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1.1.9 大企业与创新
V1  【by: 伍月 690】

第四篇是第一段说了说以前人么觉得大企业喜欢创新,举了好多优势,立即被否定了,说企业越大越懒惰。第二段就说又来了个人觉得企业规模不是影响创新的关键,然后说了一点,出题了。

V2  【by: bonbon糖  680】

有人说大公司可以更好的开发新产品,因为大公司钱多,分散风险的能力更强等等。然后有人说小公司能开发新产品,因为大公司更官僚等等。又有人说中型公司更愿意开发新产品,因为中型公司避免的大公司和小公司的缺点。
第二段作者说不能把开发新产品和公司规模联系在一起,其实公司能不能开发新产品是依赖于……忘记了。然后用这个理论说大公司开发了新产品就会威胁到他们原有的产品等等。题目不难,仔细看看都能做出来

V3  【by: zy02423】

关于business规模的,某人说business越大越好,应为可以降低成本,并且有钱研究,有人不同意,说小点的企业好,反应灵活大企业有官僚主义,又有人说中等的企业好,又有钱研究,反应又快。
第二段又跳出一个人说都不对,他们只注重size没考虑radical什么的。
这篇好像有2个主观题,但是细节记不清了。

V4  【by: Ckybe  verbal 40】

科技创新与公司大小的论证: 转折性的论述常识的错误:科技创新呢并不是被托斯拉所独占的,规模较小的公司也有一腿

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考古:ryangu619 (已确认)

灰色经济也是有好处可以被利用的

P1. Manufacturers and retailers usually consider gray marketing detrimental to their margin and profit, since gray markets snatch market share by offering lower prices.

P2 Under certain market conditions, gray marketing can benefit manufacturers and retailers. The favorable market condition is met when the customer base is distinctively segmented- i.e. the presence of a significant number of both price sensitive and price insensitive customers.

P3. In the presence of market segmentation, manufacturers and retailers can increase profits by charging higher prices to price insensitive customers while improving the quality of the service. This measure will most likely offset the loss of revenue from price sensitive customers.  

详细阐明为什么beneficial。谈到利于manufacture怎样,因此利于了retailers,再因此利于整个grey market.

考题:
1,问题里有一个是问根据这个研究, 对那些符合这些条件的市场应该采用怎样的策略, 我选了A, 分两种经销渠道, 一种是便宜实惠的吸引那些价格敏感的人, 另一种走高端路线吸引那些人傻钱多的.
2,What is the primary purpose of the article? To explain how gray marketing can benefit the profit and margin of manufacturers and retailers.
3,第2.3段的关系: 我选:E.第二段提出了GRAY MARKET 对商家有利的CONDITION.第3段解释怎样对商家有利
4,有个是逻辑的题目,问哪个可以削弱retailer revenue increase的结果。。
我选了个(1)越来越多顾客都变的price sensitive, and the trend will continue的选项。
       (2)authorized retailer will stage a price war, because of the appearance of gray market。。。,and then the profit margin 就会下降了,
       (3)讲为了提高服务,或增加广告投入因而增加了成本,导致PROFIT下降。
5,在Grey market中retailers可以怎样?关注他们该关注的客户群体,放弃Margin那部分客户群体。
6,细节题,grey marketing 起作用时应该是什么样一种情况? 定位于第二段

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1.1.8 Gray Market△
V1  【by: mystarbucks  700】

P1:  提出了gray market的定义,说游离与产品的分销渠道之外的一种市场。通常会通过另外渠道从制造厂商那里获取商品,然后以极低的价格销售。无论是制造商还是零售商都觉得gray market是一种伤害。制造上认为会搅乱分销渠道,零售商认为会影响商品的价格水平并降低零售商利润;

P2:  话锋一转,gray market在特定的条件下是有益处的。两种情况:1) 绝大多数商品的顾客是价格非敏感; 2) XXXXXX.

