12月GMAT阅读新题个人汇总——Social Science Division部分

tianya

1.1.        Business & Economics        4
1.1.1  通货膨胀和失业率 *        4
1.1.2 财政赤字和通货膨胀率*        6
1.1.3气味在print advertising应用*        7
1.1.4服务行业和制造业 @（原文）        9
1.1.5 网页loading 速度        12
1.1.6美国经济调查        14
1.1.7 市场管理 Market regulation *        16
1.1.8电影  ---        17
1.1.9 广告对比*         17
1.1.10 mission statement*        19
1.1.11工人时间长短和企业利益@        20
1.1.12广告对price elastic的影响        20
1.1.13 电影明星是如何成名*         21
1.1.14 manufacutory industory全球化         22
1.1.15 benchmarking的standard         23
1.1.16 网上销售*        23
1.1.17 stock-keeping units@        24
1.1.18 顾客坚持己见        26
1.1.19公司贷款抵押screening effect*        26
1.1.20一篇是大公司和小公司的创新        27
1.1.21manufacturer和retailer        30
1.1.22 企业获利跟环保*        30
1.1.23 banking system美国        31
1.1. 24连锁书店vs independent book stores*        32
1.1．25消费者        33
1.1.26环保和经济*        33
1.2.        Analysis & Research        33
1.2.1New Zealand*         33
1.2.2 Jazz musician         35
1.2.3 商标  Logo        36
1.2.4 TiO 元素         36
1.2.5研究CO2和环境的         37
1.2.6性格和职位         37
1.2.7公司的审批制度(saction)        38
1.3.        Human (Woman) Revolution & Historical stuff        38
1.3.1 希腊埃及妇女         38
1.3.2 劳工和妇女受雇佣程度        39
1.3.3 文艺复兴后妇女的态度@        40
1.3.4 米国的HEALTH-CARE   长文章        42
1.3.5黑奴的地位*        43
1.3.6 feminism和women right        43
1.3.7    19世纪女性        ---        45
1.3.8 mexican女同志做饭          47
1.3.9 child-care@         48
1.3.10 印第安人和美国外来移民进行友好条约        49
1.3.11 男女收入差距earning gap        50
1.3.12美国印第安人 NATIVE AMERICANS        50
1.4.        Art & Culture        51
1.4.1 Culture and fishing          51
1.4.2 剧场 （巨长。5 6段。）        52
1.4.3  社会进步         52

tianya

1. Social Science Division
1.1.        Business & Economics               
1.1.1  通货膨胀和失业率 *

关键词：unemployment ， inflation
第一段。        传统理论：失业率像其它商品一样，反映了劳动力市场的供需情况，失业率下降——劳动需求增加——员工工资增加——通货膨胀。给出一个数学关系，找到失业率下降到何种程度不会引起通胀，结果是6。出现转折。美国九十年代后期失业率下降、通胀下降。
第二段。        ．传统理论经济学家的解释：美元坚挺、医疗因素等四个（注意考题，挑出哪个不是）。
第三段．        传统经济学家的理由只是暂时性的，新经济学家的解释：
1是科技的发展，提高了效率并根本降低了商品的成本；
2是工人的安全感下降，所以现金形式的收入下降了，在收入上会作出妥协。

问题
Q1问哪一个会削弱反驳的观点（P3的new 观点）                                                                                                                              技术不会永远进步
Q2有一题的考点定位是transitory这个词。
暂时性的

