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Chapter 6 MODIFIERS
1、形容词与副词是常见的修饰语：形容词只能修饰名词或代词；而副词可以修饰除了名词或代词的一切词，如动词、形容词、副词、短语、介词甚至整个句子。副词通常以-ly结尾。要注意像feel这样的系动词后面接形容词而不是副词，因为该形容词修饰的是名词主语而不是feel。如：
Amy is feel GOOD. (good修饰主语Amy.)
2、在语法考题里经常会出现两个语法修饰结构：形容词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，两个形容词都修饰名词; 副词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词。这两个结构的意思是不一样的，要通过作者的意思来选择。如：
Wrong： James Joyce is Max’s SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.
Right： James Joyce is Max’s SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.
在这个句子里James Joyce不一定是Max的ancestor，但James Joyce一定是爱尔兰人。所以选择用supposed去修饰名词ancestor。
Wrong： Max’s grandmother is his SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.
Right : Max’s grandmother is his SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.
在这句里，问题变成了Max’s grandmother是不是爱尔兰人，而不是grandmother是不是Max的ancestor。所以这里应该选择supposedly修饰Irish。
3、名词修饰语目的在于告诉你更多关于被修饰名词的信息，或者说明句子具体讨论的是哪一个名词。作用就像是一个长的形容词，前一两个单词决定它的词性。
修饰语与被修饰名词：
Type/first word 位置 Example
形容词 名词前
名词后 The LAZY cat took a nap.
The cat, LAZY form overeating, took a nap.
介词 名词前
名词后 On the couch, the cat took a nap.
The cat ON the couch took a nap.
过去分词 名词前
名词后 The TIRED cat took a nap.
The cat, TIRED from chasing mice, took a nap.
现在分词 名词前
名词后 The sleeping cat took a nap.
The cat sleeping on the rug is named “sue”.
关系代词 名词后 The grey cat, WHICH loves tuna, took a nap.
The cat THAT lives next door is noisy.
A person WHO lives next door is noisy.
The city WHERE I live is noisy.
其它名词 名词前
名词后 A LOVER of mice, my cat hunts night and day,
The cat, a TABBY raised on a farm, took a nap.
4、一个修饰其它名词的名词，叫做同位语。如表里的最后一个例子。
Prep08中的解释：
同位语：同位语由unrestricted adjectival phrase而来，同位语的修饰对象：名词或名词短语或代词
同位结构的特征
a) 起修饰语的作用,一般用于修饰名词或名词短语；同位语解释的是整个名词，不是名短中某个词，故同位语不是核心词修饰。
b) 必须对其修饰对象具有解释力；
c) 位置：名词前或名词后，一般在修饰对象的后面；
d) 不影响主谓一致（谓语应该和主语保持一致，而不是和同位语）；
e) 同位结构中名词的数可以和其修饰对象的数不一致。
同位结构的形式
1) 名词性同位语：名词解释名词。（以下三种，第二个n.后可以跟修饰词）
i. N., n.;
ii. n., a/an + n.或a/an + n., n.;
iii. the + n., n.（前面的the + n 为同位结构）
2) 内容具体化同位结构：抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle）+that 从句，that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释（注意与of 结构的区别），that从句部分才是同位语。(that是小品词，连词，和一般的名词性that分句中的that一样)
3) 概括性同位语：用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象：短语/句子，n. + that / doing / done...
5、前置修饰是GMAT 中最常见的名词性修饰，如:
Tired from chasing mice, the cat took a nap.
由于平常在口语中很少使用前置修饰，gmat考试中喜欢在前置修饰中使用tricks。如用现在分词造成dangling modifier。
6、靠近原则：Touch Rule: 名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近，就近修饰（但动词修饰不用互相靠近）；如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词，则会产生误解。如:
Wrong： Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods.
Right： To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods.
7、如果名词修饰所修饰的词不在句子里，即缺乏修饰对象，会造成Dangling Modifier。如：
Wrong： Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.
Wrong: There was no commotion in the office, resigned to the bad news.
Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion.