P3: 解释了原因。 gray market将价格敏感性的顾客全部吸引,从而使得零售商可以专心的服务于那些价格非敏感客户,提高服务水平等等。对于制造商,则可以如何如何;

问题1:  主旨题,选explain在特定条件下的用途;
问题2:  如果gray market不存在,零售商如何处理可以达到gray market的效果, 我选可以开两个chain store, 一个关注于价格敏感客户,一个专注服务质量;
问题3:  忘记了

V2  【by: lTopway  750】

第三篇:讲销售中的grey area (好像是这么说的)
这是我碰到的第一篇,只有两段话,3道题,挺简单。
主题是销售中grey area不会影响到retail和manufacturer的利益。
原因是:虽然灰色区销售的商品可能价格低,但是正规渠道的销售和灰色区销售吸引的人群不一样,有些人看重价格因素,就会去灰色区购买,而有些人习惯在超市购买,自然也会继续自己的习惯。
其中有个问题:如果没有灰色区,那现在的retail会采取什么销售策略?我选的是区别定价,制定不同的销售链

V3  【by: fishwood  730】原“1.1.10黑市交易”现和为一起

黑市交易。这篇很简单,以至于我基本记得说了些啥。
第一段:公司往往害怕黑市,怕它的低价损害了自己的品牌,影响公司的利润和声誉。
第二段:转折,说黑市其实可以使公司获利,只要公司满足两个条件,一个是顾客的区分度很大,还有一个是有庞大的对价格insensitive的顾客群。(两个条件没啥考题)接着解释,说黑市可以吸引对价格敏感的顾客,这样公司就可以把精力放在针对不敏感顾客的群体上,他们往往更重视服务质量。因此公司提高服务品质甚至适当提高价格。
第三段:就说公司具体如何针对价格不敏感顾客群来进行决策。通过这部分创造的收益来弥补黑市交易造成的损失。
文章短,题目不难,有一个印象深刻,说针对不满足两个条件的公司,哪一项措施可以达到黑市交易存在时给公司带来的益处:有两个靠谱选项,一个是开两家针对两种对象的店;一个是develop 2 different advertising campaign。 我选的第一个。  其他的题比较简单。

V4  【by: waiter327】(原1.1.6 –V3 可能名词表达不同但是逻辑思想和文章意思一致,转贴在此处,大家也可根据自己的分析自行定夺)

还有一个讲销售策略,对零售商和生产商的影响,说零售商可以卖产品给更在乎质量而不是价格的顾客,这样零售商不用降价,慢慢的零售商可以提价,虽然损失一部分顾客,但是带来的利润更高,也可以改善其售后服务,吸引更多看重服务质量的顾客,说这样生产商也不用老想着压低成本,三段,不长,有主旨题,假设题,推理题,抱歉记不起来内容了

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1.1.7 雇佣人数
V1  【by: VZCXD】

1980年左右雇佣人数下降,我们很好理解因为二战,而令人奇怪的是1993年雇用人数也下降了为什么呢?因为新科技和XX的使用
第二段 介绍这种使用是不会引起迅速的雇用人数在这个行业的下降(好像因为工人去了那些小公司(有题))
3 有了一个V开头的什么灾难,在2008年爆发,可是有些人注重做了防护工作,而有些人却没有
第二段分析这些没有的人的想法他们似乎不重视警告,或者认为这种事情不会发生在自己的身上或者认为警告做得不好他们不知道(好像只有三个)
第三段解决这些问题的办法(有题)

V2  【by: JustinGuo】

一个说的是a wave of layoff in1993和二站后的layoff有什么不同,第一段给了个解释 说神马是由高科技引起的,导致工人效率的提高,所以layoff,第一段尾反驳了(有题),说科技是慢慢影响的,三十年什么的。第二段就提出了新理论,说由于为了labor cost 才是原因,说什么part time 的人,工资低,福利不好,还有就是layoff全职的人。最后又提到了二战德勤layoff后面忘了。

V3  【by: fshxwwkaren】

还一个是说 工人下岗在第二次世界大战之后是很正常的,可是在1933年不正常.然后就研究为毛..继续说是因为工人人均产量高,又说是机械神马原因导致的的,否定了...然后第二段说神马的忘记了...一段说公司都雇佣临时工啊part time啊,然后就辞退了很多工人,成本就下降赚钱就更多了...

