standard 来使得cost尽可能小，另一个就是融合当地的culture 和 idea以便更适应当地的状况，有些公司能做到两者兼得，就是在运用当地culture的基础上，尽可能是成本缩小
V2讲的是manufacutory industory的全球化，叫"multiple multiple". 举了个例子M公司，说要全球化需要克服culture conflict 和 decrease cost (effiiency?). 但有的公司只能做到1条

linda513

1.1.13 电影明星是如何成名*
V1
关于电影明星是如何成名的.有点长,一屏半. 说的是一直以来人们都以为电影明星成名是因为观众的喜好,观众捧场,但是实际上不是,刚开始的时候,制作电影都是小成本的,不是叙事的,电影镜头也不会给 明星.电影明星的成名是因为背后的公司的推动.有一个主旨题.
V2
长文。四段。第一段讲通常人们认为著名影星的出现是自然而言的事情。。。但是作者说，不是，而是。。。（忘了）
第二段讲最初的电影是 nonnarative的，也短，对影星的特写也没有，因此，当然大家都记不住演员啦 。
第三段，讲后来技术上有进步了，好像跟摄影有关，电影也变长了，对影星也有特写，因此。。。
第四段讲什么忘了，因为好像没有题，所以印象不深刻。
考古 不知道是不是这个哟。。查到06年有个类似的
讲的是电影史，四段一屏半。
第一段，很多人认为电影明星的兴起是自然而然的变化，或者是观众aesthetic的变化。然，作者认为不是这样滴，电影明星是和电影的发展紧密相连互相依存滴。
第二段，电影以前由于摄像机放的远，演员的脸黑乎乎的看不清楚，加上台词是打上去的，不用演员表现，所以那时候没有明星。
第三段，随着科技的不断改进，摄像机也放得近了，然后有什么patent pool，使得电影明星出现了。观众们热烈响应，明星开始变得重要起来。
第 四段，由于这个patent cool，电影的制作cost好高，于是一个企业家M某，冒着违纪的风险,威胁电影放映商(distributer)如果放他的一部由某女星演得电影，就 得放他所有的电影（无耻啊）。更有甚者，他居然还将整个产业链都并掉(vertical merge)，最后导致的结果就是某某明星遍地开花（focus of promotion,distribution etc..)