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127. Anthropologists assert that cultures advance only when independence replaces dependence---that is, only when imposition by outsiders is replaced by initiative from within. In other words, the natives of a culture are the only ones who can move that culture forward. Non-natives may provide valuable advice, but any imposition of their views threatens independence and thus progress. If one looks at individual schools as separate cultures, therefore, the key to educational progress is obvious:

which one of the following best completes the passage?

A. individual schools must be independent of outside imposition
B. some schools require more independence than others, depending on the initiative of their staffs and students
C. school systems officials must tailor their initiatives for change to each individual school in the system
D. outsiders must be prevented from participation in schools’ efforts to advance
E. the more independent a school is, the more educational progress it will make

答案:A
A可由文中可得到: cultures advance必要条件是 when independence replaces dependence---that is, only when imposition by outsiders is replaced by initiative from within, 而问题问的是: educational progress, 所以根据cultures advance的必要条件可以推出A, Assumption: individual schools as separate cultures

B，C，E无
D错误，因为: Non-natives may provide valuable advice


128. The public in the United States has in the past been conditioned to support a substantial defense budget by the threat of confrontation with the Eastern bloc. Now that that threat is dissolving, along with the Eastern bloc itself, it is doubtful whether the public can be persuaded to support an adequate defense budget.

Which one of the following indicates a weakness in the position expressed above?

A. It presupposes that public opinion can be manipulated indefinitely, without the public’s becoming aware of that manipulation.
B. It refers to past and present events that do not have a causal connection with public support of the budget.
C. It assumes as fact what it seeks to establish by
D. It fails to give any reason for the judgment it reaches.
E. It hinges on the term “adequate”, the precise meaning of which requires reevaluation in the new context.

答案:E
A. 不关题意
B. 错误, causal connection文中有
C. 无
D. 错误, reason文中有
E. 因为在开始文中只提到a substantial defense budget , 而后面却说的是support an adequate defense budget. “adequate”在这里是一个概念很模糊的词,因为很多可以说成adequate,而很少也可以说成adequate, 这主要看被要求的情况.并且public有可能不支持很大数量的defense budget,却有可能支持很小数量的defense budget.

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125. A society’s infant mortality rate is an accepted indicator of that society’s general health status. Even though in some localities in the United States the rate is higher than in many developing countries. In the United States, overall the rate has been steadily declining. This declines does not necessarily indicate, however, that babies in the United States are now, on the average, healthier at birth than they were in the past.

Which one of the following reasons, if true, most strongly supports the claim made above about the implications of the decline?

A. The figure for infant mortality is compiled as an overall rate and thus masks deficiencies in particular localities.
B. Low birth weight is a contributing factor in more than half of the infant deaths in the United States.
C. The United States has been developing and his achieved extremely sophisticated technology for saving premature and low-birth-weight babies, most of whom require extended hospital stays.
D. In eleven states of the United States, the infant mortality rate declined last year.
E. Babies who do not receive adequate attention from a caregiver fail to thrive and so they gain weight slowly.

as the passage suggests, the decline, in the author's opinion, does not indicate that the babies are healthier than b4.so ,in support of this conclusion ,we must show that though the babies are not healthier but they survive.
A is skeptical about the accuracy of the statistics .
B gives us a piece of irrelevant information.
D is also irrelevant. So is e.
C tells us why unhealthy babies can survive and the death rate declines.
C is the right answer.


126. The public is well aware that high blood cholesterol levels raise the risk of stroke caused by blood clots, but a recent report concludes that people with low blood cholesterol levels are at increased risk of the other lethal type of stroke---cerebral hemorrhage, caused when a brain artery busts. The report suggests that because blood cholesterol plays a vita role in maintaining cell membranes, low blood cholesterol weakens artery walls, making them prone to rupture. The conclusion thus supports a long-standing contention by Japanese researchers that Western diets better protect against cerebral hemorrhage than do non-Western diets.

The argument is based on which one of the following assumption?

A. Western diets are healthier than non-Western diets.
B. Western diets result in higher blood cholesterol levels than do non-Western diets.
C. High blood cholesterol levels preclude the weakening of artery walls.
D. Cerebral hemorrhages are more dangerous than strokes caused by blood clots.
E. People who have low blood pressure are at increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage.

The passage provides us with information of the relationship between stroke and the level of blood cholesterol. but the conclusion is about the relationship between diet and hemorrhage. so there is a gap here. We must find the bridge. Only B, the right answer, closes the gap.

