clubman

1.3.2 GWD women suffrage
1.        GWD-11-Q35 -Q37当代女权主义者对20年代妇女选举权运动的评价
      Recent feminist scholarship con-         早期人们以妇女选举权运动众所周知地
        cerning the United States in the 1920’s     “得到保证”来评价美国的1920’s，
        challenges earlier interpretations that     最近，女权主义者挑战这一观点。
Line        assessed the twenties in terms of the
  (5)        unkept “promises” of the women’s
suffrage movement.  This new scholar-         新观点驳斥道，因为妇女在1920年获
ship disputes the long-held view that            投票权后，妇女投票组织没有实体化，
because a women’s voting bloc did not          选举权不能为妇女争得长久的政治利益。
materialize after women gained the right
(10)        to vote in 1920, suffrage failed to
produce long-term political gains for
women.  These feminist scholars also          女权学家也认为选举权失败，因为它没
challenge the old view that pronounced         有遵守妇女投票将带来道德的无腐败的
suffrage a failure for not delivering on           统治的诺言。
(15)        the promise that the women’s vote
would bring about moral, corruption-
free governance.  Asked whether              被问到选举权是否失败时，他们引用世
women’s suffrage was a failure, these           纪交替时的社会改革家JA的话：“为
scholars cite the words of turn-of-the-            何你不问选举权是否全面失败？“
(20)        century social reformer Jane Addams,
        “Why don’t you ask if suffrage in
        general is failing?”学者的观点认为suffrage是失败
      In some ways, however, these递进       在某些方面，这些女权学者仍然认为
scholars still present the 1920’s as a              1920’s是衰落时期。
(25)        period of decline. After suffrage, they     他们说选举权后，女权运动失去了凝
argue, the feminist movement lost its              聚力，性别意识下降。
cohesiveness, and gender conscious-
ness waned.  After the mid-1920’s, few          1920’s中期后，鲜见女权改革家的成
successes could be claimed by fem-              就：在成功立法方面很少见。
(30)        inist reformers: little could be seen in
the way of legislative victories. 衰退的年代 new scholarship的另一观点
      During this decade, however, there        然而在此时期，以取得更多妇女自治
        was intense activism aimed at achiev-      为目标的强烈的激进主义存在着，扩
ing increased autonomy for women,             宽到妇女的日常生活领域。
(35)         broadening the spheres within which
they lived their daily lives.  Women’s            妇女组织的工作为妇女提供机会：
organizations worked to establish
opportunities for women: they strove to          他们致力于保障妇女完全的公民权利，
        secure for women the full entitlements        包括管理办公室及服务陪审庭的权利。
(40)        of citizenship, including the right to hold
office and the right to serve on juries.最终观点 不同意recent的观点
老新观点
逻辑简图：
1P: recent scholarship challenges earlier interpretations unkept “promise” of women suffrage. Disputes, also challenges older view…
2P: in some ways, however, decline….
3P: during this decade, however, intense activism…. Women’ organization worked to establish opportunities for women…
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GWD-11-Q35:
The passage is primarily concerned with
               
A.        providing evidence indicating that feminist reformers of the 1920’s failed to reach some of their goals偏
B.        presenting scholarship that contrasts suffragist “promises” with the historical realities of the 1920’s
C.        discussing recent scholarship concerning the achievements of women’s suffrage during the 1920’s and presenting an alternative view of those achievements
Recent feminist scholarship concerning the United States in the 1920’s challenges earlier interpretations that assessed the twenties in terms of the unkept “promises” of the women’s suffrage movement.  
D.        outlining recent findings concerning events leading to suffrage for women in the 1920’s and presenting a challenge to those findings
E.        providing support for a traditional view of the success of feminist attempts to increase gender consciousness among women during the 1920’s
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GWD-11-Q36:
It can be inferred that the author of the passage disagrees with the “new scholarship” mentioned in lines 6-7 regarding the
               
A.        degree to which the “promises” of the suffrage movement remained unkept
B.        degree to which suffrage for women improved the morality of governance
C.        degree to which the 1920’s represented a period of decline for the feminist movement
During this decade, however, there was intense activism aimed at achieving increased autonomy for women,。。。
D.        degree of legislative success achieved by feminist reformers during the 1920’s
E.        accuracy of the view that a women’s voting bloc did not materialize once suffrage was achieved
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GWD-11-Q37:※
The purpose of the second paragraph (lines 23-31) of the passage is to

