[语法资料] 作业：白勇之主谓一致（36题全），欢迎讨论。

suners

对。又是白勇。对于很多大牛来说，是简单的，不屑的，不能满足胃口的。但是对于更多的潜在大牛来说，是好的开始。自己总结的，总还是不同的。

来来。让我们一起抠住知识点。这里的句子中一些结构，虽然在本题中不是考点，但是也可能在其他题目中成为可以借鉴的GMAT真题例子。

我抛砖引玉。这里都是经过复习后，把各个选项攻击得体无完肤之后再次敲出来的正确答案，然后分析句子成分的结果。

由于才疏学浅，若干细节的成分还不是很清楚。这也是晒出来的目的之一，即共同打破沙锅问到底。

用颜色对应成分和说明。对应着看，比较乱。但是对应起来，就好了。

主谓一致第1-10题。

1. While all states face similarindustrial waste problems, the predominantindustries and the regulatory environment of each state obviously determine the types and amounts of waste produced, as well as the cost of disposal.

While引导一个从句，和主句是让步关系。主句的主语、谓语和宾语。定语2套。

考点：each、their等代词的单数、复数主谓一致。

2. The lack of complete historical records from the mid-to-late 1800’s has made it difficult to trace some inventions to their Black originators.

主语谓语宾语和补足语。

宾语中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是to trace… originators.

定语和状语。

知识点：make的用法

Make sth. sth.

例句1：China's economicrise will not make it thedominant global power.

例句2：The economic news these days may be grim, but there's one magazine whose excellent writing can be relied on to make it less painful reading: The Economist.

Make sth. adj.

例句1：Make it simple.

例句2：It does make it hard for me.

Make it adj. to do

例句1：Weak economic growth will make it difficult toreduce the deficit.

例句2：Why small prizes make iteasier to win?

奖励点：Trace 作为不及物动词。

   例句：The history of this family can trace to 17th century。

例句：Traces of Jewish culture are found in China that trace to more than athousand years back.  （Trace作为名词和不及物动词，一举两得。）

3. Psychologists now contend that the way adults think and feel is determined as much by theirearly childhood peers as by their parents.

红色字体是主语谓语和宾语。宾语是that宾语从句。

That宾语从句中的主语和谓语。

The way的定语。

now当然是状语啦。

as much by their early childhood peers as by their parents是什么成分还不清楚！

考点：As much… as…的平行结构

加by -- As much (by) … as (by)

例句1：In contrast—here, and elsewhere during this trip—Mr Bush’s speeches lacked energy. They were marked as much by what he did not say as by what he did.

例句2：The next few years could be defined as much by the stagnation of the West as by the emergence of the rest, for three main reasons.

4. Inflation in medical costs slowed for the fifth consecutive year in 1986 but was still about 50 percent greater than the rate of price increased for other items included in the consumer price index.

红色主干主语inflation、谓语2个--slowed和was、宾语the rate，表语greater。

主语的状语。

介词+名词2套状语修饰谓语。

状语修饰谓语2was。

介词+名词状语修饰表语greater。

The rate的定语。

5. The direction in which the Earth and the other solid planets—Mercury, Venus, and Mars—spin was determined by collisions with giant celestial bodies in the early history of the Solar System.

红色主干。被动语态，其实是collisions determine the direction。这样动作关系就清楚了。
       In which定语从句修饰the direction。

With+名词、in+名词是状语修饰collisions。
      Of+名词是定语修饰history。

      6. While larger banks can afford to maintain their own data-processing operations, many smaller regional and community banks are finding that the costs associated with upgrading data-processing equipment and with the development and maintenance of new products and technical staff are prohibitive.

白勇说，While引导状语从句，和主句是转折关系。

我说，句子后面未划线部分中的with，决定了前面也用with 的短语，使得The cost of，arising from黯然失色。

主语的主语谓语和宾语，宾语是that引导的宾语从句。

That宾语从句中，主语谓语和表语。

Associated with… and with…2套介词+名词短语，做the costs的定语。

第二套associated with中的 A and B。

知识点：while，whereas，where的区别用法

白勇说，Where只能在句首，where… + 主句。While和whereas可以句首，可以在主句后面引导从句。（待补充。。。）

7. Since 1986 the enrollments of African Americans, American Indians, and Hispanic Americans in full-time engineering programs in the United  States have steadily increased, while the number of other students entering the field has fallen.

主句：主语、谓语。

主语的定语。

状语。
       While引导的状语从句中的主语和谓语。
      The number的定语。

entering the field 又是other students的定语。

8. Traffic congestion, longer commuting trips and the growing demand for housing have all but eliminated the cost advantage of owning a house in rural communities.

主句：主语、谓语、宾语。

知识点：all but 几乎；very nearly, almost.

例句1：Without you the job would have been all but impossible.

例句2：We had all but given up hope.

