阅读笔记（第一讲）

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阅读笔记（第一讲）

一、阅读准备：
1．新东方内部教材：GRE北美题、国内题
2．英语杂志：Time、Newsweek、National Geology、Scientific American
3．英语教材：New Concept English（Book 4）

二、文章分类
按题材分
A．Humanity：文学艺术；esp. 文学评论
B．Social Science：
美国历史；e.g. 南北战争
弱势群体；esp. 黑人、女性
法律；e.g. 法律史
C．Natural Science
D．Life Science
按写法分
A．Presentation：全文仅有一种观点、一种声音
B．Argumentation：多种声音、观点并存
按考种分
详见后

三、阅读原则
至少三遍原则
A．先做一遍，B．对答案
C．再认真阅读一遍
D．课堂上分析后再读一遍
头脑空白原则
一切以文章内容为依据，唯一的依据
顺序原则
E．先看文，F．后做题（与托福不同，G．因是逻辑阅读）
H．先判定套路，I．后看文：即先阅读全文开头，J．每段开头
K．总结：
a．总结主题句（段落主题句，b．全文主题句）
c．总结关键字（每段的Key Words）
d．总结结构（每个段落在全文中的作用）
e．总结人物（可用首字母表示）

四、阅读环节
重要的是做阅读笔记，按笔记答题
记录要点：
记主题句（段落主题句，全文主题句）（可划线表示）
记关键词（可用缩写表示）
记强对比（逻辑上的）（可用A≠B表示）
A．表示强对比的词汇：on the contrary, on the other hand, contrast
e.g. Red berries standing in vivid contrast against the snow.
B．时间状语也可表示强对比，C．如说五十年前如何，D．后说五十年后又如何
E．人数多少也可表示强对比，F．如说most people…，G．后说but…
记强转折（可用A△B表示）
H．表示强转折的词汇：
a． however, yet, while, but
b．表示让步的词汇：though, although
c． unless, nonetheless
d． despite, in spite of
e． instead
f． in fact, actually
e.g. He said he would pay, but in point of fact he has no money.
Actually, few of us admit that examinations can contribute anything really important to the students' academic development.
I．极端转折
A, but B，表示B重要。在Lsat中，常有A与B两项完全相反，所谓极端转折，此时可只看转折后的B项
J．多重转折
A, but B, while C, in fact D. 这时前几重转折无用，只看最后一重D。
记因果关系（如A因，B果，可用A→B表示）
表示因果关系的词汇有：
a.  conclude (conclusive, conclusion)
consequence (consequent, consequently), hence
e.g. Mr. Foster has never been to China. Consequently / Hence he knows very little about it.
result in , result from: “A result in B” means “A→B”; “A result from B” means “B→A”
e.g. Nothing has resulted from his efforts.
Acting before thinking always results in failure.
lie in: “A lies in B” means “B→A”
reflect (reflection): “A reflects B” means “B→A”
e.g. The child's bad behavior reflects on his bad home training.
factor: “A is B’s factor” means “A→B”
e.g. Her friendly manner is an important factor in her rapid success.
记评价（在Lsat中总有评价存在）
K．正评价（用⊕表示）
L．负评价（用  表示）
M．有正有负的评价，N．即混合评价
a．正评价强于负评价（用⊕>  来表示）
b．负评价强于正评价（用  >⊕来表示）
记标点
O．    “ ”的作用
a．引用原文（可助解时间题）
b．强调作用（可助解信息题）
c．表示负评价
P．：或；的作用：可表示因果关系
Q．（）的作用：注释，R．括号中内容不S．看，T．可用——划去
U． ——的作用：——……——，V．其中……内容不W．看，X．可用——划去
必看与不看的句子
Y．判断句必看
a．有系动词（be, remain）的是判断句，b．尤其在段落或文章开头部分更要重点阅读，c．这往往是主题句
e.g. These matters remain in doubt.
d．有情态动词（can, can not, may, must）的是判断句
e．有自由褒贬词的是判断句：所谓自由指f．它可以游离于句子之外，g．句子缺少了它依然成立；所谓褒贬指h．它本身有评价色彩，i．多为形容词和副词
e,g, Your (brazen/penetrating) view (successfully/curiously) changed my attitude.
记强调性语言
Z．最高级，AA．比较级；如most, first, than, last, at most, more than, less than
more than, less than：与其说……，不如说……
e.g. It is more because A than because B. 这是更因为A，强调A
I have less contact with A than with B. 与B联系更多，强调B
BB． equal（equality）
CC．唯一性：only, unique, sole, exclusive
这些强调性语言在文中出现得少，但在选项中出现机会多，所以如选项中有most，文章、笔记中无，就可排除此选项
记专用名词（用缩略语记）
DD．人名EE．用首字母表示
FF．物种用首字母表示
GG．化学物质用前两个字母表示，HH．但基本的如protein, carbon dioxide等仍需了解