A.        suggest a reason why suffragist “promises” were not kept
B.        contrast suffragist “promises” with the reality of the 1920’s
C.        deplore the lack of successful feminist reform in 1920’s
D.        explain a view held by feminist scholars
E.        answer the question asked by Jane Addams

clubman

2.        GWD-4-Q5 to Q7工业化城市化理论不能解释妇女选举权问题（以瑞士为例）
      Many scholars have theorized that 老观点
        economic development, particularly          很多学者提出，经济发展，特别是工业
        industrialization and urbanization, con-       化和城市化能促进共享民主制的发展。
Line        tributes to the growth of participatory
  (5)        democracy;  according to this theory, it   按照该理论，每当经济发展扩大妇女
would seem logical that women would      的机会，妇女能要求和获得更多数的
both demand and gain suffrage in ever     选举权，这是合乎逻辑的。
greater numbers whenever economic
development expanded their economic
(10)        opportunities.  However, the economic否定老观点
development theory is inadequate to        但是这个经济理论不足以解释某些
explain certain historical facts about the     关于妇女选举权实行的历史事件。
implementation of women’s suffrage.
For example, why was women’s suf-        例如，为什么妇女选举权在1920年
(15)        frage, instituted nationally in the United     就在美国得以全面实施，但直到
States in 1920, not instituted nationally      1970’s才在瑞士全面实施？
in Switzerland until the 1970’s?  Indus-     到1920年，两个国家均高度工业化
trialization was well advanced in both       超过33%的美国工人受雇于各种工
countries by 1920:  over 33 percent        业，瑞士的比例则超过44%。
(20)        of American workers were employed
        in various industries, as compared
        to 44 percent of Swiss workers.
Granted, Switzerland and the United        当然，瑞士和美国不同在于工业扩
States diverged in the degree to            张与城市化程度的吻合程度。
(25)        which the expansion of industry coin-
cided with the degree of urbanization:
only 29 percent of the Swiss population      到1920年，只有29%的瑞士人口
lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabi-       居住在1万或以上居民的城市里。
tants by 1920.  However, urbanization     但城市化不能完全解释妇女的选举
(30)        cannot fully explain women’s suffrage.      权。
Within the United States prior to 1920,       例如1920年前，在美国，只有低
for example, only less urbanized             度城市化的州赋予妇女选举权。
        states had granted women suffrage.
Similarly, less urbanized countries           近似地，诸如C和G等低度城市
(35)        such as Cambodia and Ghana had           化的国家远早于瑞士赋予妇女投
voting rights for women long before           票权。
Switzerland did.  It is true that Switzer-      瑞士城市化的州确实比农村州更早
land’s urbanized cantons (political           执行妇女投票权的立法。
subdivisions) generally enacted
women’s suffrage legislation earlier
than did rural cantons.  However,           但这些州通常共有其它特点- 类似
these cantons often shared other             的语言背景，更强的左翼党派- 这
characteristics—similar linguistic back-       些可以解释以上的现象。
grounds and strong leftist parties—that
may help to explain this phenomenon.
新老观点
逻辑简图：
Many scholars theorized economic development(industrialization and urbanization) contributes to women’s suffrage.
However, inadequate to explain…… however, urbanization cannot fully explain….
It is true… however, shared other characteristics …… may help to explain
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GWD-4-Q5:
The passage states which of the following about Switzerland’s urbanized cantons?
               
A.        These cantons shared characteristics other than urbanization that may have contributed to their implementation of women’s suffrage.
B.        These cantons tended to be more politically divided than were rural cantons.
C.        These cantons shared with certain rural cantons characteristics such as similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties.
D.        The populations of these cantons shared similar views because urbanization furthered the diffusion of ideas among them.
E.        These cantons were comparable to the most highly urbanized states in the United States in their stance toward the implementation of women’s suffrage.
It is true that Switzerland’s urbanized cantons (political subdivisions) generally enacted women’s suffrage legislation earlier than did rural cantons.  However, these cantons often shared other characteristics—similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties—that may help to explain this phenomenon.

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GWD-4-Q6:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
               
A.        contrast two explanations for the implementation of women’s suffrage只说了一种理论
B.        demonstrate that one factor contributes more than another factor to the implementation of women’s suffrage
C.        discuss the applicability of a theory for explaining the implementation of women’s suffrage
开始老观点，强转折，有其他因素
D.        clarify certain assumptions underlying a particular theory about the implementation of women’s suffrage
E.        explain how a particular historical occurrence was causally connected to the implementation of women’s suffrage

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GWD-4-Q7:
The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in Switzerland and the United States by 1920?