Test 8

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123. When a group of children who have been watching television programs that include acts of violence is sent to play with a group of children who have been watching programs that do not include acts of violence, the children who have been watching violent programs commit a much greater number of violent acts in their play than do the children who have been watching nonviolent programs. Therefore, children at play can be prevented from commiting violent acts by not being allowed to watch violence on television.

The argument in the passage assumes which one of the following?

A. Television has a harmful effect on society.
B. Parents are responsible for the acts of their children.
C. Violent actions and passive observation of violent actions are not related.
D. There are no other differences between the two groups of children that might account for the difference in violent behavior.
E. Children who are treated violently will respond with violence.

参考答案：D
This question requires to be identified an assumption that would allow the argument’s conclusion to be properly drawn. As the argument is stated, there is a logical fallacy in the line of reasoning and need to be fixed by the assumption. The fallacy here is: Denial of the antecedent. (原名题之否命题不必然成立)
Premiss: Watching acts of violence in TV, the children commit much a greater number of violent acts in play.
Conclusion: Not being allowed to watch violence on television, children at play can be prevented from committing violent acts.
There should be many ways to address this fallacy to make the argument established. One of them is to make an assumption by utilizing the contra productive (逆否命题). It makes good sense that if the contra productive of an conclusion is sound, the conclusion itself will be sound naturally. Here let’s get down to the conclusion above, its contra productive is:
“If children’s violent acts can not be prevented, they must have been allowed to watch violent acts on TV;”
Since this is the only thing we can conclude, no any other things account for it. (D) offers what we are looking for.
(A) is way too much out of scope, we only know from the information we have been given in the passage that children watching too much violent acts developed a greater number of violent behavior, we don’t know and can’t conclude that the TV as a whole harms the society. Phrase this out.
(B) Parents’ responsibility over the matters has no bearing on the causality we discuss here.
(C) is opposite from what we learn from the passage. We are try to establish the causality between observation of violent action and violent action committed by children, the fact they are related is the first thing we can ensure from the passage.
(E) this may be correct, but just as (B), how the way the children are treated relates to their corresponding action is not the issue at point.


124. It is repeatedly claimed that the dumping of nuclear waste poses no treat to people living nearby. If this claim could be made with certainty, there would be no reason for not locating sites in areas of dense population. But the policy of dumping nuclear waste only in the more sparsely populated regions indicates, at the very least, some misgiving about safety on the part of those responsible for policy.

Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument?

A. Evacuation plants in the event of an accident could not be guaranteed to work perfectly except where the population is small.
B. In the event of an accident, it is certain that fewer people would be harmed in a sparsely populated than in a densely populated area.
C. Dumping of nuclear waste poses fewer economic and bureaucratic problems in sparsely populated than in densely populated areas.
D. There are dangers associated with chemical waste, and it, too, is dumped away from areas of dense population.
E. Until there is no shred of doubt that nuclear dumps are safe, it makes sense to situate them where they pose the least threat to the public.

the answer is c.
as the passage suggests, the author thinks there must be considerations of safety in the choose of dumping places. So the answer should give another reason instead of that.
A, B, D and E are all concerned about safety, and only c tell us that the shopping of places is out of a concern of cost .so C is the right answer.

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121. Observatory director: Some say that funding the mega telescope will benefit only the astronomers who will work with it. This dangerous point of view, applied to the work of Maxwell, Newton, or Einstein, would have satisfied their research and deprived the world of beneficial applications, such as the development of radio, that followed from that research.

If the statements above are put forward as an argument in favor of development of the mega telescope, which one of the following is the strongest criticism of that argument?

A. It appeals to the authority of experts who cannot have known all the issues involved in construction of the megatelescope.
B. It does not identify those opposed to development of the megatelescope.
C. It launches a personal attack on opponents of the megatelescope by accusing them of having a dangerous point of view.
D. It does not distinguish between the economic and the intellectual senses of “benefit”.
E. It does not show that the proposed mega telescope research is worthy of comparison with that of eminent scientists in its potential for applications.

参考思路：指出推论错误。

(E) It does not show that the proposed mega telescope research is worthy of comparison with that of eminent scientists in its potential for applications. 举的例子不具有可比性


122. Photovoltaic power plants produce electricity from sunlight. As a result of astonishing recent technological advances, the cost of producing electric power at photovoltaic power plants, allowing for both construction and operating costs, it one-tenth of what it was 20 years ago, whereas the corresponding cost for traditional plants, which burn fossil fuels, has increased. Thus, photovoltaic power plants offer a less expensive approach to meeting demand for electricity than do traditional power plants.

