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myice发表于 2010-11-2 16:34 | 只看该作者
16.注意date to 后面是ago，而date at 后面是old。
date…..to可追溯sth到...几年，强调发生的时间点
P1-
129        The teeth and jawbones found in Tanzania by Dr. Mary Leakey and dating to 3.75 million years ago are the oldest reliably dated human fossils.
G21-
34        Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of adry riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago, pushing back by more than 150,000 years the earliest date at which humans are known to have made stone tools.
date….at年代判定、鉴别/ 年份有….年之久，强调发生到现在经过的时间有多长
G31-28        Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of the 6-nuke-wide asteroid that eradicated the dinosaurs have been dated at 3.47 billion years old and thus are evidence of the earliest known asteroid impact on Earth.
G13-28        Fossils of the arm of a sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles islands.
另外date在OG 之可见用法如下：
date back: have its origin
date from: to reckon from some point in time
紫33        Carbon-14 dating reveals that the megalithic monuments in Brittany are nearly 2, 000 years older than any of their supposed Mediterranean predecessors.
紫3        Native American burial sites dating back 5,000 years indicate that the residents of Maine at that time were part of a widespread culture of Algonquian-speaking people．
一个5000年前的北美遗址指出在那时期的缅因州居民是广大的Algonquian-speaking people文化的一部份  
紫90        The concept of the grand jury dates from the twelfth century, when Henry II of England ordered panels of common citizens to prepare lists of suspected criminals in their communities.
        Many of the earliest known images of Hindu deities in India date from the time of the Kushan empire and were fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from Gandharan grey schist.
另外附上prep中涉及到此知识点的两句：
Prep 1-232. (TTGWD4-Q1)
The Acoma and Hopi are probably the two oldest surviving Pueblo communities, both dating back at least a thousand years.
Prep 2-215 (GWD31-Q28)
Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of the 6-nuke-wide asteroid that eradicated the dinosaurs have been dated at 3.47 billion years old and thus are evidence of the earliest known asteroid impact on Earth.
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myice发表于 2010-11-2 16:34 | 只看该作者
15. capability和ability区别
ability to do和capability to do区别，在强调某人/物天生具有某种能力用ability好，capability可能强调的是能不能做某事（跟天生没什么关系），如government'capability或transport system's capability等。
1) If we don't take great care, SARS could become established in the poorest nations - places like Burundi, Nigera or Malawi - which have neither the high-tech capability of Toronto nor the totalitarian muscle of China to contain it
2) capability of sth. to be done表一种属性, 非一种主动的能力。
3) capability (of sth.）to do/of doing.
sth’s ability可用在无生命主体:
Additional evidence was provided by negative findings: drugs called adrenergic antagonists, which block peripheral adrenaline receptors, disrupted adrenaline’s ability to regulate memory but did not affect memory enhancements produced by glucose that was not stimulated by adrenaline.
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myice发表于 2010-11-2 16:34 | 只看该作者
14. specially 和especially区别
Especially is most often used to emphasize something, or to say that something is more worth mentioning or more important than the other things you are talking about: It can be especially difficult for drivers to see cyclists at night. | The town is especially crowded in the summer (=much more than in winter). I hate interruptions, especially when I'm trying to work (=I do not mind as much at other times).
Specially is usually used when you do something that is different from what you usually do for a particular purpose. It is often used with the passive form of a verb: a specially made/designed/adapted etc car | I bought it specially for you
即：
especially强调严重性，specially强调特殊性！
especially是表示程度
specially表示特殊
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myice发表于 2010-11-2 16:34 | 只看该作者
13. 替代词one, ones, that, those在比较结构中的用法辨析
在比较结构中，为了避免重复，常用替代词替代名词词组或它的中心词（noun phrase head）。可以这样用的替代词常用的且较难掌握的有one， ones，that和those。
(1)替代词one和ones的用法：
1)one只能替代单数名词，one的复数形式ones只能替代复数名词。例如：
My child doesn't like this book．Show her a more interesting one．
2)替代词one或ones必须带有一个限定或修饰词，它们和所替代的名词中心词所指不一定是同一对象,这是替代词one或 ones在用法上的一个重要特征。例如：
I don't like this book．I'd like a more interesting one．
3)当替代词one或ones带有后置修饰语时，它们前面总有定冠词。例如：
Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had before．