A.        A greater percentage of Swiss industrial workers than American industrial workers lived in urban areas.反
B.        There were more cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants in Switzerland than there were in the United States.反
C.        Swiss workers living in urban areas were more likely to be employed in industry than were American workers living in urban areas.无
D.        Urbanized areas of Switzerland were more likely than similar areas in the United States to have strong leftist parties.
E.        A greater percentage of the United States population than the Swiss population lived in urban areas.
Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920.

clubman

1.3.3 南丁格尔 （原文）
1）Two recent publications offer different assessment of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale.（主题句，由此句和三段首句可知本文是结论解释型文章，即主要特点是总分式）A book by Anne Summers （观点之一）seeks to debunk （负评价的实义动词）the idealizations and present a reality（正评价词）at odds with Nightingale’s heroic reputation. According to Summers, Nightingale’s importance during the Crimean War（和观点二比较的差别点） has been exaggerated（负评价的实义动词）: not until near the war’s end did she become supervisor of the female nurses. Additionally, （递进副词，表示行文方向一致，因此后面内容可以略读，仅提炼关键词即可，或不读）Summers writes that the contribution of the nurses to the relief of the wounded was at best marginal. The prevailing problems of military medicine were caused by army organizaitonal pratices, and the addition of a few nurses to the medical staff could be no more than symbolic. Nightingale’s place in the national pantheon, Summers asserts, is lrgely due to the propagandistic efforts of contemporary newspaper reporters.（以上略读）

2）By contrast（重要的强转折词，注意对比方/观点的差异点）, the editors （对比观点二）of a new volume of Nightingale’s letters view Nightingale as a person who significantly influenced（正评价词） not only her own age but also subsequenct generations. They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war（观点二比较的差别点，和观点一中during the Crimean War对比，这一句是后面举例的总结句，重要，知道总结句可以不用看后面的例子。）. For example,（举例通常可以略读，只提取例子中的关键词，如peacetime living conditions，举例的关键看前后的总结句，这里是for example 前面的一句话，因为例子都是用来说明总结句的，只要明白总结句的意思就行了。 ） when she leanred that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exeeded that of neighboring civilian populations, she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army. She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses’ traning hospital in London. Even in administrative matters, the editors assert, her practical intelligence was formidable: as recently as 1947 the British Army’s medical services were still using the cost-accounting system she had devised in the 1860’s.（以上略读）

3）I believe that the evidence of her letters supports（正评价词） continued respect for Nightingale’s brilliance and creativity（正评价词）. （总结句后举例说明，提取关键字，略读）When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator. Her insistence on classifying the problems of the needy in order to devise appropriate treatments is similar to the approach of modern social workers.（以上略读） In sum（文章最后一句话通常要仔细读，此处为总结句）, although （让步略读，重点是让步后的转折句）Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned（正评价词） her an eminent（正评价词） place among the ranks of social pioneers.（重点读，表明作者对以上两个不同观点的评述）
题目：
注意我怎么定位的，题干、选项和原文原句的对应线索我用相同颜色标注，题干中的定位依据的关键词我用下划线标注：

73. The passage is primarily concerned with evaluating
(A) the importance of Florence Nightingale’s innovations in the field of nursing
(B) contrasting approaches to the writing of historical biography
(C) contradictory accounts of Florence Nightingale’s historical significance
(D) the quality of health care in nineteenth-century England
(E) the effect of the Crimean War on developments in the field of health care
主题题，直接定位首段首句主题句：Two recent publications offer different assessment of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale

74. According to the passage, the editors（定位在观点二出现段） of Nightingale’s letters credit（正评价的实义动词，将定位进一步限制在观点二中的正评价处，即找贡献） her with contributing to which of the following?
(A) Improving of the survival rate for soldiers in British Army hospitals during the Crimean War（时间状语为观点一的内容，观点二的比较点在after the war，大胆排除）
(B) The development of a nurses’ training curriculum （原文未出现，排除）that was far in advance of its day
(C) The increase in the number of women doctors （原文未出现，排除）practicing in British Army hospitals
(D) Establishment of the first （极端词文章没有，选项出现，排除！）facility for traiing nurses at a major British university
(E) The creation of an organization for monitoring the peacetime living conditions of British soldiers
原文对应：she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army.
直接事实题，定位在2）段，for example 后具体内容中，此题重点在于对于文中未出现的信息的果断排除，千万不要超出文章半步的猜测。

75. The passage suggests which of the following about Nightingale’s relationship with the British public（定位在二段举例中，观点一或其他段落未谈到） of her day?
(A) She was highly respected, her projects receiving popular and governmental support.
(B) She encountered resistance both from the army establishment and the general public.
(C) She was supported by the working classes and opposed by the wealthier classes.
(D) She was supported by the military establishment but had to fight the governmental bureaucracy.
(E) After intially being received with enthusiams, she was quickly forgotten.
She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses’ traning hospital in London.  原文中唯一有public这个词的句子只有一处，确定无疑。

76. The passage suggests which of the following about sanitary conditions in Britain after the Crimean War（重要的定位依据，说明是观点二的内容，所以我以前说，对题干的提炼一定要注意，即使只是一个时间状语）?
(A) While not ideal, they were superior to those in other parts of the world.
(B) Compared with conditions before the war, they had deteriorated.
(C) They were more advanced in rural areas than in the urban centers.
(D) They were worse in military camps than in the neighboring civilian populations.
(E) They were unifromaly crude and unsatisfactory throughout England.
(They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war. For example, )when she leanred that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exeeded that of neighboring civilian populations,....