五、例题讲解
Book 1, Reading 3, P71
Women's participation in the revolutionary events in France between 1789 and 1795 has only recently been given nuanced treatment. Early twentieth century historians of the French Revolution are typified by Jaures（O(J)）, who, though（△） sympathetic（⊕） to the women's movement of his own time never（  > ⊕）even mentions its antecedents in revolutionary France. Even today most general histories treat only cursorily a few individual women, like Marie （M）Antoinette.// The recent studies by Landes, Badinter, Godineau, and Roudinesco （N(L, B, G, R)）, however（△）, should signal a much-needed（⊕） reassessment of women's participation.
Godineau and Roudinesco point to three significant phases in that participation. The first, up to mid- 1792, involved those women who wrote political tracts. Typical of their orientation to theoretical issues -- in Godlneaus's view, without practical effect -- is Marie Gouze's Declaration of the Right of Women. The emergence of vocal middle-class women's political clubs marks the second phase. Formed in 1791 as adjuncts of middle-class male political clubs, and originally philanthropic in function, by late 1792 independent clubs of women began to advocate military participation for women. In the final phase, the famine of 1795 occasioned a mass women's movement; women seized food supplies, hold officials hostage, and argued for the implementation of democratic politics. This phase ended in May of 1795 with the military suppression of this multi class movement. In all three phases women's participation in politics contrasted（ ≠）markedly with their participation before 1789. Before that date some noble-women participated indirectly in elections, but （△）such participation by more than narrow range of the population -- women or men -- came only with the Revolution. (G, R)
What makes the recent studies particularly compelling（⊕）, however, is not so much (their organization of chronology)(A) as (their unflinching willingness to confront the reasons for the collapse of the women's movement)(B). For Landes and Badinter, the necessity of women’s having to speak in the established vocabularies of certain intellectual and political traditions diminished the ability of the women's movement to resist suppression. Many women, and many men, they argue, located their vision within the confining tradition of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who linked male and female roles with public and private spheres respectively. But, when women went on to make political alliances with radical Jacobin men, Badinter asserts, they adopted a vocabulary and violently extremist viewpoint that unfortunately was even more damaging to their political interests. (L, B)
Each of these scholars has different political agenda and takes a different approach - Godineau, for example, works with police archives while Roudinesco uses explanatory schema from modern psychology. Yet（△） admirably（⊕）, each gives center stage to group that previously has been marginalized, or at best undifferentiated, by historians. And in the case of Landes and Badinter, the reader is left with a sobering awareness of the cost to the women of the Revolution of speaking in borrowed voices. （总结）
上文属新老观点对立型，它往往是喜新厌旧（过去的观点常错）、标新立异（多数人的观点常错），同情弱者。
阅读步骤：
1．先判定套路（新老观点对立型）
2．看层次
3．标4．出强对立（如contrast）
5．注意比较（not, so much as）
14. Which one of the following best states the main point of the passage?
此题属主题题，主题题的做法为：
三出现原则：
在选项中重要的关键词必须出现
细节不能出现
新内容不能出现
(A) According to recent historical studies, the participation of women in the revolutionary events of 1789-1795 can most profitably be viewed in three successive stages.
(B) The findings of certain recent historical studies have resulted from an earlier general. reassessment, by historians, of women's participation in the revolutionary events of 1789-1795.
(C) Adopting the vocabulary and viewpoint of certain intellectual and political traditions resulted in no political advantage for women in France in the years 1789-1795.