Prep08的解释：
DANGLING MODIFIER: When we begin a sentence with a modifying word, phrase, or clause, we must make sure the next thing that comes along can, in fact, be modified by that modifier. When a modifier improperly modifies something, it is called a "dangling modifier." This often happens with beginning participial phrases, making "dangling participles" an all too common phenomenon. In the sentence below, we can't have a car changing its own oil.
Confusion: Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, the car seemed to run better.
Repair Work: Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, Fred found he could get much better gas mileage.
*: An infinitive phrase can also "dangle." The infinitive phrase below should probably modify the person(s) who set up the exercise program.
Confusion: To keep the young recruits interested in getting in shape, an exercise program was set up for the summer months.
Repair Work: To keep the young recruits interested in getting in shape, the coaching staff set up an exercise program for the summer months.
8、避免一系列的修饰语修饰同一个名词。将2个很长的修饰语同时放在名词前或名词后，容易造成笨拙和错误。如：
Wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.
Right: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians, even as he struggled publicly with drug abuse.
9、注意所有格。所有格形式经常会出现修饰错误。如：
Wrong： Unskilled in complex math, Bill’s score on the exam was poor.
这个句子中，不应该是Bill’s score unskilled。而应该是Bill.
Wrong: Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago, into a true art form taken place.
在这个句子中，development会被误认为是a ceremonial activity，而句子意思是origami是a ceremonial activity。
10、关系代词引导名词修饰，关系代词有：which、that、who、whose、whom、where、when。
Who和whom修饰人，who修饰主语，whom修饰宾语。which修饰物。
在gmat里that是不能修饰人，whose可以修饰人和物。如：the town whose water supply was contaminated.
which和whom有时跟在介词之后。如，through which，for whom。
That和whom在做宾语时可省略。
where指代具体地点，In which 指代虚拟地点。
when 可以修饰一个名词时间或时间，period、age、1987。也可以用in which修饰
11、限制性名词修饰：无逗号隔开的，用that; 是essential的信息。
非限制性名词修饰：有逗号隔开的，用which；是Non-essential的信息。
12、动词修饰是修饰动词的，信息包括“how”“where”“why”等。最基本的动词修饰是副词，其它的修饰与副词形式相同。
Type/first word 位置 Example
副词 动词前
动词后 FREQUENTLY, I walk to the store.
I FREQUENTLY walk to the store.
介词 动词前
动词后 ON Monday, I walk to the store.
I walk to the store on Mondays.
从句 动词前
动词后 WHEN my car is broken, I walk to the store.
I walk to the store when my car is broken.
从属结构用because，although，if，unless，while，so that，while，so on修饰。这些词引导从句，必须依附于一个句子，不能单独为一个句子。
13、有些动词修饰既修饰名词又修饰动词的主语，这时候必须要保证主语和修饰词有意义。
如：
Type/first word 位置 Example
现在分词加逗号 动词前
动词后 WHISTLING “beat it”, I lifted the weight.
I lifted the weight, whistling “beat it”.
介词+简单动名词 动词前
动词后 By concentrating, I lifted the weight.
I lifted the weight by concentrating.
表目的的不定式 动词前
动词后 TO Free me leg, I lifted the weight.
I lifted the weight to free my leg.
14、动词修饰比名词修饰相比要更“随意”一些，因为名词修饰必须紧跟被修饰的名词。而动词修饰可以被放在任何位置，以便修饰正确的动词而没有歧义。
15、which VS -ing
1、Which紧跟其修饰的名词，不能修饰一个句子。
2、ing 形式做修饰语比which要灵活得多：
（1）做形容词，直接修饰名词
（2）可以修饰主语和动词
（3）可以修饰一个从句（此时主句若转化为同意名词，这个名词可作为ing的主语），这种形式就是常见的ing 表示结果的结构。
（4）ing 形式在主系表结构中，可以修饰其前面紧跟的名词
（5）ing 形式在主谓宾结构之后，可以表示与谓语动词同时发生，表伴随，此
时其逻辑主语就是主句的主语。 |
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