77. Which  of the following statements regarding the differing interpretations of Nightingale’s importance would the author most likely agree（定位于作者的观点，作者观点的总结句，而不是文中提到的两个观点）?
(A) Summers misunderstood both the importance of Nightingale’s achievements during the Crimean War and her subsequent influence on British policy.

(B) The editors of Nightingale’s letters made some valid points about her practical achievements, but they still exaggerated her influence on subsequent genrations.
(C) Although Summers’ account of Nightingale’s role in the Crimean War may be accurate, she ignored evidence of Nightingales’ subsequent achievement that suggests that her reputation as an eminent social reformer is welldeserved.
定位于文末最后一句，关于作者对两个观点的总结句：
In sum, although Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War（观点一内容）, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers.
(D) The editors of Nightingale’s letters mistakenly propagated the outdated idealization of Nightingale that only impedes attempts to arrive at a balance assessment of her true role.
(E) The evidence of Nightingale’s letters supports Summers’ conclusions both about Nightingale’s activities and about her influence.

78. Which of the following is an assumption underlying the author’s assessment of Nightingale’s creativity（定位关键词，三段首句中，所以读原文注意评价词！）?
(A) Educational philosophy in Nightingale’s day did not normally emphasize developing children’s ability to observe.
When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator.
(B) Nightingale was the first to notice the poor living conditions in British military barracks in peacetime.
(C) No educator before Nightingale had thought to enlist the help of village shcoolmasters in introducing new teaching techniques.
(D) Until Nightingale began her work, there was no concept of organized help for the needy in nineteenth-century Britain.
(E) The British Army’s medical services had no cost-accounting system until Nightingale devised one in the 1860’s.


本题注意细节的排除，坚决按照原文信息！原文未出现的信息坚决不能选！尤其注意极端词汇！（以上选项中划线部分都是排除的依据）

79. In the last paragraph（直接定位）, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) summarizing the arguments about Nightingale presented in the first two paragraphs
(B) refuting the view of Nightingale’s career presented in the preceding pargraph
(C) analyzing the weaknesses of the evidence presented elsewhere in the passage
(D) citing evidence to support a view of Nightingale’s career
(E) correcting a factual error occurring in one of the works under review
段落作用题，需要建立在框架把握的基础上，第三段和前两段的关系如何？从首句或末句判断。
I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale’s brilliance and creativity.
以上的答案是我刚做的,如果有不对的,请MM给我指出来.
按照XDF老师传授的方法,第一遍读完,我会做这样的总结(XDF老师叫做"逻辑简图",携隐看看,其实简单的框架图就好,不用花太多时间像你以前那样总结.)
逻辑简图
1) 对N贡献评价有两个不同观点+第一个观点: TS(主题句), AS (Anne Summers), during the Crimean War, exaggerated ( — )
2）第二个观点：By contrast, Editors, significantly influenced（+）, after the war, for examples
3）作者的观点：I believe....supports（+）...  brilliance and creativity（+）. In sum，eminent（+）
这种逻辑简图简单实用，其实就是总结每段的段意、段内标志文章承转起合的重要的连接词、态度词，帮助你了解文章框架，把握重要的由连接词引出的出题点。
另：从本文你可以看出，一定要培养对关键的连词和作者态度词的重视和敏感！

clubman

1.3.5 广告用气味（类似原文）
先说奢侈品的广告不能用气味。因为气味不及Label，不能帮助人们认品牌。大概意思。这里有一个小小的对比。后面有题，问大概意思啊，Label能干吗。就把气味反着说。
然后第二段吧好像，忘了分没分段了，暂且当分了。举例子说，做实验，给人们一杯黄色的和红色的水，然后说柠檬味，人们就都想的是黄色的那个。后面有题，问哪个的比喻方式和这个是一样的。有两个选项说的都是和食物有关的，有一个是说Pine，给的是绿色的液体。记得是。狗主选的是，说的是皮革，给的是车- -
类似原文