4)当替代词one或ones在形容词比较级、最高级以及某些限定词如this，that， which和序数词等之后，可以省略。例如：
This book is much better than that（one）．
5)替代词one或ones通常不用在物主代词和名词所有格之后。如不可说my one（s），your one（s）
Peter's one（s）等等。one或 ones也不能用在own之后。
但是，如果有了形容词，one（s）可以和物主代词及名词所有格连用。如：
My cheap camera seems to be just as good as John's expensive one．
6)one作替代词时，在of前面不能用 the one来表示所属关系和类似概念。如不可说：
＊He put down his gun and picked up the one of Henry．
该用一个所有格来表示 He picked up Henry's．
7)当两个形容词表示对照的意思时，不能使用替代词 one。仅在其中一个形容词后加上名词即可。
如：
Don't praise the younger child in the presence of the elder．
8)替代词 one如果不带任何前置修饰语，即它的前面既没有限定词，又没有形容词时，便不是替代名词词组的中心词，而是替代整个名词词组。这时，one＝a＋单数名词。例如：
A cake made of wheat costs less than one made of rice．（one ＝a cake）
one的这种用法是泛指同类事物中的任何一个，相当一个不定冠词，因此它没有复数形式。要泛指复数事物，只能用some。例如：
Here are a few apples．Would you like some（＝some of them）？
(2)替代词that和those的用法
1)that和those通常用作指使代词，也可用作替代词。它们总是伴随着限定性的后置修饰语，分别等于the one和 the ones。例如：
The houses of the rich are generally larger than those of the poor．
2)that也可替代不可数名词，但是 the one则不能。例如：
The resistance of a thicker wire is less than that of a thin one．
以上两例中的that都不能换成the one。
3)that作替代词，只能指物，不能指人。those作替代词，既可指物，也可指人。例如：
4)The blonde girl I saw was older than the one you were dancing with．
该句中的the one不能换成that。
5)that用作替代词和它所替代的名词词组的中心词的“数”可以不一致。替代单数名词时，只替代“the ＋单数名词”，不可替代“a＋单数名词”。例如：
The song by Schubert is more tuneful than that by Britain．（that＝the song。song为可数名词。）
请注意，这里说的that只替代“the ＋单数名词”，不可替代“a ＋ 单数名词，系指that在句子中实际的作用，并非要求它在句子中所代表的前面出现的词组必须是“the ＋单数名词。例如：
In those days they lived a life worse than that of a beast of burden．
在该句中，前面出现的词组为a life，但that替代的却是the life。
that作为替代词，它不能用于零关系分句（即没有关系代词的定语从句）之前。例如：
The problem confronting us today is not dissimilar from that which the nation confronted in the 1930s．
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myice发表于 2010-11-2 16:33 | 只看该作者
12. that , one , it 的区别
1) it/one /that三者均可用作代词, 指代前面提到的名词。一般说来, it指代同名同物; one与that则指代同名异物。
I have lost my umbrella; I'm looking for it. （该句中it就是指前面的my umbrella）
I have lost my umbrella; I think I must buy one. （one在该句中表泛指, 因为my umbrella已经丢了）
The umbrella you bought is cheaper than that I bought. （替代词that在该句中特指“the umbrella I bought”, 以区别“the umbrella you bought”）
2) one与that虽可用来指代同名异物, 但one为泛指, 相当于a/an＋名词; that为特指, 相当于the ＋名词。所以one所指代的名词的修饰语一般为 a/an /some /any; that所指代的名词的修饰语往往是the /this/that。
A chair made of steel is stronger than one made of wood. （该句中one可以换成a chair）
The water in the cup is hotter than that in the pot. （该句中that可以换成 the water）
3) one只能代替可数名词单数, 代替可数名词复数时用ones; that既可以代替不可数名词也可以代替可数名词单数, 代替可数名词复数时用 those。
I like this pen more than that one. （one代替可数名词单数pen）
There were a few young people and some older ones in the house. （ones代替可数名词复数people）
Mary's handwriting is far better than that of Peter. （that代替不可数名词 handwriting）
These pictures are more beautiful than those. （those代替可数名词复数 pictures）
4) one既可代替事物, 也可代替人, that只能代替事物而不能代替人。有时可以用the one或the ones代替that或those。
The one /That on the table is mine. （该句中The one代替事物, 并且也可以用That）
He is the teacher, the one who is loved by the students. （该句中the one代替人, 不能用that）
He advised the farmers to choose the best seed-heads, the ones /those that had the best color. （该句中the ones代替事物, 并且也可以用those）
5) one一般有前置修饰语, 有时也可有后置修饰语或不用修饰语。而 that不能有前置修饰语, 但可有后置修饰语。
Cook was a strict but good captain, one who took good care of his sailors.
The water in the well is cleaner than that in the river.
6)it可以替代句中的不定式或从句等, 充当形式主语或形式宾语。one与that均无此用法。
It is known to everybody that the moon travels around the earth once every month.
I found it hard to get on with her.
7)it与that均可以替代上文全句的内容或部分内容, 而one/ones则不可以。
He has saved my life; I'll never forget it. （it代替第一分句）
Tom is painting his house. I am told he does it every four years. （it代替前面分句的部分内容painting his house）
Let's say we meet here at three o'clock. That ought to give you
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myice发表于 2010-11-2 16:33 | 只看该作者
11．Compare with
1) compared with直接跟在逗号后面可以修饰逗号前面的名词：
Example：
In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher than ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this group made up 35 percent of the population, compared with 20 percent in 2000.
2)Compared with也可以修饰前面整个分句：
Example:
        Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are Hispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.
        In the United States, Fifty-two percent of high school graduates go on to college, compared with thirty-five percent in Canada and fifteen percent in Great Britain, Japan, and West Germany.
