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GWD-8-Q22*:
When storing Renaissance oil paintings, museums conform to standards that call for careful control of the surrounding temperature and humidity, with variations confined within narrow margins. Maintaining this environment is very costly, and recent research shows that even old oil paint is unaffected by wide fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Therefore, museums could relax their standards and save money without endangering their Renaissance oil paintings.
Old oil paint在适度温度变化很大的情况向不受影响----无需控制适度温度来保存oil paintings
Oil paint 只是oil painting 的一部分。
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Renaissance paintings were created in conditions involving far greater fluctuations in temperature and humidity than those permitted by current standards.原文讲的是Storing
B. Under the current standards that museums use when storing Renaissance oil paintings, those paintings do not deteriorate at all.对NOT AT ALL取非是some
C. Museum collections typically do not contain items that are more likely to be vulnerable to fluctuations in temperature and humidity than Renaissance oil paintings. 无关
D. None of the materials in Renaissance oil paintings other than the paint are vulnerable enough to relatively wide fluctuations in temperature and humidity to cause damage to the paintings.排除他因
E. Most Renaissance oil paintings are stored in museums located in regions near the regions where the paintings were created.[D]无关
Answer is D.
B does not have to be true for this question. If the painting deteriorate somewhat with the standards, the standards can still be relaxed if the relaxation does not affect the restoration.
C is not correct either. It is clearly out of scope. We are talking about restoring this particular type of painting and the standards as well as the change are both for this kind of painting. Whether the museum has other kind of items is irrelevent. Please make sure you understand.
D is one typical answer. It simply points out that it might not be the oil that requires the standard, but something else.

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GWD-8-Q13:
With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia, and with previously established companies adding many new jobs, a record number of new jobs were created last year in the Derderian economy. This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year. Therefore, unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.
同时发生：新公司成立，旧公司提供更多工作----新工作数量创纪录
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

A. In a given year, new companies starting up create more new jobs on average than do previously established companies. 1 不确定性，2 反了，只说了削弱没有NOT
B. The number of people seeking employment is no larger this year than it was last year.
C. This year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs per company than did new companies last year. New jobs=company的数量*平均每company提供的工作岗位的数量
D. Previously established companies in Derderia will be less profitable this year than such companies were last year.
E. The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially larger than the number of jobs lost.[C]
A错：原文结论是新工作没去年多。新工作分两部分previously established companies 产生的新工作和new companies 产生的新工作。原文已知道previously established companies 产生的新工作没去年多，需要的假设是今年的new companies 产生的新工作和去年new companies 产生的新工作比较情况。对于A所说的new companies 产生的新工作比previously established companies 产生的新工作多和原文的结论没关系。比较对象错误。

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GWD-7-Q27:
A significant number of complex repair jobs carried out by Ace Repairs have to be reworked under the company’s warranty.  The reworked jobs are invariably satisfactory.  When initial repairs are inadequate, therefore, it is not because the mechanics lack competence; rather, there is clearly a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs.
The argument above assumes which of the following?
A.        There is no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs. 排除他因。他因就是除了文中划线部分以外能导致满意度改变的。
B.        There is no company that successfully competes with Ace Repairs for complex repair jobs.
C.        Ace Repairs’ warranty is good on first-time jobs but does not cover rework jobs.
D.        Ace Repairs does not in any way penalize mechanics who have worked on complex repair jobs that later had to be reworked. 惩罚对满意度的关系不明。
E.        There is no category of repair jobs in which Ace Repairs invariably carries out first-time jobs satisfactorily. 反前提
If say, members of group A who do the first-time repair are mostly newbies, and members of group B who do the rework are more experienced, then the author's conclusion would be render false.
AR作的大多数维修工作必须重修，重修很令人满意。首次修理不太充分，不是修理人员没水平，而是要求的侧重点不同，而修要求高点。结论两个THAT并列修饰concentration
第二个THAT跳跃修饰不错，加and就错了，concentration在两个定从中地位不同，前者是做宾语，后者做主语，所以两个定从不是平行结构，可以将concentration that complexs repairs require中的定从和concentration之间的关系看成‘修饰词和核心词’的关系，作为一个短语，而后面的定从是修饰前面短语中的核心词。
A 答案的核心在no systematic difference XXX between 1 and 2. 所以difference 后面的东东尽可以随便变。Eg. Difference in experience, in age, in sex, in location, in money, in.. and so on. 对于假设题，反复强调ETS定义：取非削弱。
D错： 文章的结论排除了工人是导致满意度差别的原因,而是BALABALA的原因(那个句子太长了),对D取非,即公司有惩罚工人的措施,这个与结论是否由工人导致两次修理的满意度差别无关.
文中排除了一种原因，削弱可以说这种原因正是导致了结论。
E错：there IS a group of people that can finish complex jobs in One time without rework--->contradict to the original message

