图拉

Passage 17
Australian researchers have discovered electroreceptors
(sensory organs designed to respond to electrical fields)
clustered at the tip of the spiny anteater’s snout102题. The
researchers made this discovery by exposing small areas of
(5) the snout to extremely weak electrical fields and recording
the transmission of resulting nervous activity to the brain.
While it is true that tactile receptors, another kind of
sensory organ on the anteater’s snout, can also respond to
electrical stimuli, such receptors do so only in response to
( 10) electrical field strengths about 1,000 times greater than
those known to excite electroreceptors.101题
科学家发现了电子接收器，在小a的鼻子尖端上。科学家通过什么实验过程证实这个发现。虽然小a鼻子上有另一种感觉器官小t也可以接受电流，但是它接受的电流的强度时电子接收器接受的100倍，排除是另一种感觉器官的可能性。
Having discovered the electroreceptors, researchers are
now investigating how anteaters utilize such a sophisticated
sensory system. In one behavioral experiment, researchers
(15) successfully trained an anteater to distinguish between
two troughs of water, one with a weak electrical field
and the other with none. Such evidence is consistent with
researchers’ hypothesis that anteaters use electroreceptors
to detect electrical signals given off by prey; however,
( 20) researchers as yet have been unable to detect electrical
signals emanating from termite mounds, where the favorite
food of anteaters live. Still, researchers have observed
anteaters breaking into a nest of ants at an oblique angle
and quickly locating nesting chambers. This ability quickly
(25)to locate unseen prey suggests, according to the researchers, that the anteaters were using their electroreceptors to locate the nesting chambers.105题
科学家开始调查小a是怎样利用电子接收器的。科学家通过一个实验…。实验证实科学家的推测小a通过电子接收器捕猎。然而科学家没有在一个小a喜欢的食物中发现电流。但是，科学家仍发现小a以斜角挖洞寻找看不见的蚂蚁洞穴，再次证明了小a利用电子接受器定位蚂蚁巢穴。

图拉

生物类
现象解释型
逻辑简图：提出现象：同一种基因产生不同的植物部分。提出两种物质的作用：五种荷尔蒙和其他规范分子（小Ｏ）出现对比：小Ｏ是具体的功能。五种荷尔蒙具有多种功能小Ｐ。举个例子证明五种荷尔蒙的多样性小Ｐ。————　动物也有多样性小Ｐ。举例子说动物的世袭制度。推出植物也有世袭制度。小Ｏ是由五种荷尔蒙刺激出来的。

细节题：考so that 句型，various 与so many 的同义转换
67. According to the passage, the five well-known plant hormones are not useful in controlling the growth of crops because
(A) it is not known exactly what functions the hormones perform
(B) each hormone has various effects on plants
(C) none of the hormones can function without the others
(D) each hormone has different effects on different kinds of plants
(E) each hormone works on only a small subset of a cell’s genes at any particular time

强对比取非题：文中第二段整段都是对比，analogous题眼
68. The passage suggests that the place of hypothalamic hormones in the hormonal hierarchies of animals is similar to the place of which of the following in plants?
(A) Plant cell walls
(B) The complement of genes in each plant cell
(C) A subset of a plant cell’s gene complement
(D) The five major hormones
(E) The oligosaccharins

强对比取非题：unlike 题眼；particular与specific同义转换
69. The passage suggests that which of the following is a function likely to be performed by an oligosaccharin?
(A) To stimulate a particular plant cell to become part of a plant’s root system
(B) To stimulate the walls of a particular cell to produce other oligosaccharins
(C) To activate enzymes that release specific chemical messengers from plant cell walls
(D) To duplicate the gene complement in a particular plant cell
(E) To produce multiple effects on a particular subsystem of plant cells

In order to 题：例子，出现专有名词pleitropy对其的解释
70. The author mentions specific effects that auxin has on plant development in order to illustrate the
(A) point that some of the effects of plant hormones can be harmful
(B) way in which hormones are produced by plants
(C) hierarchical nature of the functioning of plant hormones
(D) differences among the best-known plant hormones
(E) concept of pleiotropy as it is exhibited by plant hormones

信息题：只能用排除法，抓住元素之间的关系
71. According to the passage, which of the following best describes a function performed by oligosaccharins?
(A) Regulating the daily functioning of a plant’s cells
(B) Interacting with one another to produce different chemicals
(C) Releasing specific chemical messengers from a plant’s cell walls
(D) Producing the hormones that cause plant cells to differentiate to perform different functions
(E) Influencing the development of a plant’s cells by controlling the expression of the cells’ genes

强对比取非题：题眼unlike，在unlike的下一句。
72. The passage suggests that, unlike the pleiotropic hormones, oligosaccharins could be used effectively to
(A) trace the passage of chemicals through the walls of cells
(B) pinpoint functions of other plant hormones
(C) artificially control specific aspects of the development of crops
(D) alter the complement of genes in the cells of plants
(E) alter the effects of the five major hormones on plant development

