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太牛了,感谢分享
我们最值得自豪的不在于从不跌倒,而在于每次跌倒之后都爬起来。

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many thanks @@

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单一性

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And的争议:

problems in the management of water and other resources中,既可以是problemsother resources的平行又可以是waterother resources的平行,连接对象产生了争议。

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修饰语的争议:

A, -ing, B+v.结构中,-ing修饰对象有争议,可以改成-ed形式定语从句只修饰A

又如,A and B, who….结构中,who指代的是AB,如果who只指代B,则改为B, who…, and A

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形容词和副词的区别:

形容词 词义

副词 词义

Significant 重要的

Signifantly 很大地,程度大大地

Economic 经济学的

Economically 节俭地(economical而来)

Increasing 增加的

Increasingly 愈加地,日益地

Alternate 轮流的,替代的

Alternatively 二选一地,选择地

Seeming 表面上的,似乎成真的

Seemingly 表面上看,看来似乎

Quick 灵活机敏的,聪明有能力的

Quickly 迅速地

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情态动词不能随意添加、省略或改变

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同位结构要有解释力:

同位语与修饰对象应属同一类概念

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比较对象要有可比性:

抽象不能对具体,部分不能对整体

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形容词的准确使用:

More 修饰数量多少,older修饰岁数大小。

Ancient -- something old but disappeared, belonging to a time long ago in history, especially

thousands of years ago

Old -- something that is old has existed or been used for a long time

55 percent more delays逻辑意思不清楚,应改成 a 55-percent increase in delays

Great 形容numbers大小,many/much 形容具体事物数量多少

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逻辑表达的合理性与单一性
合理性
        就近修饰:
定语从句虽然可以跳跃修饰,但通常第一考虑就近修饰名词或名词短语 例如:festivals in her home that…..注意这里的that…修饰了home而不是一般考虑的festivals!

        代词指代:
        代词优先指代主句主语
        复数代词或such/these/those+复数名词,对应已出现的复数名词;单数名词或the+单数名词/such a+单数名词,对应已出现的单数名词。(不要忽视这条规则!)
        一致性原则:相同的两个代词包括数上先攻的代词,应当指代同一对象。(they和their在语法上指代同一对象,但在GMAT考试中有时逻辑上指代不同对象,这里既是考点)

        不能改变原句的合理意思和重心:
状语从句 如because/as/since+从句,强调整体概念;
介词短语 如 because of,强调部分概念

动作性名词 如:reduction强调结果状态。而-ing形式强调动作。

A wide range of sth 表示一系列某东西,不能改成 widely range sth ,这里range是“变化”的意思,合理意思被改动。

Play a role in sth(多加crisis, drama, dilemma) 在某场合扮演角色、起作用;Play a role in doing 在做什么事上起了作用。所以in后面不能随便把doing改成动词性名词。

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表达的简洁性

The only thing that 表达不简洁,必须用all替换

All sb have to do is do …..and do….是正确的,省略了thatto

Not any=no,但在书面语用 no更简洁

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词组补充

All but:几乎……

Make do: 凑合着做

Come to doto do sth by chance, without planning or intending to do it

避免词与词的语义重复

Increasedouble包含了增加的意思。

The possibility that…might do….改成 the possibility that…do….

Continue to do有在过去发生并持续到将来的意思,没有必要写 is doing and will continue to do…也没有必要加,as they did/have done before.

Soaring rates不需要再加rise,因为soar就是猛增的意思

Annual a year重复

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中文:

其他一些:some other +复数,some…others, one …another, each…the other, each other

比预期:than expected; than sb. Expected, than sb. had expected.(错误用法:than sb expected it/them to/to be) 注意 sth is –er than expected/estimated/predicted 决不能改成than +抽象名词,否则就成了sth和抽象名词的对比了,这是逻辑错误:无对比性!

比平常:than usual(than be usual be动词多余; than usually错误)

表示举例:such as +n./名词短语的省略形式/-ing形式 不能加句子或代词

for instance/for example/whether it is X1, X2 or X3.

注意like X1 or X2 or X3是错的,必须改成likeX1, X2, or X3(但whether it is X1 or X2 or X3是正确的)

30岁或30岁以上:aged thirty or older

30岁和30岁以上:aged thirty and over

一样或者更甚:at least as….as as…as or –er than

与某人分裂:A breaks with B in doing/sth(in a bitter dispute )

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定语从句的习惯搭配:

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时间:The period when…; a time when/ at a time when..; the year that…

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Way只有三种用法:The way in which…;the way+句子;the way + to do…

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其他:An age in which…; the next time+句子;phenomenon in which…

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两者之间:each…the other
三者之间ne…another

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其他常用搭配:

介词+one’s being done/ one’s doing错(例如:through/from their being lifted….in their doing…)介词后只能直接加doing 名词短语。

Be able to do作表语(多见 .. is able to do)较少作定语,错误用法:be able to be done

Such 后面不接由动词或形容词转化来的名词如rapidity, profundity, 而是用so rapidly/profound 来表示

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习惯搭配

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英文单词:

Ability: ability/inability to do/of sb to do;(错误用法:ability for……)

Access :access to sth(错误用法:+for sth)

Advise advise sb to do; advise that(错误用法:advise sb that;be advised by sb to do/that )

After: after+n./-ing形式; after +主谓结构

Aid: aid(n.) in doing sth/to doing sth; aid(tv.) sb; aid(iv.)in doing sth(错误用法:aid to do

Allege: be alleged to do(断言,宣称,辩解;错误用法: be alleged as doing sth

Allow: allow sb to do,allow that+陈述(错误用法:allow sb doingallow thatdo)

Attribute: be attributed to sb(错误用法:be attributed to sbs)

Base: base A on B(少用:base A on doing sth)

Believe: believe+that从句, believe sth to be; believe sth.(错误用法:believe sth sth, believe sth that)

Capable: capability of doing / to do sth.

