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V Attack the base or assumption
a) attack the validity of the assumption or reasoning bases 原推理过程暗含assumption,则证明该假设不成立,则原推理过程 weaken. , 29: assumption all the patients are accurately diagnosed --> this assumption is false , then the reasoning is weakened. (另:68)
147 a counter prediction
a)-1 by giving another explanation 182: implements resemble Maya --> maya settlement. The resmble may be Maya copy from its earlier inhabitants, not C copy Maya
a)-2 reasoning base 本身有flaw 187: reasoning 偷换概念 class --> all the cars available
b) weaken the reliability of the survey or base 52: low usage in survey result --> conclude not much use; actual use > survey. Integrity
157: the reliability of records is weaken because different definition of accident is adopted by two companies --imcomparable
191: trial results are based on the top staffs --> the sample is not representative for all the staffs -- Representativeness
c) the assumption or cause is not feasible 64: because small mills can take orders from big mills which are previous taken by foreign companies---> import quota can help small mills. While actually it is not possible for small mills to take such orders
78: conclusion: young children do not think intention as relevant to punishment. While they are unable to justify whether the harm is done intentionally or not.
102: food allergy --> headache, unable to identify what are the foods
VI 举出反例,直接weaken conclusion,不用多,只要一个反例就weaken conclusion: arrive South earlier than North, any evidence support arrive North earlier can weaken --> some sites are predates
speculate: silence. Fact: encourage
191,196
A+B-->C, while if only A-->C, then weaken A+B together are necessary 61: perception of slower growth + deficiet --> devaluation, while actually only perception leads to devaluation.
113: the method does not mitigate the cause of the problem
the conclusion is wrong by rasing other potential factors 188: conclusion: less accidents during peak season, while there's other factor which may lead

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方法
I 方法--> 目的型
a) 方法--> 目的, weaken if achieve the goal with or without that method 7: defrosting vent --> ice welt, Weaken: no attempt to defrost ---> melt at the same rate
93: contamined toothbrush --> to avoid sick, while the same likelihood to get sick with contamined or not contamined tooth brosh
198: a same level of cost reduction achieved without the new production
b) 证明方法事与愿违 A not --> B(target) 70: cut down wage --> obtain competitive advantage. Actually lower wage --> lower quality and lower sales
prevent death in accidents. Actually extended time spent on wear the hoods increase the risk of dead " BACKGROUND-COLOR: #d4d0c8; BORDER-BOTTOM: WIDTH: BORDER-LEFT: BORDER-TOP: 335pt; transparent?>132: use smoke hoods --> prevent death in accidents. Actually extended time spent on wear the hoods increase the risk of dead
141: recruit experience people --> save cost, actually experienced people higher salary --> not save cost
157: replace keyboard--> reduce cost. Actually replacement --> training cost increase
improve access to new drugs. Actually, no patent, no new drugs = reduced access " BACKGROUND-COLOR: #d4d0c8; BORDER-BOTTOM: WIDTH: BORDER-LEFT: BORDER-TOP: 335pt; transparent?>178.abolish patent to new drugs --> improve access to new drugs. Actually, no patent, no new drugs = reduced access
b)-1 现象解释 the base of the argument leads to the opposite of the conclusion 201 large investment in road investment --> adequate road system. Actuall such a large investment proves in adequancy
b)-2 方法有不利的副作用,此处不利是指和conclusion不同 136: Method of less issues to cut down cost --> avoid profit decline. While the method also --> lower revenue --> profit decline
176: replace by skybus --> more efficiently turnover of flight. While skybus will result in delay which netoff its higher efficiency
183: strict environmental control --> higher cost, higher price therefore lower export. While strict environmental control has another imapct on increased demand of machinery--> opposite impact to boost export
200
c) There're better choices to meet the same target 5. decrease cost --> participate. Weaken by there's other better choices to decrease the cost
110. need A to repair S--> keep A. while if there's a cheap and better option to replace instead of repair, no need to keep A
186: use more offshore --> reduce risk, while tanker are less risky. Therefore this is a better choice to achieve the goal
193
d) meet the goal by change a variable, weaken by prove the change of variable has no effect to achieve the target 2: change birthplace from L to H for a longer life expectacy, the change of birthplace has no effect because the life expectacy depends on genetical factors
change in biological cycle, while constance light intensity --> still change in cycle. " BACKGROUND-COLOR: #d4d0c8; BORDER-BOTTOM: WIDTH: BORDER-LEFT: BORDER-TOP: 335pt; transparent?>101: change light intensity --> change in biological cycle, while constance light intensity --> still change in cycle.
e) 方法-->解决问题,weaken方法effectiveness, such as possibility to circumvent 112:weaken the effectiveness by provide method to circumvent
f) 方法-->目的,而方法是取消或禁止,则证明该方法是达到目的前提或基础假设,不可以没有 178. abolish patent to new drugs --> improve access to new drugs. Actualln, no patent, no new


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