9. Some analysts contend that true capitalism exists only when the ownership of both property and the means of products is regarded as an individual’s inalienable right, not as a license granted by government and revokable at whim.

主句的主谓宾，宾语是that宾语从句。
       That宾语从句中的主语和谓语。
       Only when引导的状语从句，中的主语、谓语和表语。

A license的定语。

注：白勇原书纠错。应该是Revokable。

知识点：be regarded as 名词、形容词、ing形式。

名词：They are regarded as great teachers by many GMAT takers and MBA applicants.

形容词：When you are dealing with words that 99% of even the most highly educated people do not know the dictionary definition of, the meaning most think is correct should be regarded as correct.

ing形式：As far as the press goes, the general principle should be that if the leaked information exposes misdeeds, corruption or similar problems, then the people involved should be regarded as doing service to the country. If, however, information that should be legitimately kept secret is leaked, then those involved should be regarded as acting in a harmful manner.

知识点：不是A，而是B。是A，而不是B。（待续。。。）

Not A, but B

Not A, but rather B

(as) A, not (as) B

A, rather than B

10. Although it has not been proved that the consumption of any particular food will reverse hardening of the arteries, studies indicate that refraining from eating certain foods can help reserve blockage of coronary arteries, the blood vessels that feed that heart.

主句：主语谓语和宾语，宾语是that宾语从句。       Although引导状语从句，和主句是转折关系。   从句中的形式主语是it引导的强调句，真正主语是that the consumption of any particular food will reverse hardening of the arteries，谓语是has not been proved。

在主句的宾语（从句）中，refraining from eating certain foods是主语，can help reserve谓语，blockage宾语。

Blockage的定语。
      coronary arteries的同位语。同位语中又有一个that引导的定语从句。

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thanks _++

suners

主谓一致——31-36题

31. As the etched lines on computer memory chips have become thinner and the chips' circuits more complex, the power of both the chips and teh electronic devices they drive has vastly increased.

主语：the power；谓语has increased；As引导状语从句，其中，and引导两套主系表结构——1. the etched lineshave become thinnner 和2. the chips' circuits （have become） more complex。

attention: both...and 的用法；主语谓语的单复数一致。


32. The Federal Reserve Board's reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institutions is both an acknowledgment of past economic trends and an effort to influence their future direction.

主语核心：reduction；谓语is；表语an acknowledgment and an effort。

attention：both...and


33. Growing confidence in their ability to make profitable investments in the United States has led foreign inverstors to move from passive involvement in commercial real estate partnerships to active development of their increasingly ambitious projects.

主语核心：confidence；谓语has led；宾语foreign investors；宾语的补语：to move；from... to... 是状语，修饰move。

attention:

ability to do
例句：Your GMAT scores are one measure of your ability to do graduate work

capability of ing/to do
例句1：Iran has capability of making nuclear weapon
例句2：Successful leaders need good capability of strategic and analytical thinking.  
例句3：XX is seeking  nuclear weapons or the capability to quickly produce them.

confidence in
例句：The result has been a loss of confidence in the dollar.

confidence+ that 从句
例句：History gives me confidence that Asia will rebound.

confident about；
例句：Parents unconditional love makes their children feel confident about themselves.

lead sb. to do
例句：MBA application leads one to carefully review the past and seriously think about the future.

lead sb. to noun
例句：This road will lead you to the town centre.


34. A recent national study of the public schools shows that there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many as there were four years ago.

主语核心：study；谓语shows；宾语是that宾语从句。宾语从句中是there be结构，主语是one microcomputer。

attention:
倍数 + as 形容词或副词...as表示多少倍数关系
例句：He studies more than three times as hard as I.


35. Like the color-discriminating apparatus of the human eye, that of an insect's eye depends on recording and comparing light intensities in three regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

attention:

like的介词和as的介词，表示“相似的”的义项。

作表语：as=like=having the characteristic of: similar to
<his house is like a barn> <it's like when we were kids>
<his face was as a mask — Max Beerbohm>

作状语：as=like= in the manner of: similarly to
<acts like a fool>
<all rose as one man> （来源：M-W）


36. In the most common procedure for harvesting forage crops such as alfafa, as much as 20 percent of the leaf and small-stem material, the most nutritious parts of all the parts of the plant, shatters and falls to the ground.

主语：20 percent of the leaf and small-stem material；谓语shatters and falls；In the...状语；the most...plant是同位语，修饰the leaf and small-stem material
这道题的判断单数复数，同位语的和谓语的，比较绕。

attention：(as much/many as) A percent of B

A percent of B中，决定B的谓语单复数的，还是B本身的可数或不可数来决定，和percent没有关系。

除了从B本身的可数或不可数判断，如果未划线部分有，as much/many as A percent of B，那么就更提供了线索，much，让对应用单数动词，many就对应用复数名词。

例句：
Twenty percent of the products are exported.
Ninety percent of the smokers are male.
Only 10 percent of the land was under cultivation.

