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GWD-11-Q38:
Unprecedented industrial growth in the country of Remo has created serious environmental problems because factories there lack adequate pollution-control systems.  Remo is developing a clean growth plan that includes environmental regulations that will require the installation of such systems.  Since no companies in Remo currently produce pollution-control systems, the plan, if implemented, will create significant opportunities for foreign exporters to market pollution-control systems.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A.        The clean growth plan will provide tax incentives for local businesses to develop and manufacture pollution-control devices. 这样一来外国出口商的机会就不那么大了。程度削弱
B.        Foreign exporters would provide factory-trained technicians to maintain the pollution-control systems sold to Remo.
C.        Industrial lobbyists sponsored by local businesses in Remo are trying to prevent the implementation of the government regulations.
D.        The regulations that Remo plans to implement are much less strict than those in neighboring nations.
E.        Pollution in Remo has caused serious health problems for workers, contributing to a significant increase in the number of workdays lost to illness.
A为答案。该题其他易排除，AC易混。C错在原文的结论是建立在 if implemented上，如果还没有 implemented，则不是该结论所要说的。C说的就是没 implemented的事。A说虽然地方没生产这系统的，但税收机制会促使他们去生产，故WEAKEN原文结论的create significant opportunities for foreign exporters 。

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GWD-11-Q27:
Mayor:  Migrating shorebirds stop at our beach just to feed on horseshoe-crab eggs, a phenomenon that attracts tourists.  To bring more tourists, the town council plans to undertake a beach reclamation project to double the area available to crabs for nesting.

Birdwatcher:  Without a high density of crabs on a beach, migrating shorebirds will go hungry because shorebirds only eat eggs that a crab happens to uncover when it is digging its own nest.

Which of the following, if true, would provide the mayor with the strongest counter to the birdwatcher’s objection?

A.        Every year a certain percentage of crabs are caught by fishermen as bait for eel traps.
B.        Horseshoe crabs are so prolific that given favorable circumstances也就是说这种蟹只要给够大的空间他就能迅速繁殖。也就不存在Birdwatcher反对前面一个人的假设。 their numbers increase rapidly. 方案可行性
C.        On average, tourists who come to the town in order to watch birds spend more money there than tourists who come for other purposes.
D.        The additional land made available by the reclamation project will give migrating shorebirds more space.
E.        Some of the migrating shorebirds make only one stop during their migration form South America to Canada.

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GWD-10-Q40:
Insect infestations in certain cotton-growing regions of the world have caused dramatic increases in the price of cotton on the world market. By contrast, the price of soybeans has long remained stable. Knowing that cotton plants mature quickly, many soybean growers in Ortovia plan to cease growing soybeans and begin raising cotton instead, thereby taking advantage of the high price of cotton to increase their income significantly, at least over the next several years.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the plan’s chances for success?

A. The cost of raising soybeans has increased significantly over the past several years and is expected to continue to climb. （无关）
B. Tests of a newly developed, inexpensive pesticide have shown it to be both environmentally safe and effective against the insects that have infested cotton crops. 因为开发了价廉高效的农药。棉花的产量会上升，价格就会降低
C. In the past several years, there has been no sharp increase in the demand for cotton and for goods made out of cotton. （无关）
D. Few consumers would be willing to pay significantly higher prices for cotton goods than they are now paying. （取非不直接支持论点，消费者不一定要付很高价钱才是棉农获很大的利润，而且这里讲的是棉花，原料，而不是棉花制成的产品）
E. The species of insect that has infested cotton plants has never been known to attack soybean plants.（无关）
D错在：目前的COTTON价格已经能让棉农能增加他们的收入，目标已能达到。D表达的是人们不愿付比现在高的价格，对目前的价格并不排斥。所以棉农增加收入的目标还是能达到。WEAKEN不了结论。
B：a newly developed, inexpensive pesticide 可以effective against the insects that have infested cotton crops，削弱了原文的evidence，从而削弱原文的结论。

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GWD-9-Q28**:
Editorial in Krenlandian Newspaper:

Krenland’s steelmakers are losing domestic sales because of lower-priced imports, in many cases because foreign governments subsidize their steel industries in ways that are banned by international treaties. But whatever the cause, the cost is ultimately going to be jobs in Krenland’s steel industry. Therefore, it would protect not only steel companies but also industrial employment in Krenland if our government took measures to reduce cheap steel imports.
减少廉价钢材进口----保护钢材公司以及行业就业。
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the editorial’s argument?