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1.1.6营销策略
V1  【by: chenrunyu】

讲营销策略的貌似,什么降价不降价,影响消费者的购买       

V2  【by: zoezyt】

一篇是讲降价promotion什么的,manufacturer低价卖给零售商,然后讲了讲consumer的反应什么的。额,其实这篇不难,因为没什么很难的词,也容易理解,但是脑子混混的,真的搞不清楚了。

V3  【by: angela236】

讲manufacture和retail sellors 对产品打折的的影响啥的。
第一段讲,M会有季度性的对产品进行各种打折,但是到了R这里,他们就不会把打折之后的优惠转到消费者身上什么的。而且每个M都进行折价,最后顾客就对这些打折没兴趣了。
第二段讲,M为了避免这种情况的发生,就会将自己要打折的信息,传达给顾客。
问题:作者认为顾客对这些打折信息的了解情况是什么。有个答案是什么不知道M什么时候打折,还有顾客认为R是没有权利影响商品打不打折。呀。。其他的都忘了= =

V4  【by: lotus1221】

阅读碰到一篇讲marketing的,第一段说什么研究purchase 比comsumer consumption重要,比如捆绑销售“buy one get one free”,如果消费者买了之后consumption quantity不增加,销售就会下降。
第2段讲了XXconvenience,比如说包装如果很方便拆开或者使用起来不需要做很多准备工作,大家就更加愿意购买。最后又说了但是不方便的包装有时候也会增加consumption,比如一大袋食物做一次很麻烦,消费者就会一次做很多省事。

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1.1.5  government regulation与crop出口量
V1  【by: nickshengmat】

还有一篇说government regulation使crop出口量减少了,但那些没有regulation的国家就没有影响。但受regulation影响的crop的比例只占1%,所以影响并不大。

V2  【by: 米米喵】

第一段讲说business都是出于自己的利益而不是公众的利益去影响政府对于regulation的决策??制定??反正就是这个意思,第二段就讲了一个特例,说一个神马train神马东东的不知道干嘛……郁闷,看的似懂非懂的。有一个问题问削弱第一段的论点的。

V3  【by: m2msisi】(不同的狗狗版本有待补充)

有篇是类似寂静1.1.5government regulation与crop出口量,但是不全是,反正几个转折后中心意思是A影响不了B

V4  【by: zmy19880908】
有关农业的和export 什么的,举例记得有说到tomato,XX XX,又问道举这个例子有什么作用

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原文搜索:  chinamerica  
狗主人:(kking   v37)是这个原文没错,前三段一样,如果我没记错的话,后面还有,应该是讲质疑第三段传统观点的.

Despite the growing availability and acceptance of electronic payment instruments—such as credit cards, debit cards, and automated clearinghouse (ACH) payments—by far the most popular noncash payment instrument used in the United States is the paper check. In 1995, approximately 80 percent of all noncash transactions were made by check (Bank for International Settlements, forthcoming). Furthermore, although use of electronic instruments has grown in the past several years, check use has grown as well: between 1987 and 1993, the average annual number of payments per capita increased by 26 payments for electronic instruments, but by 31 payments for checks (Humphrey, Pulley, and Vesala, forthcoming). Clearly, individuals and businesses are not rapidly shifting away from checks to electronic instruments.

The popularity of checks persists even though checks cost society more to produce and process than do electronic instruments. According to standard economic theory, that may be a sign that the market for payment instruments is not working properly. In general, in an efficient market, when competing goods are available and one costs societymore, the prices of the goods will reflect the relative costs of the resources used to produce them, and the cheaper good will be substituted for the more expensive. In this way, society uses its resources to produce only the particular goods it wants in the particular amounts it wants. In other words, resources are used efficiently. When use does not shift to the cheaper good, either the goods are not close substitutes or the market has failed, and there is a potential role for a public authority to attempt to correct the failure.

Market failure is a commonly accepted view of what’s happened in the market for payment instruments. According to this view, the users of checks are the check writers. And for those individuals and businesses, the private cost, or price, of using checks has been distorted by the value of check float, or the time between the writing and clearing of a check. During that time, of course, the funds can earn interest for the check writer rather than for the check receiver. The size of this benefit is thought to have reduced the price of check use below the cost to society of producing and processing checks. Since individuals and businesses
don’t face that higher social cost, they continue to use checks despite the existence of other means of payment that are less costly to society. In short, checks are overused.