The conclusion of the argument is properly drawn it which one of the following is assumed?

A. the cost of producing electric power at traditional plants has increased over the past 20 years.
B. Twenty years ago, traditional power plants were producing 10 times more electric power than were photovoltaic plants.
C. None of the recent technological advances in producing electric power at photovoltaic plants can be applied to producing power at traditional plants.
D. Twenty years ago, the cost of producing electric power at photovoltaic plants was less than 10 times the cost of producing power at traditional plants.
E. The cost of producing electric power at photovoltaic plants is expected to decrease further, while the cost of producing power at traditional plants is not expected to decrease.

参考答案：D
This question requires to be identified an assumption that would allow the argument’s conclusion to be properly drawn. As the argument is stated, there is a logical gap between the information given in the premises and the claim made in the conclusion:
Premise1: The cost of producing electric power at photovoltaic power plants is one-tenth of what it was 20 years ago.
Premise 2: The corresponding cost for traditional plants has increased.
Conclusion: Photovoltaic power plants offer a less expensive approach to meeting demand for electricity than do tranditional power plants.
From the fact that one cost has gone down while another has risen, it does not necessarily follow that the first is now lower than the second. In particular, if the cost of producing electric power at photovoltaic power plants twenty years ago was more than then times the corresponding cost for traditional plants, then the fact that it is now one-tenth what it was is not sufficient to show that it is now lower than the corresponding cost for traditional plants, even though we are told in Premise 2 that the cost for traditional plants has increased. To conclude from the premises given in the argument that photovoltaic power plants now offer a less expensive approach than do traditional power plants, we need to know how the costs of the two methods of production were related 20 years ago – specifically that the cost of producing power at photovoltaic plants was less than 10 times the cost of producing it at traditional plants. (D) gives this information and is, thus, the credited response.
A. is incorrect because it tells us about only one of the two costs, not about how the two were related 20 years ago. It in effect restates premise 2, and premises 1 and 2 together are not sufficient for drawing the conclusion.
B. is incorrect. The amount of electricity produced by the different kinds of plants is not at issue.
C. is incorrect. While it is relevant tothe discussion, (C) does not provide the information about the comparative costs of the two kinds of plants 20 years ago that allows the conclusion to be properly drawn.
D. is incorrect because the conclusion in the argument is about the present only. Whether or not the change described in (E) is expected to take place has no bearing on the claim in the conclusion that the one kind of plant offers a less expensive approach at present.

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120. In Europe, schoolchildren devote time during each school day to calisthenics. North American schools rarely offer a daily calisthenics program. Tests prove that North America children are weaker, slower, and shorter-winded than European children. We must conclude that North American children can be made physically fit only if they participate in school calisthenics on a daily basis.

Which one of the following is assumed in the passage?

A. All children can be made physically fit by daily calisthenics.
B. All children can be made equally physically fit by daily calisthenics.
C. Superior physical fitness produces superior health.
D. School calisthenics are an in indispensable factor in European children’s
E. North American children can learn to eat a more nutritious diet as well as to exercise daily.

參考答案：D 不過D選項好像沒有講完???
思路：calisthenics=健美體操
North American schools rarely offer a daily calisthenics program. Tests prove that North America children are weaker, slower, and shorter-winded than European children.無法推得
calisthenics program是唯一使NA physically fit的原因
除非那是European非有不可的因素
A. 不需要ALL都是
B. 無關選項,和equally無關
C. 無關選項
D. 正確答案,補洞
E. 無關選項（無關對比） 而且as well as強調前者

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118. There are about 75 brand of microwave popcorn on the market altogether, they account for a little over half of the money from sales of microwave food products. It takes three minutes to pop corn in the microwave, compared to even minutes to pop corn conventionally. Yet by weight, microwave popcorn typically costs over five times as much as conventional popcorn. Judging by the popularity of microwave popcorn, many people are willing to pay a high price for just a little additional convenience.

Which one of the following statements, if true, would call into question the conclusion in the passage?