(D) Certain recent historical studies have provided a much-needed description and evaluation of the evolving roles of women in the revolutionary events of 1789-1795.
(E) Historical studies that seek to explain the limitations of the women's movement in France during the years 1789-1795 are much more convincing than are those that seek only to describe the general features of that movement.
15. The passage suggests that Godineau would be likely to agree with which one of the following statements about Marie Gouze's Declaration of the Rights of Women?
此题属信息题，回笔记中定位
(A) This work was not understood by many of Gouze's contemporaries.
(B) This work indirectly inspired the formation of independent women's political clubs.
(C) This work had little impact on the world of political action.
(D) This work was the most compelling produced by a French woman between 1789 and 1792.
(E) This work is typical of the kind of writing French women produced between 1793 and 1795.
16. According to the passage, which one of the following is a true statement about the purpose of the women's political cubs mentioned in line 20? （信息题）
(A) These clubs fostered a mass women's movement.
(B) These clubs eventually developed a purpose different from their original purpose.
(C) These clubs were founder to advocate military participation for women.
(D) These clubs counteracted the original purpose of male political clubs.
(E) These clubs lost their direction by the time of the famine of 1795.
17. The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to:
(A) outline the author's argument about women's roles in Frances between 1789 and 1795
(B) anticipate possible challenges to the findings of the recent studies of women in France between 1789 and 1795.
(C) summarize some long-standing explanations of the role of individual women in France between 1789 and 1795.
(D) present a context for the discussion of recent studies of women in France between 1789 and 1795.
(E) characterize various eighteenth-century studies of women in France.
18. The passage suggests that Landes and Badinter would be likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the women's movement in France in the 1790s?
此题用虚拟语气，属改善题，做法为回笔记，找缺点，去克服
(A) the movement might have been more successful if women had developed their own political vocabularies.
(B) The downfall of the movement was probably unrelated to it alliance with Jacobin men.
(C) The movement had a great deal of choice about whether to adopt a Rousseauist political vocabulary.
(D) The movement would have triumphed if it had not been suppressed by military means.
(E) The movement viewed a Rousseauist political tradition, rather than a Jacobin political.
19. In the context of the passage, the word "cost" in line 63 refers to the
此题可用竖读法解，先看第一词：
(A) dichotomy of private roles for women and public roles for men
(B) almost nonexistent political participation of women before 1789.
(C) historians' lack of differentiation among various groups of women.
(D) political alliances women made with radical Jacobin men.
(E) collapse of the women's movement in the 1790s.
20. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with:
此题为主题题，亦可用竖读法解
(A) criticizing certain political and intellectual traditions
(B) summarizing the main points of several recent historical studies and assessing their value.
(C) establishing a chronological sequence and arguing for its importance
(D) comparing and contrasting women's political activities before and after the French Revolution
(E) reexamining a long-held point of view and isolating its strengths and weaknesses.

六、套路分析
新老观点对立型
老观点出现在开头，有两种表现形式，一是古老的时间状语，如traditionally, once, old, recently（既可表示新观点，也可表示老观点），二是大多数人，通常的说法，如usually, most, many
＋
强转折，一般在第一段中间或第二段开头
现象解释型
现象，一般是自然科学中的现象，在社会科学中现象多为史实，用时间、人物、时间来表示
＋
解释，由关键词，评价（正或负），评价的原因组成；另外，往往为多种解释，负评价，负评价，最后才是正评价

作业：A 71/69/110/112/131/133/150/152