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1.1.4  check支付方式★
V1  【by: tracytx121】

还有一个貌似也是现象解释 一屏半好像 就是说check的使用率很高,虽然它的什么social cost大, 在其他的什么支付方式都被更普遍使用的时候,check的使用率还是居高不下。后面就是解释..有一个什么conventional explanation说balabalabala..另一段好像是另外一个解释.

V2  【by: 伍月 690】
第三篇是说check为什么还是那么popular的,提到了一个关于float的东西。

V3  【by: tent1985】

第一段是说,现在电子化的支付方式很多,但是paper check 还是很受欢迎,占80%什么的
第二段,讲paper check多说明市场不健康,似乎稍微讲了点原因
第三段,重点说这个paper check的弊端吧,writer怎么样怎么样,可是拿利息,不用承担什么什么风险
第四点,驳斥了上面的理论,说现在对一些大的check,第三段里讲的吃亏的那一方也是rational的,会争取利益

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原文搜索:chinamerica,(已确认)
GWD 26-Q14 to Q16
Although recent censure of corporate boards of directors as “passive” and “supine” may be excessive, those who criticize board performance have plenty of substantive ammunition. Too many corporate boards fail in their two crucial responsibilities of overseeing long-term company strategy and of selecting, evaluating, and determining appropriate compensation of top management. At times, despite disappointing corporate performance, compensation of chief executive officers reaches indefensibly high levels, nevertheless, suggestions that the government should legislate board reform are premature. There are ample opportunities for boards themselves to improve corporate performance.
   Most corporate boards’ compensation committees focus primarily on peer-group comparisons. They are content if the pay of top executives approximates that of the executives of competing firms with comparable short-term earnings or even that of executives of competing firms of comparable size. However, mimicking the compensation policy of competitors for the sake of parity means neglecting the value of compensation as a means of stressing long-term performance. By tacitly detaching executive compensation policy from long-term performance, committees harm their companies and the economy as a whole. The committees must develop incentive compensation policies to emphasize long-term performance. For example a board’s compensation committee can, by carefully proportioning straight salary and such short-term and long-term incentives as stock options, encourage top management to pursue a responsible strategy.

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Q14
According to the passage, the majority of compensation committees put the greatest emphasis on which of the following when determining compensation for their executives?
A.    Long-term corporate performance
B.    The threat of government regulation
C.    Salaries paid to executives of comparable corporations
D.    The probable effect the determination will have on competitors
E.    The probable effect the economic climate will have on the company
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Q15
The passage suggests which of the following about government legislation requiring that corporate boards undergo reform?
A.    Such legislation is likely to discourage candidates from joining corporate boards.
B.    Such legislation is likely to lead to reduced competition among companies.
C.    The performance of individual companies would be affected by such legislation to a greater extent than would the economy as a whole.
D.    Such legislation would duplicate initiatives already being made by corporate boards to improve their own performance.
E.    Corporate boards themselves could act to make such legislation unnecessary.
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Q16
Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A.    A problem is acknowledged, the causes are explored, and a solution is offered.
B.    A question is raised, opposing points of view are evaluated, and several alternative answers are discussed.
C.    A means of dealing with a problem is proposed, and the manner in which a solution was reached is explained.
D.    A plan of action is advanced, and the probable outcomes of that plan are discussed.
E.    Two competing theories are described and then reconciled.

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1.1.3 CEO★
V1  【by: sky7115】

第一篇想起来了,是说公司board对于CEO的态度,说政府的方法premature(不认识,就知道mature)(有考点),board要自己做好(有考点)。然后分析了一下为啥board在这事儿上不行,因为他们content CEO工资和同类公司的比较。最后提了一个解决方案,说注重long-term和short-term的啥啥(好像是stock)(当时我还联想了产业组织理论中所有权和经营权分离的激励措施,原谅我做题爱走神)。

V2  【by: leaderkun】
GWD的原题  但是今天考试时印象中好像将顺序变了 但是答案内容没有变

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