A. More than 50 percent of popcorn purchasers buy conventional popcorn rather than microwave popcorn.
B. Most people who prefer microwave popcorn do so because it is less fattening than popcorn that is popped conventionally in oil.
C. The price of microwave popcorn reflects its packaging more than it reflects the quality of the popcorn contained in the package.
D. The ratio of unpopped kernels to popped kernels is generally the same whether popcorn is popped in a microwave or conventionally in oil.
E. Because microwave popcorn contains additives not contained in conventional popcorn, microwave popcorn weights more than an equal volume of conventional popcorn.

答案：B
典型的他因削弱。原文的结论是：因为a little additional convenience而付高额价钱。题目问：call into question。B：付高价是因为脂肪少。
A，C，D，E均为无关项。


119. For a television program about astrology, investigators went into the street and found twenty volunteers born under the sign of Gemini who were willing to be interviewed on the program and to take a personality test. The test confirmed the investigators’ personal impressions that each of the volunteers was more sociable and extroverted than people are on average. This modest investigation thus supports the claim that one’s astrological birth sign influences one’s personality.

Which one of the following, if true, indicates the most serious flaw in the method used by the investigators?

A. The personality test was not administered or scored personally by the investigators.
B. People born under astrological signs other than Gemini have been judged by astrologers to be much less sociable than those born under Gemini.
C. The personal impressions the investigators first formed of other people have tended to be confirmed by the investigators’ late experience of those people.
D. There is not likely to be a greater proportion of people born under the sign of Gemini on the street than in the population as a whole.
E. People who are not sociable and extroverted are not likely to agree to participate in such an investigation.

參考答案：E
思路：因果倒置，消弱結論
A：無關選項,<即使如此也不一定證明實驗的不公性>
B：屬於前提假設 不引響結論
C：無關選項
D：無關選項（無關對比）
E：因為sociable 才接受調查, 並不是因為星座

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116. Approximately 7.6 million women who earn incomes have preschool-age children, and approximately 6.4 million women are the sole income earners for their families. These figures indicate that there are comparatively few income-earning women who have preschool-age children but are not the sole income earners for their families.

A major flaw in the reasoning is that it

A. relies on figures that are too imprecise to support the conclusion drawn
B. overlooks the possibility that there is little or no overlap between the two populations of women cited
C. fails to indicate whether the difference between the two figures cited will tend to remain stable over time
D. ignores the possibility that families with preschool-age children might also have older children
E. provides no information on families in which men are the sole income earners

答案：B
韦恩图： 女性 有学龄前儿童

有收入

没收入

现在把圆放在有收入的矩形里。显然多种方法。请注意B里的一个词“overlap”


117. A certain viral infection is widespread among children, and about 30 percent of children infected with the virus develop middle ear infections. Antibiotics, although effective in treating bacterial infections, have no effect on the virus. Yet when middle ear infections in children infected with the virus are treated with antibiotics, the ear often clear up.

Which one of the following most helps to explain the success of the treatments with antibiotics?

A. Although some types of antibiotics fail to clear up certain infections, other types of antibiotics might provide effective treatment for those infections.
B. Children infected with the virus are particularly susceptible to bacterial that infect the middle age.
C. Many children who develop middle ear infections are not infected with the virus.
D. Most viral infections are more difficult to treat than are most bacterial infections.
E. Among children not infected with the virus, fewer than 30 percent develop middle ear infections.

答案：B
A：否定原文。无关项
C：无关项
D：对原文的论断有相反的作用
E：无关项
问题是问：help to explain。那麽答案应该是顺着原文说的。

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115. School superintendent: It is a sad fact that, until now, entry into the academically best high school in our district has been restricted to the children of people who were wealthy enough to pay the high tuition. Parents who were previously denied the option of sending their children to this school now have the option, since I am replacing the tuition requirement with a requirement that allows only those who live in the neighborhood of the school to attend.

The superintendent’s claim about the effect of replacing the tuition requirement relies on the assumption that

A. the residents of the school’s neighborhood tent to be wealthy
B. people other than those wealthy enough to have paid the old tuition are able to live in the neighborhood of the school
C. people less wealthy than those who were able to pay the old tuition are in the majority in the district
D. there are no high schools in the district other than the one referred to by the superintendent
E. there are many people not wealthy enough to have paid the old tuition who wish to have their children attend the school

答案：B
思路： 本题中的替代办法必须顾及两点，一交不起老学费的可以来读书，而且交不起学费的应能够 live in the neighborhood of the school，如果穷人不能住在这个学校附近，这个替代是无意义的。
A. 反对文中办法。
B. 文中没有提到符合题意。
C. 太偏，文中只讨论the neighborhood of the school，are in the majority in the district并不意味着live in the neighborhood of the school。
D. 文中没有提到。
E. 易混淆，文中已经包含这个意思，不是题目要问的问题。

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114. The number of North American children who are obese-that is, who have more body fat than do 85 percent of North American children their age---is steadily increasing, according to four major studies conducted over the past 15 years.