Executional cues have been the focus of much advertising research. Visual cues (pictures) and aural cues (music) have been studied extensively, yet virtually no attention has been paid to the influenceof olfactory cues in advertising despite the growing trend among advertisers to use scents in ads. Scents often have been used in advertisements for products in which scent is a primary attribute (e.g., perfumes, room fresheners) and, when usedin that context, are a form of sampling. However, scents have also been usedfor products for which scent has been considered largely irrelevant. Forinstance, Tanqueray gin ran a pine-scented ad in USA Today, Rolls Royceadvertised its cars in Architectural Digest using leather-scented strips, and the State of Utah used floral- and spice-scented panels in a four-page tourism ad. Though suchuses may be intended simply as novelties, research suggests that ordor caninfluence mood state and affect judgment. Therefore, the use of scents inadvertising warrants attention.
     Odorsdiffer in several ways from the pictures and sounds more familiar toadvertising researchers. Compared to visual and aural cues, odors are difficultto recognize, are relatively difficult to label, may produce false alarms andcreate placebo effects. Schab (1991), in a review of the literature, concludedthat the ability to attach a name to a particular odor is so limited thatindividuals, on average, can identify only 40% to 50% of odors in a battery ofcommon odors. Additionally, consumer ability to detect and recognize odors isinfluenced by surrounding cues (Davis 1981). For example, a consumer is more likely to recognize a lemon scent whenthe scent is contained in a yellow liquid than when it is contained in a redliquid. Third, false alarms, perceiving an odor when in reality no odor ispresent, are relatively common (Engen 1972). Finally, researchers have shownthat both emotional and physical states can be affected just by believing anodor is present. The odorant itself need not be present (Knasko, Gilbert, andSabini 1990). That finding suggests placebo effects.
Despite the difficulties, olfactory cues hold appeal to advertisers working inan already cluttered environment. Olfactory responses are primarily autonomic,affecting a person physiologically before affecting cognition. Odors stimulatethe limbic system, the part of the brain responsible for emotional responses.Thus, olfaction represents a different path to the consumer than is afforded byother types of cues.
题目
1）好像是主旨题。
2）文中对‘ the growing trend ’一词划线，问它只什么，答案应该就是广告人增加在广告中使用气味。
3）a consumer ismore likely to recognize a lemon scent when the scent is contained in a yellowliquid than when it is contained in a red liquid.
题目是进行类比（注意题目问哪个跟那个比喻不相关），答案中有个是看见咖啡，想起小麦田（wheat farm)好像。
4）Compared tovisual and aural cues, odors are difficult to recognize, are relativelydifficult to label, may produce false alarms and create placebo effects。
这句话有考题，问关于visual and aural cues,答案应该是visual and aural cues areeasier to recognize and label.
5）第一段一上来有一个increase trend among using odor.那increase trend高亮了……

clubman

1.3.6 妇女地位与政党
一个关于妇女地位及在政党中的什么的文章，有些内容类似prep07 RC-2 189   再加上在政党中的什么的
V2 by jimmyzhang 710
第四篇是女权运动的, 先是旧观点,然后反驳, 两段, 问了三题, 一题问文章是怎么组织的, 一题问文章的主旨 我觉得都差不多
Traditional social science models of class groups in the United States are based on economic status and assume that women's economic status derives from association with men, typically fathers or husbands, and that women therefore have more compelling common interest with men of their own economic class than with women outside it.  Some feminist social scientists, by contrast, have argued that the basic division in American society is instead based on gender, and that the total female population, regardless of economic status, constitutes a distinct class.  Social historian Mary Ryan, for example, has argued that in early-nineteenth-century America the identical legal status of working-class and middle-class free women outweighed the differences between women of these two classes:  married women, regardless of their family's wealth, did essentially the same unpaid domestic work, and none could own property or vote.  Recently, though, other feminist analysts have questioned this model, examining ways in which the condition of working-class women differs from that of middle-class women as well as from that of working-class men.  Ann Oakley notes, for example, that the gap between women of different economic classes widened in the late nineteenth century:  most working-class women, who performed wage labor outside the home, were excluded from the emerging middle-class ideal of femininity centered around domesticity and volunteerism.

Question #16.  189-01        (21999-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-01)

The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) offer sociohistorical explanations for the cultural differences between men and women in the United States
(B) examine how the economic roles of women in the United States changed during the nineteenth century
(C) consider differing views held by social scientists concerning women's class status in the United States
(D) propose a feminist interpretation of class structure in the United States
(E) outline specific distinctions between working-class women and women of the upper and middle classes

Question #17.  189-03        (22045-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-03)

It can be inferred from the passage that the most recent feminist social science research on women and class seeks to do which of the following?