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GWD-7-Q5:
Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children.  Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years.  Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.
因对化学物质过敏而被送到小医院的学生增多----学生exposed to更多化学物质或更敏感。GAP
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
i
A.        The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years.
B.        Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances.
C.        Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago. NOT+他因削弱
D.        The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston.
E.        Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago.（只有表达成：被送去医务室就医的孩子人数没有明显下降才对。因为如果这样，而过敏学生人数就算没增，比例也是变大了）

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Q 18:
Most household appliances use electricity only when in use. Many microwave ovens,
However, have built-in clocks and so use some electricity even when they are not in
Use. The clocks each consume about 45 kilowatt-hours per year. Therefore, house
Holds whose microwave oven has no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt-hours per year
Less. On average, than do comparable households shoes microwave oven is other-
Wise similar but has a built-in clock.
The oven that has not built-in clock=T
The oven that has built-in clock=T’+45 kilowatt-hours
The statement: T’+45-T=45.
Assumption: T=T’
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.        Households that do not have a microwave oven use less energy per year, on
average, than do households that have a microwave oven.
B.        Microwave ovens with a built-in clock do not generally cost more to buy than
microwave ovens without a built-in clock.
C.        All households that have a microwave oven also have either a gas oven or a
Conventional electric oven.
D.        Households whose microwave oven does not have a built-in clock are no more
likely to have a separate electric clock plugged in than households whose
microwave oven has one.
E.        There are more households that have a microwave oven with a built-in clock
than there are households that have a microwave oven without a built-in clock.

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GWD-6-Q38:
Three large companies and seven small companies currently manufacture a product with potential military applications.  If the government regulates the industry, it will institute a single set of manufacturing specifications to which all ten companies will have to adhere.  In this case, therefore, since none of the seven small companies can afford to convert their production lines to a new set of manufacturing specifications, only the three large companies will be able to remain in business.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the author’s argument relies?

A.        None of the three large companies will go out of business if the government does not regulate the manufacture of the product.
B.        It would cost more to convert the production lines of the small companies to a new set of manufacturing specifications than it would to convert the production lines of the large companies.不一定是小的成本比大的成本高，而是同样的成本小的承担不起大的可以承担。
C.        Industry lobbyists will be unable to dissuade the government from regulating the industry.
D.        Assembly of the product produced according to government manufacturing specifications would be more complex than current assembly procedures.
E.        None of the seven small companies currently manufactures the product to a set of specifications that would match those the government would institute if the industry were to be regulated. 如果一开始就有小公司已经符合新规定，那么它没有必要Convert也就不存在能否Afford的问题了。

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GWD-6-Q4:
In the past the country of Siduria has relied heavily on imported oil.  Siduria recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas.  Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace.  If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, therefore, Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel should decline soon.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.        In Siduria the rate of fuel consumption is rising no more quickly than the rate of fuel production.
B.        Domestic production of natural gas is rising faster than is domestic production of oil in Siduria.
C.        No fuel other than natural gas is expected to be used as a replacement for oil in Siduria.
D.        Buildings cannot be heated by solar energy rather than by oil or natural gas.
E.        All new homes that are being built will have natural-gas-burning heating systems.