If the finding reported above is correct, it can be properly concluded that

A. when four majors studies all produce similar results, those studies must be accurate
B. North American children have been progressively less physically active over the past 15 years
C. the number of North American children who are not obese increased over the past 15 years
D. over the past 15 years, the number of North American children who are underweight has declined
E. the incidence of obesity in North American children tends to increase as the children grow older

答案：C
思路： 先看选项做分析
A. 归纳太偏。
B. 文中没有提到。
C. 正确，理解思路是obese是一个比例，不是具体的数据，即15％，如果obese的人数增长，说明children的总人数增加，因此本答案正确，个人认为本题不是一个好题目，但是有可能是一个类型题目的代表，相当于a占整体的一个固定比例，b占整体的一个固定比例，a和b不一定加起来就是整体，根据a数据的变化推断b数据的变化。
D. 易混淆，出现新名词underweight，文中没有提到。
E. 无关。

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112. Older United States automobiles have been identified as contributing disproportionately to global air pollution. The requirement in many jurisdictions that automobiles pass emission-control inspections has had the effect of taking many such automobiles out of service in the United States, as they fail inspection and their owners opt to buy newer automobiles. Thus the burden of pollution such older United States automobiles contribute to the global atmosphere will be gradually reduced over the next decade.

Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A. It is impossible to separate the air of one country or jurisdiction from that of others, since air currents circle the globe.
B. When automobiles that are now new become older, they will, because of a design change, cause less air pollution than older automobiles do now.
C. There is a thriving market for used older Untied States automobiles that are exported to regions that have no emission-control regulations.
D. The number of jurisdictions in the United States requiring automobiles to pass emission-control inspections is no longer increasing.
E. Even if all the older automobiles in the United States were retired from service, air pollution from United States automobiles could still increase if the total number of automobiles in use should increase significantly.

The passage draws the conclusion that the share of pollution of such older US automobiles will be gradually reduced over the next 10 years. The simple reason provided is that these cars will be eliminated from the roads in the US. However, by pointing out that these cars will be used in other countries through a market exporting them to other regions, Choice C disproves the righteousness of the argument.
A, even if we cannot separate the air, it is still easy to calculate the quantity of pollution before emitting the pollution. A cannot weaken the conclusion.
B, the passage is talking about THAT part of pollution from old cars. B does not bear on the topic.
D, even if the number is not increasing, the old cars in those already passed will be put out of road. D does not weaken the conclusion.
E. The passage is focusing on THAT part of pollution from old cars. E does not bear on THAT part of pollution from old cars.

备注： 此题目原来不全，补充版本也有误，现在第二次补充，依据是：LSAT Test-4-Section III-8
主要是原来缺损Choice C.
C There is a thriving market for used older Untied States automobiles that are exported to regions that have no emission-control regulations.


113. The reforms to improve the quality of public education that have been initiated on the part of suppliers of public education have been insufficient. Therefore, reforms must be demanded by consumers. Parents should be given government vouchers with which to pay for their children’s education and should be allowed to choose the schools at which the vouchers will be spent. To attract students, academically underachieving schools will be forced to improve their academic offerings.

The argument assumes that

A. in selecting schools parents would tend to prefer a reasonable level of academic quality to greater sports opportunities or more convenient location.
B. improvement in the academic offerings of schools will be enforced by the discipline of the job market in which graduation students compete
C. there is a single best way to educate students
D. children are able to recognize which schools are better and would influence their parents’ decisions.
E. schools would each improve all of their academic offering and would not tend to specialize in one particular field to the exclusion of others.

答案：A
思路：本文关键是要把Parents to choose和forced to improve their academic offerings联系起来，文中强调的是只有家长选择学校才能迫使学校提高教学质量，也就是大家认为应该搭起一座桥来，即家长选择看重的是教学质量。否则，家长如果认为其他的原因比教学质量更重要的话，学校是不会提高教学质量的。
A. 符合题意。
B. 出现了he discipline of the job market新名词，与题目无关。
C. 无关。
D. 易混淆，文中没有提到children，弱支持本题，不如答案直接有力。
E. 无关。