例句1：Postpartum depression has been estimated to affect as many as 15 percent of mothers and can be debilitating.
例句2：A majority of growing plants contains as much as 90 percent water.

【BY主谓一致完】

非呀飞

感谢分享

hsWang

感谢suners

kini

威武威武

suners

主谓一致——21-30题

21. Efforts to equalize the funds available to school districts, a major goal of education reformers and may states in the 1970's, have not significantly reduced the gap that exists between the richest and the poorest districts.

个人复习分析：核心的，主语Efforts，谓语have not significantly reduced，宾语the gap。两个逗号间的，是同位语，对应的是to equalize...districts。gap后的that定语从句修饰gap。
attention：同位语；significantly vs. significant

22. Thomas Eakins' powerful style and his choices of subject -- the advances in modern surgery, the discipline of sport, the strains of individuals in tension with society or even with themselves -- were as disturbing to his own time as they are compelling for ours.
主语Thomas Eakins' powerful style and his choices of subject ，谓语were，表语as disturbing 破折号括起同位语，对应一部分主语，his choices of subject
attention: 时态的选择；破折号; 比较结构中时态不同，要补出从句中的助动词。见第七章比较结构。

23. Lacking information about energy use, people tend to overestimate the amount of energy used by visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and underestimate that used by unobtrusive equipment, such as water heaters.
ing形式作状语，主语people，谓语tend to overestimate and underestimate，宾语the amount of energy... and that...，used by...2套定语，such as...2套各为宾语的插入语。
attention: 插入语；对比结构，重复名词不用it；形式对称。

24. Hemingway's wives -- Hadley Richardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gelhom, and Mary Welsh -- were all strong and interesting women, very different from the often pallid women who populate his novels.
主系表清晰。
attention：复习each的用法；破折号。

25. As a result of the ground-breaking work of Barbara McClintock, many scientists now believe that all of the information encoded in 50,000 to 100,000 of human cell's different genes is contained in merely three percent of the cell's DNA.
As a result of...作状语，主语many scientists，谓语believe，宾语为that宾语从句。宾语从句中，encoded...为定语修饰主语information，被动语态 is contained为谓语in merely...为状语。
attention: 未划线部分提示，划线部分的对应词的单复数。

26. Since 1981, when the farm depression began, the number of acres overseen by professional farm-management companies has grown from 48 million to nearly 59 million, an area about the size of Colorado.
主语the number，谓语has grown。Since... ，When...， from...to...为状语，an area...是59 million的同位语。
attention: 同位语；独立主格；所有格's vs. of？？

27. In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has risen dramatically.
主语the number，谓语has risen。given community service sentences定语修饰criminals， allowing them to remain
个人认为，这道题，通过number的单数动词，保留了DE后，比D中的至少3处毛病，E（正确答案）少了大部分错误。但是E，也不是没有毛病，因为 while performing存在歧义，只不过，我们通过逻辑性排除while performing和allowing并列来修饰sentences的可能，而是作为remain 的伴随状态。BY说的就近修饰不能让我完全信服。


28. Three out of four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle.
这题个人没有不清晰的地方。
attention: #1 out of #2 XX
例句：Three out of four adults were functionally illiterate and more than one in ten totally so.


29. One baby in four is now born to a mother aged thirty or older, compared with just one in six in 1975.
主语one baby in four，谓语is born。
attention: compared with vs. compared to; one of four babies（4个里面的一个） vs. one XX in four/one in four XXs (每四个就有一个)
例句1： Today, one in four babies born in Britain has a foreign parent.
例句2：A recent survey found one woman in four, one man in five, ready to say they had been sexually abused before the age of 12.

30. Downzoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density, allows for more open space in areas where there are few services and little available water.
主语downzoning, 同位语zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density，谓语allows for，宾语open space。where定语从句修饰areas。
attention: little vs. few; 注意这里的there are之所以用are不用is，很可能不是因为什么就近一致，而是将services和water当做两个东西来一起描述，相当于there are A and B。
（OG10: Also, since water and services are being discussed as a pair, they should logically be treated as a compound subject requiring a plural verb; thus, the singular verbs exists (in B and C) and is (in D) are wrong. Choice E is best: the plural verb are is used, and few correctly modifies services.）待找实例。

suners

主谓一致--11-20题
   

11. Paleontologists believe that fragments of a primate jawbone unearthed in Burma and estimated to be 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of a crucial step along the evolutionary path that led to human beings.

