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GWD-9-Q14:
The Eurasian ruffe, a fish species inadvertently introduced into North America’s Great Lakes in recent years, feeds on the eggs of lake whitefish, a native species, thus threatening the lakes’ natural ecosystem. To help track the ruffe’s spread, government agencies have produced wallet-sized cards about the ruffe. The cards contain pictures of the ruffe and explain the danger they pose; the cards also request anglers to report any ruffe they catch.
R吃当地的白鱼----威胁生态
Which of the following, if true, would provide most support for the prediction that the agencies’ action will have its intended effect? 措施有效性。

A. The ruffe has spiny fins that make it unattractive as prey.
B. Ruffe generally feed at night, but most recreational fishing on the Great Lakes is done during daytime hours.
C. Most people who fish recreationally on the Great Lakes are interested in the preservation of the lake whitefish because it is a highly prized game fish.
D. The ruffe is one of several nonnative species in the Great Lakes whose existence threatens the survival of lake whitefish populations there.
E. The bait that most people use when fishing for whitefish on the Great Lakes is not attractive to ruffe.[C]
A的意思为RUFFE不是好猎物。和原文预测无关。C说在G湖的钓鱼的多数人喜欢钓WHITEFISH。又因为RUFFE以WHITEFISH的蛋为食，所以WHITEFISH多的地方RUFFE也一定多，这样钓到RUFFE的可能性就很大，跟踪RUFFE的行踪的目标更易达到，所以支持预测。C：多数在G湖钓鱼娱乐的人喜欢保存W鱼，因为这种鱼可用于奖金很高的鱼游戏。B说R鱼晚上才FEED，而钓鱼者在白天钓鱼，而R鱼FEED时会在W鱼附近。那钓鱼者岂不更不知其踪影。

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GWD-7-Q14:
Certain politicians in the country of Birangi argue that a 50 percent tax on new automobiles would halt the rapid increase of automobiles on Birangi’s roads and thereby slow the deterioration of Birangi’s air quality.  Although most experts agree that such a tax would result in fewer Birangians buying new vehicles and gradually reduce the number of automobiles on Birangi’s roads, they contend that it would have little impact on Birangi’s air-quality problem.
征对新车增加50%的税可以减少路上车辆但不会减少空气污染。
Which of the following, if true in Birangi, would most strongly support the experts’ contention about the effect of the proposed automobile tax on Birangi’s air-quality problem?

A.        Automobile emissions are the largest single source of air pollution.
B.        Some of the proceeds from the new tax would go toward expanding the nonpolluting commuter rail system.
C.        Currently, the sales tax on new automobiles is considerably lower than 50 percent.
D.        Automobiles become less fuel efficient and therefore contribute more to air pollution as they age.
E.        The scrapping of automobiles causes insignificant amounts of air pollution.

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GWD-6-Q33**:
Crowding on Mooreville’s subway frequently leads to delays, because it is difficult for passengers to exit from the trains.  Subway ridership is projected to increase by 20 percent over the next 10 years.  The Metroville Transit Authority plans to increase the number of daily train trips by only 5 percent over the same period.  Officials predict that this increase is sufficient to ensure that the incidence of delays due to crowding does not increase.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest grounds for the officials’ prediction?

A.        By changing maintenance schedules, the Transit Authority can achieve the 5 percent increase in train trips without purchasing any new subway cars.
B.        The Transit Authority also plans a 5 percent increase in the number of bus trips on routes that connect to subways.
C.        For most commuters who use the subway system, there is no practical alternative public transportation available.
D.        Most of the projected increase in ridership is expected to occur in off-peak hours when trains are now sparsely used.
E.        The 5 percent increase in the number of train trips can be achieved without an equal increase in Transit Authority operational costs.

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GWD-6-Q15:
Capuchin monkeys often rub their bodies with a certain type of millipede.  Laboratory tests show that secretions from the bodies of these millipedes are rich in two chemicals that are potent mosquito repellents, and mosquitoes carry parasites that debilitate capuchins.  Some scientists hypothesize that the monkeys rub their bodies with the millipedes because doing so helps protect them from mosquitoes.

Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the scientists’ hypothesis?

A.        A single millipede often gets passed around among several capuchins, all of whom rub their bodies with it.
B.        The two chemicals that repel mosquitoes also repel several other varieties of insects.
C.        The capuchins rarely rub their bodies with the millipedes except during the rainy season, when mosquito populations are at their peak.
D.        Although the capuchins eat several species of insects, they do not eat the type of millipede they use to rub their bodies.
E.        The two insect-repelling chemicals in the secretions of the millipedes are carcinogenic for humans but do not appear to be carcinogenic for capuchins.