(A) Introduce a divergent new theory about the relationship between legal status and gender
(B) Illustrate an implicit middle-class bias in earlier feminist models of class and gender
(C) Provide evidence for the position that gender matters more than wealth in determining class status
(D) Remedy perceived inadequacies of both traditional social science models and earlier feminist analyses of class and gender
(E) Challenge the economic definitions of class used by traditional social scientists

Question #18.  189-05        (22091-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-05)

Which of the following statements best characterizes the relationship between traditional social science models of class and Ryan's model, as described in the passage?

(A) Ryan's model differs from the traditional model by making gender, rather than economic status, the determinant of women's class status.
(B) The traditional social science model of class differs from Ryan's in its assumption that women are financially dependent on men.
(C) Ryan's model of class and the traditional social science model both assume that women work, either within the home or for pay.
(D) The traditional social science model of class differs from Ryan's in that each model focuses on a different period of American history.
(E) Both Ryan's model of class and the traditional model consider multiple factors, including wealth, marital status, and enfranchisement, in determining women's status.

clubman

1.3.7 语速在广告中影响
V1 by jscz66
第一篇说语速对人听广告的影响
第一段说语速和停顿对人理解广告有影响，然后说了两个专家吧，一个ML认为语速快时人会更专注于广告的内容，理解的也就更多，另一个人MO说有停顿会给人更多的时间来理解接收到的信息，并且语速太快会给人一种暗示就是讲的东西很难理解（因为怕讲不完，所以快）。
第二段说实验表明人们对正常语速的广告接受到的信息更多，但是停顿对人的理解没有影响，但是快的语速的确会给人一种很难理解的暗示，简介导致人们失去兴趣
记得有一个题说文章对两个专家的观点是同意还是不同意，选了反对第一个人说的，同意第二个人的第二个观点
考古
P1广告先说两个牛人，都是M打头的。M1说广告语速快好，停顿少越能使受众集中精力去听。M2说不然，语速太快和停顿越少，人们懒得去听，提出有两种可能。1.缺乏理解的时间。2.太快使人缺乏理解的motivation
P2做了个实验，否定了M1的观点，证实了M2的观点。即语速过快使人缺乏去听广告的motivation，否定了第一个可能，即人们不听广告是没时间去理解。例证是：实验表明停顿增加虽然给受众更多时间去理解语速快的广告，但不会使人们更好的理解广告。于是否定了人们缺乏时间理解广告这个原因
第一题：主旨题
第二题是高亮第二段里的一句话，问它是支持了下列哪个观点，请在前后句找
第三题是作者支持哪个观点？显然是M2的观点
直接问题：1.第二段高亮的“增加停顿时间have no effect”的作用是什么，答案具体不记得了，貌似是高亮后一句话的同意改写
以下哪一项是第二个M的观点？support题目。A:语速过快会增加观众的理解难度
还有一题，问你一下怎么样才最适合观众：
快语速and长停顿
Normal语速and 短停顿
Normal语速and Normal停顿
Normal语速and长停顿
Slow语速and ***停顿

clubman

1.3.8 妇女的选举权
V1 by yangzhenghoney 740
很短， 也很容易理解。 就是说以前的学者认为那些反对妇女拥有选举权的女性是属于典型的维多利亚时期的传统女性，但事实并非如此， 她们实际也会看一些激进的书， 而且她们反对的理由是认为妇女参与政治会导致其所参与的社会活动不再公正公平， 反正就是这个意思， 题目很简单的！！！

clubman

1.3.9库存管理
V1 by xuerdawas 720
第一段：inventory-smoothing理论/model的思想是，用库存(inventory)作为buffer,应付可能出现的产品需求的突然增长。这样公司就不用改变当前的生产，production level就会保持稳定 (这里有题)
第二段：根据这个理论，production的variance会下降。而且如果需求增加，sales的variance会增加。但是经过科学家调查，发现production比sales的variance要高，而且他们（或者是sales和inventory，不影响整体阅读）的variance是correlated.这说明要么这个理论有问题，要么还有其他因素影响了调查结果。
第三段：第一句话是，科学家所做的调查是基于aggregate level的（后面有问这句话的作用，我选：提供了possibility that masks对单个企业的应用）。这样一些seasonality的数据可能被忽略。但是有科学家对单个企业做调查，也不能证实这个model
还问了主旨
V2
跟商业有关，一个什么smooth inventory 和跟production，就两段，有些生词
好像在评价这个方法到底可不可行  我理解的是增加存货量可以缓解production激增的压力 ，product需求激增，然后说这个方法不可行  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
考古【1】- 长度一屏不到 不过这篇看的有点糊涂，还好题不难。
(1)     Production smoothing是什么意思 -> 我选的答案的大概意思是能通过库存使每个时期的生产量比较稳定
(2)     第三段中提到研究结果与inventory smoothing model相悖，可能是因为数据是COMPANIES aggregate的，然后IDIVIDUAL FIRMS怎么怎么样；问提到aggregation of data的作用是什么：我选的答案to consider the possibility that it masked the applicability of the model in individual firms
考古【2】 - Inventory-smoothing model认为库存可以用来缓冲demand的fluctuation, 所以high price fluctuation应该对应sales下降（这个理解可能有误，我当时是一边看一边做笔记，只记得一个high price fluctuation和一个对应的下降，但不记得是不是sales下降)。但empirical research using the aggregate data (这里有题，问aggregation of data）得出的结论是相反的。有些学者再用seasonality-adjusted empirical research还是无法detect the signs of these corporate activities.  
记得一篇读下来印象就是research的结果统统与理论不符。那道关于aggregation of data起什么作用的题我犹豫了很久，最后选了个选项是to consider the possibility that it masked the applicability of the model in individual firms