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GWD-5-Q21:
In Teruvia, the quantity of rice produced per year is currently just large enough to satisfy domestic demand.  Teruvia’s total rice acreage will not be expanded in the foreseeable future, nor will rice yields per acre increase appreciably.  Teruvia’s population, however, will be increasing significantly for years to come.  Clearly, therefore, Teruvia will soon have to begin importing rice.
T的大米生产正好自给自足。
前提，总种植面积和平均产量都不变。（average*数量=总量）
人口增加----必须进口大米。人口*需求=大米总销售
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.        No pronounced trend of decreasing per capita demand for rice is imminent in Teruvia.假设取非
B.        Not all of the acreage in Teruvia currently planted with rice is well suited to the cultivation of rice.
C.        None of the strains of rice grown in Teruvia are exceptionally high-yielding.
D.        There are no populated regions in Teruvia in which the population will not increase.
E.        There are no major crops other than rice for which domestic production and domestic demand are currently in balance in Teruvia.[A]
C不对
If you think C is correct, you might have misunderstood C. Here it does not matter whether the rice strain is high yield or low yield. If you thought C means the rice strain has potential to grwo more rice per acre, which is apparently a misunderstanding, the argument has said that "...nor will rice yields per acre increase appreciably"    反对前提

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GWD-5-Q3:
The average hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland has long been significantly lower than that in neighboring Borodia.  Since Borodia dropped all tariffs on Vernlandian televisions three years ago, the number of televisions sold annually in Borodia has not changed.  However, recent statistics show a droip in the number of television assemblers in Borodia.  Therefore, updated trade statistics will probably indicate that the number of televisions Borodia imports annually from Vernland has increased.
V的电视机组装工人的小时工资小于B的
B不再对V征关税，B的电视机销量没有改变。SUM不变
但是，现在B电视机组装的工人人数下降。N下降----SUM中非进口部分下降
所以推测B从V进口的电视机数量在上升。要使SUM总数不变，进口部分上升
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.        The number of television assemblers in Vernland has increased by at least as much as the number of television assemblers in Borodia has decreased. 工人人数的比较。
B.        Televisions assembled in Vernland have features that televisions assembled in Borodia do not have.
C.        The average number of hours it takes a Borodian television assembler to assemble a television has not decreased significantly during the past three years.
D.        The number of televisions assembled annually in Vernland has increased significantly during the past three years.
E.        The difference between the hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland and the hourly wage of television assemblers in Borodia is likely to decrease in the next few years.[C]
C is the assumption. C states that the time of a B assembler to assemble a TV hasn't drop, we know, sum= N(assemebler) * working hour / T ( time needed to assemble a TV). To be symplified, sum=N*H/ T, if T drop, even N drop, then sum will probably not drop. C declares that T hasn't drop.

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GWD-3-Q40:
Two centuries ago, Tufe Peninsula became separated from the mainland, isolating on the newly formed Tufe Island a population of Turfil sunflowers.  This population’s descendants grow to be, on average, 40 centimeters shorter than Turfil sunflowers found on the mainland.  Tufe Island is significantly drier than Tufe Peninsula was.  So the current average height of Tufe’s Turfil sunflowers is undoubtedly at least partially attributable to changes in Tufe’s environmental conditions（最后一句话是指T岛屿的）.
两百年前T半岛从大陆分离出来形成了T小岛
岛上的T比大陆的T短，岛上比大陆干燥。
结论，岛上的T短的部分原因是环境因素。
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.        There are no types of vegetation on Tufe Island that are known to benefit from dry conditions.
B.        There were about as many Turfil sunflowers on Tufe Peninsula two centuries ago as there are on Tufe Island today.无关比较
C.        The mainland’s environment has not changed in ways that have resulted in Turfil sunflowers on the mainland growing to be 40 centimeters taller than they did two centuries ago.排除他因。假设取非验证
D.        The soil on Tufe Island, unlike that on the mainland, lacks important nutrients that help Turfil sunflowers survive and grow tall in a dry environment.他因削弱
E.        The 40-centimeter height difference between the Turfil sunflowers on Tufe Island and those on the mainland is the only difference between the two populations.[C]那又怎样，有其他不同能削弱文章嘛？