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GWD-6-Q14**:
Political Advertisement:

Mayor Delmont’s critics complain about the jobs that were lost in the city under Delmont’s leadership.  Yet the fact is that not only were more jobs created than were eliminated, but the average pay for these new jobs has been higher than the average pay for jobs citywide every year since Delmont took office.  So there can be no question that throughout Delmont’s tenure the average paycheck in this city has been getting steadily bigger.
PN+PO-PE. PN 比平均工资高，PE若也比平均工资高，减少证明力度。
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument in the advertisement?

A.        The average pay for jobs created in the city during the past three years was higher than the average pay for jobs created in the city earlier in Mayor Delmont’s tenure.
B.        Average pay in the city was at a ten-year low when Mayor Delmont took office.
C.        Some of the jobs created in the city during Mayor Delmont’s tenure have in the meantime been eliminated again.
D.        The average pay for jobs eliminated in the city during Mayor Delmont’s tenure has been roughly equal every year to the average pay for jobs citywide. 注意这种相等不变的词在加强题里很可能是答案。（该题也出过assumption题，同答案）
E.        The average pay for jobs in the city is currently higher than it is for jobs in the suburbs surrounding the city.
原文用两个证据more jobs created 和new jobs has been higher than the average 去证明结论average paycheck has been getting steadily bigger。如果取消的工作也比平均工资高，那末原文的第二个证据对结论的证明力就减少。D排除这种情况。所以加强了第二个证据对结论的证明力。故为选项
A是将市长D的成绩和其后来的比，而原文是和其前期的比。注意A的意思earlier in Mayor Delmont’s tenure。是拿过去三年和更早（比过去三年早）的市长D的任期比。所以无关

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GWD-5-Q26:
Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces.  People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic.  The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration; accordingly, scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.
高盐度导致人们即使抗生素量正常也无法抵御病菌。
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientists’ hypothesis?

A.        When the salt concentration of the fluid on the airway surfaces of healthy people is raised artificially, the salt concentration soon returns to normal.
B.        A sample of the antibiotic was capable of killing bacteria in an environment with an unusually low concentration of salt. 但是没有证明如果浓度高该抗生样本就不能杀菌。原文比较高浓度和正常浓度，这里说低浓度无关。取非时高浓度的反面不是低浓度，而是正常浓度。但是存在某件事的反面是不存在某件事。
C.        When lung tissue from people with cystic fibrosis is maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria. 通过浓度降到NORMAL便有杀菌作用来SUPPORT高浓度便不起杀菌作用。异因异果加强
D.        Many lung infections can be treated by applying synthetic antibiotics to the airway surfaces.
E.        High salt concentrations have an antibiotic effect in many circumstances.[C]

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GWD-5-Q13:
It is true of both men and women that those who marry as young adults live longer than those who never marry.  This dose not show that marriage causes people to live longer, since, as compared with other people of the same age, young adults who are about to get married have fewer of the unhealthy habits that can cause a person to have a shorter life, most notably smoking and immoderate drinking of alcohol.
不是marriage而是fewer unhealthy habits是早结婚的人活得更长
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?

A.        Marriage tends to cause people to engage less regularly in sports that involve risk of bodily harm.
B.        A married person who has an unhealthy habit is more likely to give up that habit than a person with the same habit who is unmarried.削弱了结论说是marriage是早结婚的人活得更长。仔细阅读题目
C.        A person who smokes is much more likely than a nonsmoker to marry a person who smokes at the time of marriage, and the same is true for people who drink alcohol immoderately.
D.        Among people who marry as young adults, most of those who give up an unhealthy habit after marriage do not resume the habit later in life.
E.        Among people who as young adults neither drink alcohol immoderately nor smoke, those who never marry live as long as those who marry.[E]只要没有不良习惯结没结婚都获得一样长。就是在说，marriage不是理由。

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GWD-3-Q17:
Brochure:  Help conserve our city’s water supply.  By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conserving landscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use.  A water-conserving landscape is natural and attractive, and it also saves you money.
自家院子美化变成节水型的美化----减少户外用水----省钱
Criticism:  For most people with yards, （前提）the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowner’s yearly water bills.
省下的钱不能弥补开支