主干是Paleontologists believe that 引导的宾语从句。这个宾语从句中，the fragments是主语，provide是谓语，evidence是宾语。unearthed in Burma and estimated to be 40 to 44 million years old是定语修饰fragments。

这里split了provide的单数和复数，之后，就要判断estimate的用法了。

-- be estimated to be/at

在At 后面，大部分都是跟数量加上单位（而且仅此而已）（例如，years/kilograms/dollars）。前面被estimate的只能是能够用数量表示的性质，比如说，age/weight/price/cost/loss等，而不能用拥有这些性质的人事物。

一个大牛曾经举例,His age is estimated to be/at 35。
这里to be 和at都可以。

但是如果被estimate的是He，那么只能He is estimated to be 35 years + old。不能用He is estimated as 35 years.

12. Some scientists have been critical of the laboratory tests conducted by the Federal Drug Administration on the grounds that the amounts of suspected carcinogens fed to animals far exceed those that humans could consume.

主句的主语谓语和表语是Some scientists have been critical

of the laboratory tests是状语

定语conducted by the Federal Drug Administration修饰the laboratory tests

On the grounds + that从句组成状语，修饰have been critical of

在that从句中，主干是the amounts exceed those

--On the grounds 由于…的原因；在…的基础上，后面加名词或者that从句。

例句1：He was dismissed on the grounds of negligence. 他因渎职而遭解雇。

例句2：I object to the plan on the grounds that it is too expensive. 我反对该项计划, 理由是花费太大.

13. Bluegrass musician Bill Monroe, whose repertory, views on musical collaboration, and vocal style influenced generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, including Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from his own.

主语Bluegrass musician Bill Monroe，谓语inspired，宾语many musicians, including Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia

Whose引导的定语从句，修饰主语

最后whose引导的定语从句，修饰many musicians

14. The delinquency rates （on mortgages for office buildings, hotels, shopping malls and other commercial properties）
（held by the nation’s insurance companies） have increased 【sharply in recent months】, leading to predictions 【that foreclosures on these types of loans could double over the next three years】.

The delinquency rates是主语，have increased是谓语，leading to是ing的伴随状态，predictions是lead to的宾语，sharply in recent months是have increased的状语

on mortgages for office buildings, hotels, shopping malls and other commercial properties是rates的定语

held by the nation’s insurance companies是office buildings, hotels, shopping malls and other commercial properties的定语

that引导的同位语从句同predications

15. According to scientists at the University of California, the pattern of changes that have occurred in human DNA over the millennia indicates that everyone alive today may be a descendant of a single female ancestor who lived in Africa sometime between 140,0000 and 280,000 years ago.

主语是the pattern，谓语indicates，宾语that宾语从句。

According to状语从句；
That定语从句修饰changes。

--这里要注意的是，一个A of B +that定语从句，修饰B的例子。修饰A还是B，由后面的动词可以获得线索。

--Descend的用法

----Descend 从何来

to pass from a higher place or level to a lower one <descended from the platform>

e.g. To descend from the ivory tower

to originate or come from an ancestral stock or source : derive <descends from an old merchant family>

e.g. Both words descend fromthe same Latin root.

----Descend 往哪去

: to incline, lead, or extend downward <the road descends to the river>

e.g. The stairs descended into the tunnel.

----A descendant of…

例句1：Many people in this area are descendants of German immigrants.

例句2： The Italian language is one of Latin's descendants.

16. Out of America’s fascination with all things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing back the chaise lounge, the overstuffed sofa, and the claw-footed bathtub.

主语a market，谓语has grown，状语Out of America’s fascination with all things antique

定语for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures

That 定语从句修饰主语a market，定语从句中，谓语is bringing back，宾语the chaise lounge, the overstuffed sofa, and the claw-footed bathtub

17. The period when great painted caves at Lascaux and Altamira were occupied by the Upper Paleolithic people has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine is the reason for their decoration, the use to which primitive people put the caves, and the meaning of the magnificently depicted animals.

But连接2套主谓结构。

1.    The period （when引导定语从句修饰the period）has been established，

2.    主语what is much more difficult to determine（what引导主语从句）, 谓语is，表语the reason, the use and the meaning.

18. Although it claims to delve into political issues, television can be superficial, as when the three major networks each broadcast exactly the same statement from a political candidate.

主干：television can be superficial

--注意这里出现each的用法。Each of + 名词+ 动词单数；名词 + each + 动词复数

19. The peaks of a mountain range, acting like rocks in a steambed, produce ripples in the air flowing over them; the resulting flow pattern, with crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, is known as “standing waves”.

分号分隔两组主谓结构。

1.    The peaks produce ripples

2.    The resulting flow pattern is known as “standing waves”; that定语从句修饰crests and troughs； them也是指代crests and troughs

20. Declining values for farm equipment and land, the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, are going to force many lenders to tighten or deny credit this spring.

主语Declining values，谓语are going to force，宾语many lenders。

the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season这个同位语，修饰farm equipment and land

最后一题也是本组题目的亮点所在。

sps_music

大赞呀， 太感谢了