Claim: claim to do 声称要做什么,强调动作,claim to have done声称发生了什么,做了什么,别考虑完成时的说法!(claim doing错)

Compare:

Compare A to B:A比作是B。(A,B是不同类的,打比方)

Compare A with B: AB作比较。(A,B是相同的,作比较)

PS:AB的比较”正确搭配为 comparison between A and B

Confident: confidence in sth, confidence+that从句; confident about sth.

Consider: consider sth sth; consider sth adj. sth is considered to be sth by sb.(不简洁用法不可取:consider sth to be/as sth)

Contrast: in contrast to/ with, contrast to, contrast with(错误用法:as contrasted with; contrastto. )

Control: be in control of sth; keep/bring/ have sth under control; get/take/presume/lose control of sth(错误用法: keep control of sth; keep in control of等)

Credit: be credit with/to+doing/having done (错误用法:be credit as/for, be credit to do)

Descend: descend(verb.) from sth; a descendant(n.) of.(错误用法 a descendant for…)

Dispose: 处置dispose of

Dispute: dispute over(错误用法:dispute about)

Estimate: estimate at+价格等数量词,除此之外都是 estimated to be

Except: Except for A, B.
A
B属于不同类事物

Except A, B
A
B属于同类事物

Forbid: forbid sth; forbid sb to do sth; forbid doing(错误用法:forbid sb from doing sth.)

Forceforce sb to do(错误用法:force sb doing; force sb that)

Heritage: have a heritage(错误用法:share a heritage)

Intention: the intention of doing(错误用法:the intention to do)

Lead: sth lead sb to do;lead to 没有被动用法

Liable: be liable to do; be liable to(介词) sth; be liable for(介词) sth(错误用法:be liable that.)

Make: make sth sth, make sth +adj , make it +adj+to do…

Mandate: mandate sb to do; mandate that …do…

Mistake: mistake A for B A误认作B

Native: be native to(错误用法: be native in/of.)

Necessary: be necessary to do (错误用法:be necessary for doing; be necessary in doing||补充:necessity of sth

Permit: permit sb to do sth ,sth permit doing, permit sth(错误用法:permit+that从句,permit sb doing, sb be permitted sth)

Persuade: persuade sb to do sth(错误用法:persuade sb in doing; persuade that)

Phenomenon: phenomenon in which(错误用法:+where)

Possibility: possibility of doing; possibility that will/would.(错误用法:possibility to do; possibility that might do…)

Power: power to do; power of sth(错误用法:power of doing sth)

Presence: to one’s presence

Prohibit: prohibit sb. from doing(错误用法: prohibit sb. to do, prohibit that.注意be prohibit from doing永远没有prohibit sth好)

Propose: sth propose+that从句(不虚拟), sb propose +that从句(动词原形表虚拟);
propose sb to do(
不能用被动语态); propose doing sth; propose sth.

Rate: for表示什么的价格,接of表示什么的比率,请分辨清楚!

Regard: be regarded as A, not as B

Require: require that….do..; require of sb. that…do…; require sb to do; sth be required of sb.

Responsible: be responsible for sth; be responsible for doing sth; be responsible to sb.(错误用法:be responsible to do )

Reversion: a reversion to +名词(恢复,复原;错误用法:a reversion to do)

Rival: A rival B for/in …; rivalry between A and B

Sell: sth sells well; sth is sold for 20 dollars.

Support : in support of;

There be: 错误用法:there being sth, there be sth done; there be a + 由形容词或动词变化而来的词; there could be done

Withdraw: withdraw from…..;

Worry: worry about/overbe worried about/over(错误用法:+concerning+with respect to)

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标准书面用语准则

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主动优先原则:主被动语态都正确的情况下,优先使用主动语态。

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简洁性原则:

whether or not不简洁,必须省略or not.

Evidence of what is/was不简洁,应直接:evidence of+名词

注意有时fact是多余的:The fact that he propose the idea不如 his proposal简洁

当定语从句sth that….和分词短语作定语–ed sth都可接受时,优先使用-ed形式。

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避免使用多义词:

避免使用rare多义词(rare meat:半生不熟的;稀少的)

it is hoped作为插入语,前后用逗号分开。Hopefully有多义(充满希望的;人们希望的),书面语一般不用hopefully.

表示一次时,避免使用at one time(有多种含义)而用once

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书面语与口语的区别:

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If只表示“如果”,不能表示“是否

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在有rather than的情况下最好不用Instead of

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标准书面语中一般不用enough to表示结果,因为有主观含义。

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Do+代词”永远错,正确表达是 do so;

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Because ofon account of后面只能接名词或名词短语,不能接doingone’s doing。(because of doing…是错误的!)

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不用try and do, try to do

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不用all…do not do,用 not all…do…

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用词倾向性:

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一句话中尽量避免重复使用一个词。

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标准书面用语不接受也不倾向使用双重所有格形式。如:sth of sth’s

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优先使用动词去替代be +该动词的形容词形式/名词形式,have +该动词的名词形式。

例如:influence 替换 be influential/ be an influence

For the determination/determining of 绝对错,应改成 to determine

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分数表示:one in four/ out of four. 不倾向使用one of four.

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优先使用动词性名词形式替代-ing形式的名词形式(如destruction代替the destroying),如果没有才用the –ing形式表示名词(如the splitting apart of sth)。

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