Which of the following, if true, provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism?反对第二个人的话。也就是支持第一段话的说那样的变化省钱。

A.        Even homeowners whose yards do not have water-conserving landscapes can conserve water by installing water-saving devices in their homes. 异因同果，削弱第一个人
B.        A conventional landscape generally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide than does a water-conserving landscape. 在说节水型美化比较省钱，除了省水费还能省肥料和除草剂等开支，所以加起来省的就比改造用的多了。
C.        A significant proportion of the residents of the city live in buildings that do not have yards. 与文章无关，不在讨论范围。反对前提。
D.        It costs no more to put in water-conserving landscaping than it does to put in conventional landscaping. Slightly support the criticism
E.        Some homeowners use more water to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined. [B]无关

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GWD-3-Q9: 看解释
Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit-card logo.  Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.
Tray上有信用卡标志----使人们想起他们的购买力比实际拥有的现金要多----用现金支付的顾客给得小费多
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?

A.        The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards.没有信用卡的人----购买力等于实际拥有的现金，推不出结论。牵涉无关对象
B.        Patrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.异因异果，即根据文意推断不同情况下，符合条件的不同结果，相当于逆否命题
C.        In virtually all of the cases in the studies, the patrons who paid bills in cash did not possess credit cards.
D.        In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.
E.        The percentage of restaurant bills paid with given brand of credit card increases when that credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is prepared.[B]
原文的假设条件是：看到账单确实能联想到自己的付账能力；
B答案说：有财务危机的，看到账单，会联想到自己的付账能力，所以会少给小费。

Lawyer：原文结论：LOGO让人想到支付能力大导致顾客支更多TIPS。非因非果为：LOGO让人想到支付能力小（想到支付能力大的因不在了），顾客支付小费少（支付更多的果也不在了）
1。假设和支持的区别。假设是原文结论的必要条件。它错，原文结论必错，所以可以用去非法验证。支持是使结论的说服力更强，它或者直接支持结论，或者是原文证据对结论证明力加强。假设是支持的子集。加强可以是结论的必要条件（假设型），也可以不使结论的必要条件。验证的方法是问自己，该答案是否在某方面帮助了作者，使结论的说服力加强。
2。B是通过加强原文证据对结论的证明力来加强结论。即B说明看到LOGO会让人想到信用卡的状况，从而影响付TIPS行为。如果信用卡的状况是不好，则付TIPS少（B所说），如果信用卡的状况好，则付TIPS多（原文证据），是一个规律的两个方面。所以加强了结论。

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1.该题争议的根源在于错误理解了原文的结论和不合理的推理（或者称加进自己的信息）。从原文得出的东西必须是MUST BE TRUE，而不是POSSIBLY  TRUE
2。该题的结论是：80%的成功率不能说明他们工作做得好（不是：他们工作做不好）。即割断80%成功率对工作做得好的证明力。至于最后一句话是一个补充，因为该句很模糊。
3。A提供的信息仅限于S大学的RAISERS在NEW DONORS方面和其他大学的RAISERS做得差不多好，并没有突出的地方（本身或和原文结合不能说明80%中OLD DONORS比例较大或反之，比如刚开始NEW DONORS总是多，总之，80%中NEW DONOR 和OLD DONORS那个占的比例大是不知道的。这是典型的加进自己信息）
4。A对结论的支持表现在：工作做得好，原文提供的标准是EXPAND DONOR BASE（即扩展NEW DONORS）。这方面S大学和他大学的RAISERS差不多（根据A），这80%中，高出别人的部分是OLD DONORS的，而根据原文的标准，这部分不能说明工作做得好。所以这exceptionally high 的80%，按照原文的好的标准，其实和其他大学一样，比如他是70%成功率（在说明工作做得好方面，也就是NEW DONORS方面），其它他大学也是70%，所以你不能用80%来证明S大学的RAISERS工作做得好，即支持结论。
5。选项中C为无关项，BDE为WEAKEN。C意思为OLD DONORS中，多数不用CONTACT便捐款。对OLD DONORS是否需CONTACTS才捐款和原文没关系（不能推出RAISERS没努力）
好的筹资人经常尝试（联系）“捐款的可能性比较小的潜在捐款者”以扩大捐款人群的基数。
这里“less-likely prospects”其实是指“那些从没有捐过款的人”，与“those who have donated in the past”的人做对比。在这里作为try的宾语。