clubman

1.4.1 GWD-26-Q14-Q16 董事会经常失败的原因和改进措施
    Although recent censure of corporate      指责董事会消极懒散虽有点过
boards of directors as “passive” and           火，但还是有充分理由的。
“supine” may be excessive, those who
Line  criticize board performance have plenty
(5) of substantive ammunition. Too many         董事会错在没有执行好两个基
  corporate boards fail in their two crucial       本职责：忽视长期战略，没制
  responsibilities of overseeing long-term        定好的高层薪酬计划。
  company strategy and of selecting
  evaluating, and determining appropriate
(10) compensation of top management. At         有时CEO业绩不好工资却高。
    times, despite disappointing corporate
    performance, compensation of chief
    executive officers reaches indefensibly
    high levels, Nevertheless, suggestions         但建议政府立法其改革又言之
(15) that the government should legislate board     过早。董事会可以自己改善。
    reform are premature. There are ample
   opportunities for boards themselves to
    improve corporate performance.
        Most corporate boards’ compensation      大多数董事会制定高层管理
(20) committees focus primarily on peer-group      人员薪酬时只和其他公司比
    comparisons. They are content if the pay        较。如果工资和其它对手公
    of top executives approximates that of          司或类似公司的相同，董事
    the executives of competing firms with         会就会满足。
    comparable short-term earnings or even
(25) that of executives of competing firms of
    comparable size. However, mimicking the       这种模仿忽视了长期业绩表
    compensation policy of competitors for the       现。
    sake of parity means neglecting the value
    of compensation as a means of stressing
(30) long-term performance. By tacitly detach-       这会危害公司危害经济。
    ing executive compensation policy from
    long-term performance, committees harm
    their companies and the economy as a
    whole. The committees must develop           薪酬必须与长期表现挂钩。
(35) incentive compensation policies to empha-
    size long-term performance. For example        举例说明
    a board’s compensation committee can, by
    carefully proportioning straight salary and
    such short-term and long-term incentives
(40) as stock options, encourage top manage-
    ment to pursue a responsible strategy.
    结构清楚
Q14
According to the passage, the majority of compensation committees put the greatest emphasis on which of the following when determining compensation for their
executives?
A  Long-term corporate performance
B  The threat of government regulation
C  Salaries paid to executives of comparable corporations
D  The probable effect the determination will have on competitors
E   The probable effect the economic climate will have on the company
    They are content if the pay of top executives approximates that of the executives of competing firms
Q15
The passage suggests which of the following about government legislation requiring
that corporate boards undergo reform?
A Such legislation is likely to discourage
candidates from joining corporate boards.
B Such legislation is likely to lead to
reduced competition among companies.
C. The performance of individual companies would be affected by such
  legislation to a greater extent than
  would the economy as a whole.
D  Such legislation would duplicate
initiatives already being made by
corporate boards to improve their
own performance.无
E  Corporate boards themselves could
   act to make such legislation unnecessary.
第一段最后部分表达的意思。
------------------------------------------------
Q16
Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A  A problem is acknowledged, the
causes are explored, and a solution is offered.
B  A question is raised, opposing points
    of view are evaluated, and several
    alternative answers are discussed.
C  A means of dealing with a problem is
proposed, and the manner in which
D  a solution was reached is explained.
A plan of action is advanced, and the
probable outcomes of that plan are
discussed.
E  Two competing theories are described
and then reconciled.