图拉

Passage 12
All of the cells in a particular plant start out with the
same complement of genes. How then can these cells
differentiate and form structures as different as roots,
stems, leaves, and fruits? The answer is that only a
(5) small subset of the genes in a particular kind of cell are
expressed, or turned on, at a given time. This is accom-
plished by a complex system of chemical messengers
that in plants include hormones and other regulatory
molecules. 71题Five major hormones have been identified:
(10) auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberel-
lin. Studies of plants have now identified a new class of
regulatory molecules called oligosaccharins.
Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant
hormones are pleiotropic rather than specific, that is,
(15) each has more than one effect on the growth and devel-
opment of plants69题、70题. The five has so many simultaneous
effects that they are not very useful in artificially
controlling the growth of crops67题、72题. Auxin, for instance,
stimulates the rate of cell elongation, causes shoots to
(20) grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits the
growth of lateral shoots. Auxin also causes the plant to
develop a vascular system, to form lateral roots, and to
produce ethylene.
植物都起源于同一种基因的综合，为什么后来有的变成树叶、枝干、根？因为信息者使他们展现不同的细胞基因。这种信息者是由五种荷尔蒙和其他规范分子组成。五种荷尔蒙是…。科学家现在发现了一种新的规范分子小O。与小O不同的是，五种荷尔蒙比它更宽泛而不是具体，也就是对植物生长发育有多种的功能。这五种有很多功能，不一定都对人工控制植物生长有用。举个例子小A证明这一点。
The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant
(25) hormones is somewhat analogous to that of certain
hormones in animal. For example, hormones from the
hypothalamus in the brain stimulate the anterior lobe
of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release many
different hormones68题, one of which stimulates the release
(30) of hormones from the adrenal cortex. These hormones
have specific effects on target organs all over the body.
One hormone stimulates the thyroid gland, for
example, another the ovarian follicle cells, and so forth.
In other words, there is a hierarchy of hormones.
(35) Such a hierarchy may also exist in plants. Oligosac-
charins are fragments of the cell wall released by
enzymes: different enzymes release different oligosac-
charins. There are indications that pleiotropic plant
hormones may actually function by activating the
(40) enzymes that release these other, more specific chemical
messengers from the cell wall. 68题
这种P的特性也类似存在于动物之中。举个例子，动物大脑中的荷尔蒙刺激并综合释放其他不同的荷尔蒙，这些荷尔蒙又可以释放其他部位的荷尔蒙。最后的这些荷尔蒙有对身体的器官有具体的功能。这就是荷尔蒙的世袭制度。这种世袭制度也存在于植物之中。小Ｏ就是由被其他酶释放出来的细胞墙的碎片，不同的酶产生不同的小Ｏ。小Ｐ（即五种荷尔蒙）可以刺激酶产生其他具体的化学信息者（即小Ｏ）。

图拉

新老观点对比型
经济类
逻辑简图：SBA资助少数民族企业结果不理想——新的方法M资助更好——M员工比M领导更具实用性

主题题13. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
(A) The use of MESBIC’s for aiding minority entrepreneurs seems to have greater potential for success than does the original SBA approach.（新方法比老方法好）
(B) There is a crucial difference in point of view between the staff and directors of some MESBIC’s.（第三段内容）
(C) After initial problems with management and marketing, minority businesses have begun to expand at a steady rate.没提及
(D) Minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new businesses now have several equally successful federal programs on which to rely. 没提及
(E) For the first time since 1960, large corporations are making significant contributions to the development of minority businesses.（1960没有大公司）

信息题：注意M方法large company的重要性反复提及考点
14. According to the passage, the MESBIC approach differs from the SBA approach in that MESBIC’s
(A) seek federal contracts to provide markets for minority businesses
(B) encourage minority businesses to provide markets for other minority businesses
(C) attempt to maintain a specified rate of growth in the minority business sector
(D) rely on the participation of large corporations to finance minority businesses
(E) select minority businesses on the basis of their location

信息题：注意态度词考点
15. Which of the following does the author cite to support the conclusion that the results of the SBA program were disappointing? 定位第一段
(A) The small number of new minority enterprises formed as a result of the program
(B) The small number of minority enterprises that took advantage of the management and technical assistance offiered under the program
(C) The small percentage of the nation’s business receipts earned by minority enterprises following the programs, implementation.
(D) The small percentage of recipient minority enterprises that were able to repay federally guaranteed loans made under the program
(E) The small number of minority enterprises that chose to participate in the program

信息题：考老观点
16. Which of the following statements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage? 定位第一段
(A) The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years.
(B) Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businesses than was management and technical assistance.
(C) The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses was significantly lower than the rate that actually resulted.
(D) Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorable for business development.
(E) The capitalization needs of recipient businesses were assessed and then provided for adequately.

in order to题：原文有in order to，答案与问题在一句话
17. The author refers to the “financial and operating problems”(line 38 ) encountered by MESBIC’s primarily in order to
(A) broaden the scope of the discussion to include the legal considerations of funding MESBIC’S through sponsoring companies
(B) call attention to the fact that MESBIC’s must receive adequate funding in order to function effectively（=原文generate sufficient income and to sustain the quality of management needed）
(C) show that sponsoring companies were willing to invest only $500,000 of government-sponsored venture capital in the original MESBIC’s
(D) compare SBA and MESBIC limits on minimum funding
(E) refute suggestions that MESBIC’s have been only marginally successful

态度题：作者的总体态度与主题题相似
18. The author’s primary objective in the passage is to
(A) disprove the view that federal efforts to aid minority businesses have been ineffective
(B) explain how federal efforts to aid minority businesses have changed since the 1960’s
(C) establish a direct link between the federal efforts to aid minority businesses made before the 1960’s and those made in the 1980’s
(D) analyze the basis for the belief that job-specific experience is more useful to minority businesses than is general management experience 细节词
(E) argue that the “social responsibility approach” to aiding minority businesses is superior to any other approach细节词