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错误类比:
6.      Since the company reporting the greater number of job-related accidents also considers more types of accidents to be job-related, the basis of the comparison is weakened and so is the argument.

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5.      The journalists assumes that the researchers’ lack of access to the accelerators is responsible for the decline in the number of articles. What else could explain fewer articles? What if the decline is due, not to the availability of the accelerators for experiments, but to policies regarding publishing articles related to such experiments? An alternate explanation is that changes in the editorial policies of physics journals, rather than the effect of the out-of-service accelerators, could well re responsible for the lower number of published articles about particle-accelerator research.

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4.      The argument directly attributes increased productivity to the existence of PRP contracts. Any information that other factors might have contributed to the increase in productivity would weaken the argument.
   If production equipment was modernized during the same period that the new contracts took effect, then it is possible that the modernized equipment was responsible for the higher level of productivity.

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3.      If a factor other than the economy could account for the differences in agricultural production, then the argument is weakened. If the two countries grow different kinds of crops that may react differently to the same climatic conditions, then the types of crops, rather than economy, could be responsible for the differences in production.

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忽略他因:
2.      A conclusion may be weakened when another explanation at least as compelling as the original is offered. Coffee consumption may have decreased over the decade for some reason other than consumers’ awareness of the adverse health effects of caffeine. If the price of coffee has increased in the same period that consumption has decreased, then the decrease may well be the result of consumers’ attention to price rather than their attention to health. Higher prices would offer a good alternative explantion that would weaken the original explanation.