A. Because steel from Krenland is rarely competitive in international markets, only a very small portion of Krenlandian steelmakers’ revenue comes from exports.（无关）
B. The international treaties that some governments are violating by giving subsidies tosteelmakers do not specify any penalties for such violations.（无关）
C. For many Krenlandian manufacturers who face severe international competition in both domestic and export markets, steel constitutes a significant part of their raw material costs.（产业链成本控制：因为进口的钢材廉价，如果禁止，原料成本上升，加剧K国生产商面临的竞争）排除法也可
D. Because of advances in order-taking, shipping, and inventory systems, the cost of shipping steel from foreign producers to Krenland has fallen considerably in recent years. （无关）
E. Wages paid to workers in the steel industry in Krenland differ significantly from wages paid to workers in many of the countries that export steel to Krenland.[C] （无关）
原文推理：因为低价的进口钢原材挤掉了K地钢原材生产商的市场，使K地钢铁业失业增多。所以如果政府减少低价钢原材进口，就可减少失业。
C说K地钢原材价格构成了钢材加工品价格的主要部分。在这情况下，如果限制低价钢原材进口，就等于提高钢加工品价格，使钢材加工品竞争力减少，导致更多的失业。从而WEAKEN结论。

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GWD-9-Q8:
Many large department stores in Montalia now provide shopping carts for their customers. Since customers using shopping carts tend to buy more than those without shopping carts, most of these stores are experiencing strong sales growth, while most other department stores are not. Therefore, in order to boost sales, managers of Jerrod’s, Montalia’s premier department store, are planning to purchase shopping carts and make them available to the store’s customers next month.
普遍现象：Cart多与消费者买得多同时发生，
M效仿为获得更多销售
Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt whether the managers’ plan, if implemented, will achieve its goal? 措施有效性。削弱，就是M迈Carts不能增加销售

A. Since most customers associate shopping carts with low-quality discount stores, Jerrod’s high-quality image would likely suffer if shopping carts were introduced.
B. Because the unemployment rate has declined to very low levels, Jerrod’s now has to pay significantly higher wages in order to retain its staff.
C. A number of department stores that did not make shopping carts available to their customers have had to close recently due to falling profits.无关
D. Shopping carts are not very expensive, but they generally need to be replaced every few years.
E. Stores that make shopping carts available to their customers usually have to hire people to retrieve the carts from parking areas.[A]
DE与文中的strong sales growth不符。Strong说明这些Sales Growth能弥补因多购买carts带来的成本。
理解答案A，关键透彻理解A的两层意思：1.J原来给人的印象是HIGH-QUALITY。2.SHOPPING CART给人的印象是low-quality.这两者的矛盾让人合理的想到引进shopping cart会使J的顾客去J的购买欲望受损，从而影响sales，即WEAKEN结论
E错在它只影响利润，结论讲的是SALE。无关

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GWD-8-Q3:
In the late 1980’s, the population of sea otters in the North Pacific Ocean began to decline. Of the two plausible explanations for the decline—increased predation by killer whales or disease—disease is the more likely. After all, a concurrent sharp decline in the populations of seals and sea lions was almost certainly caused by a pollution-related disease, which could have spread to sea otters, whereas the population of killer whales did not change noticeably.
不是killer whales而是disease减少了Sea Otters的数量。
因为其他动物减少也是因为disease然后传给SO
Killer whale数量不变。
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the reasoning?
像这样的说一件事情可以有两种情况导致。文章中说是A而不是B导致。削弱可以提供原因说是B导致，或者提供其他同类事情证明是B导致，或者提供其他同类事情证明不是A导致（同音异果削弱）
A. Killer whales in the North Pacific usually prey on seals and sea lions but will, when this food source is scarce, seek out other prey.（因为海狮海豹受污染引起的疾病影响大量死去，所以killer whale就来捕食海獭造成其数量减少。）
B. There is no indication that substantial numbers of sea otters migrated to other locations from the North Pacific in the 1980’s.假设
C. Along the Pacific coast of North America in the 1980’s, sea otters were absent from many locations where they had been relatively common in former times. 证明事实正确
D. Following the decline in the population of the sea otters, there was an increase in the population of sea urchins, which are sea otters’ main food source. 无关
E. The North Pacific populations of seals and sea lions cover a wider geographic area than does the population of sea otters.[A]无关

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GWD-7-Q30:
Printwell’s Ink Jet Division manufactures ink-jet printers and the ink cartridges they use.  Sales of its ink-jet printers have increased.  Monthly revenues from those sales, however, have not increased, because competition has forced Printwell to cut the prices of its printers.  Unfortunately, Printwell has been unable to bring down the cost of manufacturing a printer.  Thus, despite the increase in printer sales, the Ink Jet Division must be providing the company with much smaller than it used to.
公司自产自销自用IJ部门的打印机。销售增加，但是收入（销售减成本）没有增加，因为无法降低成本又必须减价
尽管打印机销售上升，IJ部门应该为公司提供更少的打印机
P*Sale-Cost=profit
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A.        Ink-jet printers in regular use frequently need new ink cartridges, and Printwell’s printers only accept Printwell’s ink cartridges. printer的销量增加，由于它的printer只能采用自己的墨盒，所以，虽然printer的价格降低，但仍然有可能通过销售出去更多的墨盒而比以前更挣钱，所以这就weaken了结论。互补品
B.        Unlike some competing companies, Printwell sells all of its printers through retailers, and these retailers’ costs account for a sizable proportion of the printers’ ultimate retail price.
C.        Some printer manufacturers have been forced to reduce the sale price of their ink-jet printers even more than Printwell has.
D.        In the past year, no competing manufacturer of ink-jet printers has had as great an increase in unit sales of printers as Printwell has.和别人比较没有意义，这里只关注公司内部成本收入等等的关系。不能横向比较
E.        In the past year, sales of Printwell’s ink-jet printers have increased more than sales of any other type of printer made by Printwell.
C is irrelevant. Let me give you an example: A's salary is cut, therefore A's total income must be less. You can argue by saying B's income is cut even more because the original argument is not about comparing A and B. Back to the question. If the conclusion is that the company must be worse than other companies, C will be relevant.
这里是纵向比较,即自己和自己比.C是横向比较,和别的公司比.所以无关.