clubman

自然科学类
2．1．1生物进化理论
V1 by 老张1119
第一段是说这种生物的和水有关的一种能力 好像还和水生生物比较了一下
第二段是科学家提出的一个理论
第三段是科学家详尽的解释了这种理论 第三段很长 全段高亮…还高亮了两次…== 第一次好像是问下面哪一个strength了科学家的这种解释 第二次好像是infer题 问可以从这段里面得出什么
这是俺从GRE阅读里挖来的材料，先参考吧，估计与GMAT的本月越毒内容有差异，千万不要被误导
14、进化与物种灭亡的关系
@长：进化与物种灭亡的关系。有一些conservationist认为，应该防止物种的灭亡，因为这样可以保证物种多样性，保证物种之多样性，则有利于进化（还提到了基因改变什么的。）。
从第二段开始，开始反驳这一观点。第二段大意是说，未必物种多样了，就利于进化。该灭亡，还是要灭亡；另一方面，物种自己会针对环境的改变，作出改变，以寻找新的发展机会。举例说久远以前，大量的生物从海洋来到陆地，建立了新的生物圈。有一提问：这reveal了什么。
继续分析。第三还是第四段段说，这些conservationist错误的原因，是因为混淆了什么概念，（好象是“evolution”与”development”）@一些科学家认为extinct对是好的，另一些外行认为应该保护濒临灭绝的生物。从一些什么地方挖出来的化石分析表明，进化的结果应该是生物选择适合它们的地方，而不是灭绝。又举了水生生物向陆地进军做例子。然后又说北美的一些什么鸟树跟冰川做斗争的例子，大概就是敌进我退，敌退我进吧。后来又说到人类社会如何如何，道理还是上面的，只是由生物界扩展到社会了。

============

17、进化与物种灭亡的关系
(1)进化与物种灭亡的关系。有一些conservationist认为，应该防止物种的灭亡，因为这样可以保证物种多样性，保证物种之多样性，则有利于进化（还提到了基因改变什么的）。
从第二段开始，开始反驳这一观点。第二段大意是说，未必物种多样了，就利于进化。该灭亡，还是要灭亡；另一方面，物种自己会针对环境的改变，作出改变，以寻找新的发展机会。举例说久远以前，大量的生物从海洋来到陆地，建立了新的生物圈。继续分析。第三还是第四段段说，这些conservationist错误的原因，是因为混淆了什么概念，（好象是“evolution”与”development”）
(2)一些科学家认为extinct对生态系统是好的，另一些外行认为应该保护濒临灭绝的生物。从一些什么地方挖出来的化石分析表明，进化的结果应该是生物选择适合它们的地方，而不是灭绝。又举了水生生物向陆地进军做例子。然后又说北美的一些什么鸟树跟冰川做斗争的例子，大概就是敌进我退，敌退我进吧。后来又说到人类社会如何如何，道理还是上面的，只是由生物界扩展到社会了。
(3)第一句话说，有人argue that prevent extincting不对，on the other hand，历史学家认为人类应该避免物种的灭绝，他们还认为，物种的evolution的过程是通过genes’improvement according to the environmental changes(注意，这题旧观点出在后面，是一贯反对的观点:即生物通过对不同环境得适应进化的他们自己)
第二段，开始驳斥历史学家，说很多生物不是进化他们本身，而是通过寻找新的环境来生存，这样，那些suvive的生物就找了新的地方，而那些extinct的生物则没有!这就是为什么北美洲的森林好象在glacier后一段时期出现在了southW什么地方的原因，而当冰川消失后又移回原处，后来分析前面历史学家得错误，忘了说什么了!结尾又重新讲了的立场，即生物们要灭绝就灭绝吧，这种灭绝对人类好像还有什么好处!总之是个正评价!
(4)物种进化问题，有历史学家认为物种的evolution的过程是通过genes’improvementaccordingtotheenvironmentalchanges，但有人不这么认为，认为生物的基因并没有改变很多，举例：北美洲的森林好象在冰川（glacier）来临时向南部移动，而当冰川消失后又移回原处，后来分析前面历史学家的错误在于把evolution混淆？？？
(5)两派科学家关于进化论的争论。有的说保护濒危动植物不好，阻碍了进化。另一些人说好，因为保护它们可以使有更多的基因选择。然后就列举了一堆例子支持前者。提到动植物趋利避害采用搬家的方式，不一定不适合环境变化的都得灭绝，它们选择了退出变化的环境，等环境变好再回来。具体说了北美的一种树木在冰川来到的时候向南撤退，等冰川过去就回到原来的环境。（一个细节题）下面的一段还是讲不要保护濒危动植物，让它们自生自灭去。是什么基因的关系等等。文章很长，但是几乎没有转折，支持一派反对另外一派。很简单，但是题目有陷阱，当心。