        One baby in four is now born to a mother aged thirty or older, compared with just one in six in 1975.
3)as compared to/with：
A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.
4)由此可见，as compared to和compared with在用法上没有什么区别。
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myice发表于 2010-11-2 16:33 | 只看该作者
11．Compare with
1) compared with直接跟在逗号后面可以修饰逗号前面的名词：
Example：
In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher than ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this group made up 35 percent of the population, compared with 20 percent in 2000.
2)Compared with也可以修饰前面整个分句：
Example:
        Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are Hispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.
        In the United States, Fifty-two percent of high school graduates go on to college, compared with thirty-five percent in Canada and fifteen percent in Great Britain, Japan, and West Germany.
        One baby in four is now born to a mother aged thirty or older, compared with just one in six in 1975.
3)as compared to/with：
A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.
4)由此可见，as compared to和compared with在用法上没有什么区别。
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myice发表于 2010-11-2 16:33 | 只看该作者
10. just as
1)just as A do, so B do平行比较结构的习惯搭配：意思是：就如同A…B…
*: 这里的as是不能用like,whereas的。而且like…so…不符合搭配习惯，应该去掉so…
*: just as with和just like都是很wordy的
2)下面三种形式无区别（后两种强烈语气，不可以随意删掉so）前后都要用句子，不能只用短语。
Just as … , so …    Just as you sow, so you will reap       主从句要尽量形式对称
Just as … , as …    Just as you sow, as you will reap       主从句要尽量形式对称
Just as … , so too … 主句要部分倒装(so too后是主句)     Just as you sow, so too will you reap
        so with是错误结构。(prep 1-15)
        as with的结构是对的：As with other forward contracts, the cash settlement amount is the amount necessary to compensate the party who would be disadvantaged by the actual change in market rates as of the settlement date.
黄晓平：As with most diseases and disasters, the young suffer the most.
就像大部分的疾病和灾难一样，最遭罪的是年轻人。
as with  “正如……的情况一样” （看作是as it’s the same as的省略式，with 后面常跟名词、动名词或what从句。
As with drawing a picture, you should be patient and careful in doing this job.
正如画画一样，你应该耐心并且认真做这项工作。
As with what I said, he failed again.
正如我所说的，他又一次失败了。
        in the same way that…, as/so…也是错误结构
        like…, so/as…也是错误结构：like的比较必须是严格对称的
一个类似just as的结构
what = just as,意为“恰像，犹如，好比”用作连词,引导比较状语从句
⑴ 惯用句式是：A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：
Air is to us What water is to fish.  空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。(介词to表示两者的关系)
⑵ 也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如：
Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 厨师离不了家禽正如画家离不开画布一样。（介词for表示“供…使用”）
⑶ what 引导的从句也可以放在句首,其句式是: What C is to D, that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.)
在这一结构中，喻体在前，主体在后，相当于“just as...,so...”结构,意思也是“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如:
What blood vessel is to a man's body, that railway is to transportation.（=Just as blood vessel is to a man's body, so Railway is to transportation.）铁路对于运输,好比血管对于人体一样。
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myice发表于 2010-11-2 16:33 | 只看该作者
9.Nor的相关用法：
1) nor用在否定句中表示“也不”的意思
2) neither A nor B后面跟的谓语动词由B决定:
Neither we nor they want it. (来自AHD的例子)，说明由B决定的。
再看两个来自jukuu的例子：
Neither menus nor dialog boxes have this immediate property. Each one requires an intermediate step, sometimes more than one.
Neither the salesman nor the supervisor has been notified of the sale.  
另外单个neither的用法：
They were not in Shanghai at that time. Neither (nor) were we.
They are not from England. Neither (nor) is she.
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myice发表于 2010-11-2 16:33 | 只看该作者
5)        in number(s) 惯用法: 如downturn/decline in number(s)，表示在数量指标方面
In number adv., prep., n.总共，在数目上
They were printed in limited numbers.
Young people have been leaving the countryside in large numbers for urban
areas. [leave … for …]
The condors have dwindled to an estimated sixty in number.
48(non-OG). The golden crab of the Gulf of Mexico has not been fished commercially in great numbers, primarily because it lives at great depths – 2,500 to 3,000 feet down.
550. Once common throughout the Western plains, black-footed ferrets are thought to have declined in number as a result of the poisoning of prairie dogs, their prey. 这题主要是考察逻辑关系：black-footed ferrets (is) common throughout …, 只有A正确。
看来in number 或者in numbers在某些情况下，并不需要严格区分，毕竟GMAT时要求找最佳答案。或许550中用numbers也没错。
6)        the number (s) of + 名词单数或者复数 + 动词单数或者复数，表示标号，数字标识
这时number是核心词，number、物品、谓语动词三者的单/复数形式要一致
The numbers of the machine parts A and B are respectively 201 and 203.
机器零件A和B的标号分别是201和203。
派生出The number of machine part A is 201.     
这时number与numbers互为单复数的关系。注意，这里。
The numbers of the machine parts are not available. 这些机器零件的号码找不到了。
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