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五．客观题 （题型固定，解题有章）
学习重点：题型判定→解题方法
（一）基本题型：
1．直接事实题 （对文中有明确叙述的内容进行正面提问的题目）
典型问法：According to the passage (auther)……
The author states that…..
The author mentions which of the following as……
做法：同义变换 （找原文的语言重现）的两种情况：变换同义词，变换句型，变换同根词词性
例4：The historians have broadened the conventional view of nineteenth-century feminism.
换为：The historians have expanded the traditional view of nineteen-century feminism.
例5：The case histories revealed how the authorities administered justice.
换为：The case histories indicated the manner in which those in power apportioned justice.
例6：The minority groups lace access to the sizable orders that are generated by large companies.
换为：The minority groups do not nave sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.
例7：This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally.
换为：This dichotomy is useful, but only if its limitations are recognized.
2．取非题/取反题
① 对比题：由强对比语气出的题。A与B相对立，文中只有A的特征，问B的特征，则对A取非即可。
例8： Unlike the large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, therefore, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.
题：The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to
A. experience frustration but not serious financial harm
B. face potentially crippling fixed expenses
C. have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government
D. increase its spending with minority subcontractors
E. revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontacts
答案：A
② 改善题：正改善题和负改善题
a. 正改善题：虚拟语气＋表示正改善的说法＝正改善题。做法是“回原文中找缺点，然后取非”。正改善的说法有：better, improve, more illuminating/ enlightening/ convincing/ useful.
例9：However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an adaptation to wind pollination because the spiral arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-pollinated plants.
题：It can be inferred from the passage that the claim that the spiral arrangements is an adaptation to wind pollination would be more convincing if which of the following were true?
A. Such an arrangement occurred only in wind-pollinated plants
B. Such an arrangement occurred in vascular plants as a whole
C. Such an arrangement could be shown to be beneficial to pollen release
D. The number of bracts could be shown to have increased over time
E. The airflow patterns over the cone’s surfaces could be shown to be produced by such arrangements.
例10：Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.
题：It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which many of the early researchers on grazers control could have improved their data would have been to
A. Emphasize the effects of temperature, rather than of light, on phytoplankton
B. Disregard nannoplankton in their analysis of phytoplankton numbers
C. Collect phytoplankton of all size before analyzing the extent of phytoplankton concentration
D. Recognize that phytoplankton other than net phytoplankton could be collencted in a net
E. Understand the crucial significance of net phytoplankton in the diet of zooplankton
答案：C
b. 负改善题：虚拟语气＋表示负改善的说法＝负改善题。做法是“回文中找优点，然后取非“。负改善的说法有：less illuminating/ enlightening/ convincing/ useful. (改善题的变体)
例11：As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, the isotope record has two advantages. First…… Second, it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land.
题：It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope record taken from ocean sediments would be less useful to researchers if which of the following were true?
A. It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times.
B. It had far more gaps in its sequence than the record taken from rocks on land
C. It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every 100,000 years
D. It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 in ocean water were not consistent with those found in fresh water
E. It stretched back fro only a million years
答案：B
取非题选项特点：1。正确选项可能含有极端词汇 2。干扰选项，未取非
3．(in order) to/ 举例作用题
问法：in order to 或 to
做题技巧：先观察以“illustrate”或者“give an example of”开头的选项。
标准做法分以下三种情况：
a. 先结论后举例：for example, for instance, such as, like
b. 先举例后结论：hence, therefore, thus, in short
c. 无任何语言现象：以第一种情况“先结论后举例”居多
排除选项：1。含有例子词汇 2。含有结论中未涉及信息
例12：One argument against my contention asserts that, by nature, textbooks are culturally biased and that I am simply underestimating children’s ability to see through these biases. Some researchers even claim that by the time students are in high school, they cannot take textbooks literally. Yet substantial evidence exists to the contrary. (two researchers, for example, have conducted studies that suggest that children’s attitudes about particular cultures are strongly influenced by the textbooks used in schools)
题：The author mentions two researchers’ studies most likely in order to
A. suggest that children’s political attitudes are formed primarily through textbooks
B. counter the claim that children are able to see through stereotypes in textbooks
C. suggest that younger children tend to interpret the message in textbooks more literally than do older children
D. demonstrate that textbooks carry political messages meant to influence their readers
E. prove that textbooks are not biased in terms of their political presentations
答案：B
例13：Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.
题：The author refers to a “conveyor belt” in order to
A. illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle
B. show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents
C. demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
D. describe the complicated motions made possible by back coupling
E. account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges
答案：A
例14：To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice. “In general” they reported, “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomotions.”
题：The author quotes Snyder et al most probably in order to
A. reveal some of the assumptions underlying their theory
B. summarize a major finding of their experiments
C. point out that their experiments were limited to the mouse
D. indicate that their experiments resulted only in general correlations
E. refute the objections made by supporters of the older theory
答案：B
4．EXCEPT题/排除题：由四项小列举出的题和罗马数字题（渐少）
做题方法：定位于文中的大（小）列举。
例15：The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problems, formulating options, likelihood’s of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision.
题：According to the passage, the classical models of decision analysis includes all of the following EXCEPT
A. evaluation of a problem
B. creation of possible solutions to a problem
C. establishment of clear goals to be reached by the decision
D. action undertaken in order to discover more information about a problem
E. comparison of the probable effects of different solutions to a problem
答案：D
例16：For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of children’s productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family ( a family in which members were untied by explicit bonds of love rather than duty ) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth…… Yet expulsion of children from the cash nexus was also part of a cultural process of sacralization of children’s lives; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.
题：Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children’s worth EXCEPT changes in
A. the mortality rate
B. the nature of industry
C. the nature of the family
D. attitudes toward reform movements
E. attitudes toward the marketplace
答案：D |
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