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GWD-7-Q17:
Of patients over 65 years old who survived coronary bypass surgery—a procedure widely prescribed for people with heart disease—only 75 percent benefited from the surgery.  Thus it appears that for one in four such patients, the doctors who advised them to undergo this surgery, with its attendant risks and expense, were more interested in an opportunity to practice their skills and in their fee than in helping the patient.
75%的成活率----每四人中一人医生建议手术的目的在于手术费或锻炼技术。
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?

A.        Many of the patients who receive coronary bypass surgery are less than 55 years old.
B.        Possible benefits of coronary bypass surgery include both relief from troubling symptoms and prolongation of life.
C.        Most of the patients in the survey decided to undergo coronary bypass surgery because they were advised that the surgery would reduce their risk of future heart attacks.
D.        The patients over 65 years old who did not benefit from the coronary bypass surgery were as fully informed as those who did benefit from the surgery as to the risks of the surgery prior to undergoing it.（无关）
E.        The patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery but who did not benefit from it were medically indistinguishable, prior to their surgery, from the patients who did benefit.反对隐含假设。方法不达目的
1。如果你能排除ABC，说明一定程度上明白了有关无关。
2。D的意思为收益和没收益的两批人都被告知手术的危险性。而结论是医生对没受益的动机不纯。显然D WEAKEN不了结论。医生完全可以说一套做一套。
3。E的意思为：收益和没收益两批人手术前在医疗上是分不出的。既然分不出，医生就无法对一批人动机好，另一批人动机不好。
Analysis: If the doctors had no idea whether a patient would benefit from the surgery prior to the surgery, as in the case of E,  then it's baseless to accuse that the doctors performed the surgery only for their own interest, because it could very well be that the doctors recommended the surgery out of their true belief that it's best for the patient.

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GWD-6-Q21:
An overwhelming proportion of the most productive employees at SaleCo’s regional offices work not eight hours a day, five days a week, as do other SaleCo employees, but rather ten hours a day, four days a week, with Friday off.  Noting this phenomenon, SaleCo’s president plans to increase overall productivity by keeping the offices closed on Fridays and having all employees work the same schedule—ten hours a day, four days a week。Which of the following, if true, provides the most reason to doubt that the president’s plan, if implemented, will achieve its stated purpose?

A.        Typically, a SaleCo employee’s least productive hours in the workplace are the early afternoon hours.
B.        None of the employees who work four days a week had volunteered to work that schedule, but all were assigned to it by their supervisors.
C.        Working ten hours a day has allowed the most productive employees to work two hours alone each day in their respective offices relatively undisturbed by fellow employees. 最有效率的工人每天多工作两小时能提高生产力是因为不受其他员工干扰，若将所有员工的作息时间都调到一样就会使这个好处消失，弄巧成拙）
D.        Employees at SaleCo are compensated not on the basis of how many hours a week they work but on the basis of how productive they are during the hours they are at work.
E.        Those SaleCo employees who have a four-day workweek do not take any of their office work to do at home on Fridays.
选C
C提出这些职工多产的原因是每天有2个小时工作没受同事干扰。如果PRESIDENT的计划实行，这个多产的原因（没受同事干扰）就消失，PRESIDENT实行计划的目的（提高效率）就受挫。所以WEAKEN。
B说那些多产的职工是被迫的，但事实是他们产量高，他们被迫也好，自愿也好，也改变不了这个现实，反正他们产量最高。所以对PRESIDENT的计划起不了WEAKEN作用。

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GWD-6-Q20:
Five years ago, as part of a plan to encourage citizens of Levaska to increase the amount of money they put into savings, Levaska’s government introduced special savings accounts in which up to $3,000 a year can be saved with no tax due on the interest unless money is withdrawn before the account holder reaches the age of sixty-five.  Millions of dollars have accumulated in the special accounts, so the government’s plan is obviously working.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A.        A substantial number of Levaskans have withdrawn at least some of the money they had invested in the special accounts.（取非不会支持）
B.        Workers in Levaska who already save money in long-term tax-free accounts that are offered through their workplace cannot take advantage of the special savings accounts introduced by the government.（无关）
C.        The rate at which interest earned on money deposited in regular savings accounts is taxed depends on the income bracket of the account holder. （无关）
D.        Many Levaskans who already had long-term savings have steadily been transferring those savings into the special accounts. （从长期账户转存至特别账户，存款总量没有增加）注：即使长期账户的政府可控期限没有特别账户长，但特别账户不收利息税，此消彼长，不影响该选项的削弱力
E.        Many of the economists who now claim that the government’s plan has been successful criticized it when it was introduced. （无关）