myice

整段话都是historian的观点。 第二个BF是historian的中心论点。（排除A） 2，文章前半段全是中心论点的推理过程。第一个BF是推理的起点。 3，如果缺乏第一个BF，即records不完整，则推理不成立。因为如果records不完整，则可能1600s中大部分年都有population decline，而其中只有五年followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax，这样的话就不能推出人口下降是由于避税而虚报的。

这一段话整个是historian的一个argument，前后看来的对立其实是表面的。粗看题目容易理解成历史学家说人口下降而作者通过分析提出人口并未下降，导致倾向选A。事实不是如此，A说的第二部分意在推翻historian的结论并不存在，因为整个reasoning都是历史学家的，第二部分正是他的结论本身。[C]

补充一点，再次读A选项The first supplies a context for the historian’s argument;和C选项The first provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish;会发现其中的细微差别，是这个选项中很关键的。

其实第一个画线内容就是一个事实，并且它是第二画线句的推理过程的一个环节，期支持作用

我觉得这道题目的意义在于，对于BF题目，除了转承关系词，找到作者支持的结论，以及这个结论用的前提，作者反对的结论，以及这个反对结论用的前提外，还要注意哪一些是背景的东西，或者说是属于大家公用的前提的东西。 这道题目就是考了一个公用的前提。

这个题有个快捷方法.第二个黑体部分明显是结论.所以从选项的尾部看:

ABE都说是consideration.明显不对.排.

D:说是assumption.也不对.排.

只有C:说是position. 结论.对.

myice

GWD-5-Q20:

Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, studies show that a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual. Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies’ finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A. The first is the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second is an objection that has been raised against a position defended in the argument.

B. The first is a claim that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument opposes; the second is a finding that has been used in support of that position.

C. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a finding that has been used in support of that explanation.

D. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a finding on which that challenge is based.

E. The first is an explanation that the argument defends; the second is a finding that has been used to challenge that explanation.

 

[D]

这道题目就是因果结构。

第一句话就说明了结果：40岁之前做出的成就多。然后给了两个原因：一个是年龄问题（作者反对的解释），另外一个是加入这个行业时间长短问题（作者支持的解释）。

从这个结构上就很清楚地看出来应该选择D

所以我觉得在做BF题的时候也要注意一下文章的结构。

myice

GWD-5-Q21:

In Teruvia, the quantity of rice produced per year is currently just large enough to satisfy domestic demand. Teruvia’s total rice acreage will not be expanded in the foreseeable future, nor will rice yields per acre increase appreciably. Teruvia’s population, however, will be increasing significantly for years to come. Clearly, therefore, Teruvia will soon have to begin importing rice.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. No pronounced trend of decreasing per capita demand for rice is imminent in Teruvia.

B. Not all of the acreage in Teruvia currently planted with rice is well suited to the cultivation of rice.

C. None of the strains of rice grown in Teruvia are exceptionally high-yielding.

D. There are no populated regions in Teruvia in which the population will not increase.

E. There are no major crops other than rice for which domestic production and domestic demand are currently in balance in Teruvia.

A明显是答案，E是无关，不要说题外的作物

myice

GWD-5-Q15:

GWD-11-Q9:错

Lightbox, Inc., owns almost all of the movie theaters in Washington County and has announced plans to double the number of movie screens it has in the county within five years. Yet attendance at Lightbox’s theaters is only just large enough for profitability now and the county’s population is not expected to increase over the next ten years. Clearly, therefore, if there is indeed no increase in population, Lightbox’s new screens are unlikely to prove profitable.

Which of the following, if true about Washington County, most seriously weakens the argument?

A. Though little change in the size of the population is expected, a pronounced shift toward a younger, more affluent, and more entertainment-oriented population is expected to occur.

B. The sales of snacks and drinks in its movie theaters account for more of Lightbox’s profits than ticket sales do.

C. In selecting the mix of movies shown at its theaters, Lightbox’s policy is to avoid those that appeal to only a small segment of the moviegoing population.

D. Spending on video purchases, as well as spending on video rentals, is currently no longer increasing.

E. There are no population centers in the county that are not already served by at least one of the movie theaters that Lightbox owns and operates.

没看清，如果说会有赢利，他因说有其它观众群即可。A題目的焦點是: 看電影"人口"的問題!

虽然人口没有增加，但电影消费群扩大了，断桥削弱 [A]

myice

GWD-5-Q16: 错

GWD-13-Q14:

Maize contains the vitamin niacin, but not in a form the body can absorb. Pellagra is a disease that results from niacin deficiency. When maize was introduced into southern Europe from the Americas in the eighteenth century, it quickly became a dietary staple, and many Europeans who came to subsist primarily on maize developed pellagra. Pellagra was virtually unknown at that time in the Americas, however, even among people who subsisted primarily on maize.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the contrasting incidence of pellagra described above?

A. Once introduced into southern Europe, maize became popular with landowners because of its high yields relative to other cereal crops.

B. Maize grown in the Americas contained more niacin than maize grown in Europe did.

C. Traditional ways of preparing maize in the Americas convert maize’s niacin into a nutritionally useful form.

D. In southern Europe many of the people who consumed maize also ate niacin-rich foods.

E. Before the discovery of pellagra’s link with niacin, it was widely believed that the disease was an infection that could be transmitted from person to person.

[C]

没看明白，题目要解释为什么European和American都吃maize，为什么E得病，而A不得病。

前提提到得P病的原因是n的不足，而n不足是因为m里面的n不可以吸收。因此可以推出如果n可以吸收的话，那么就不会有P了。

C就解释了用传统方法做m，n就可以吸收，所以A就没有病了。同时暗含E没有用传统方法做m。

myice

GWD-5-Q13:

It is true of both men and women that those who marry as young adults live longer than those who never marry. This does not show that marriage causes people to live longer, since, as compared with other people of the same age, young adults who are about to get married have fewer of the unhealthy habits that can cause a person to have a shorter life, most notably smoking and immoderate drinking of alcohol.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?错两次

A. Marriage tends to cause people to engage less regularly in sports that involve risk of bodily harm.

B. A married person who has an unhealthy habit is more likely to give up that habit than a person with the same habit who is unmarried.

C. A person who smokes is much more likely than a nonsmoker to marry a person who smokes at the time of marriage, and the same is true for people who drink alcohol immoderately.

D. Among people who marry as young adults, most of those who give up an unhealthy habit after marriage do not resume the habit later in life.

E. Among people who as young adults neither drink alcohol immoderately nor smoke, those who never marry live as long as those who marry.

本题没看明白：原文第一句话是一个事实，第二句开始是conclusion，即：婚姻不是导致长寿的原因，strengthen的是这个conclusion，E充分地strengthen这个结论。而B/D都是削弱，证明婚姻导致长寿。

拉拉的C无关