未确认
新经济学家F反驳传统理论
When Friedman gave his lecture in 1976, the long-run relationship between inflation and unemployment was still under debate. During the1960s, most economists believed that a lower average unemployment rate could be sustained if one were just willing to accept a permanently higher (but stable) rate of inflation. （负相关）Friedman used his Nobel lecture to make two arguments about this inflation-unemployment tradeoff公平交易.  First, he reviewed the reasons the short-run tradeoff would dissolve 消失in the long run. Expanding nominal名义上的 demand to lower unemployment would lead to increases in money wages as firms attempt to attract additional workers. （失业率下降，员工工资就会增加）Firms would be willing to pay higher money wages if they expected prices for output to be higher in the future due to the expansion.Friedman assumed, however, that workers would initially最初 perceive感觉 the rise inmoney wages to be a rise in real wages. They would do so because their"perception of prices in general" adjusts slowly, so nominal wages would be perceived to be rising faster than prices. In response, the supply of labor would increase, and employment and output would expand. Eventually, workers would recognize that the general level of prices had risen and that their real wages had not actually increased, leadingto adjustments that would return the economy to its natural rate of unemployment. （现金形式的收入下降了，在收入上会作出妥协）

Friedman's secondargument was that the Phillips Curve slope might actually be positive--higher inflation would be associated with higher average unemployment. （不是负相关）In the 1970s, many economies were experiencingrising inflation and unemployment simultaneously同时的. Friedman attempted to provide a tentative假设的 hypothesis for this phenomenon. In his view, higher inflation tends to be associated with more inflation volatility易变的 and greater inflation uncertainty. This uncertainty reduces economic efficiency as contracting 缔交的arrangements must adjust, imperfections in indexation指数化 systems become more prominent突出的，杰出的, and price movements provide confused signals about the types of relative price changes that indicate the need for resources to shift.

The positive correlation between inflation and unemployment that Friedman noted was subsequently随后 replaced by a negative correlation as the early 1980s saw disinflations accompanied by recessions. Today, most economists would view inflation and unemployment movements as reflecting both aggregate supply and aggregate demand disturbances as well as the dynamic动态的 adjustments the economy follows in response to these disturbances干扰. When demand disturbances dominate, inflation and unemployment will tend to be negatively correlated initially as, for example, an expansion lowers unemployment and raises inflation. As the economy adjusts, prices continue to increase as unemployment begins to rise again and return to its natural rate. When supply disturbances dominate (as in the 1970s), inflation and unemployment will tendto move initially in the same direction.
The long-lived recessionof the early 1980s, followed by the rapid economic growth of the late 1980s and the 'bust' of the early 1990s have shaped the expectations of workers,industries and households. Perhaps we have become adapted to low inflation and temper our wage demands accordingly; maybe the 'supply-side' changes made inthe 1980s have enabled the economy to grow at a faster rate without generating cost-push inflationary pressure; alternatively or additionally, perhaps the advances in information technology have enabled a 'new' economy to surface, where above-trend growth can be coupled with low inflation and unemployment.

tianya

1.1.2 财政赤字和通货膨胀率*  

Prep 1  Essay #10.  154   
Conventional常见的 wisdom has it that large deficits in the United States budget cause interest rates to rise.  Two main arguments are given for this claim.  According to the first, as the deficit increases, the government will borrow more to make up for the ensuing shortage of funds.  Consequently, it is argued, if both the total supply of credit (money available for borrowing) and the amount of credit sought by nongovernment borrowers remain relatively stable, as is often supposed, then the price of credit (the interest rate) will increase.  That this is so is suggested by the basic economic principles that if supplies of a commodity (here, credit) remain fixed and demand for that commodity increases, its price will also increase.  The second argument supposes that the government will tend to finance its deficits by increasing the money supply with insufficient regard(Q2) for whether there is enough room for economic growth to enable such an increase to occur without causing inflation.  It is then argued that financiers will expect the deficit to cause inflation and will raise interest rates, anticipating that because of inflation the money they lend will be worth less when paid back.

Unfortunately for the first argument, it is unreasonable to assume that nongovernment borrowing and the supply of credit will remain relatively stable.  Nongovernment borrowing sometimes decreases.  When it does, increased government borrowing will not necessarily push up the total demand for credit.  Alternatively, when credit availability increases, for example through greater foreign lending to the United States, then interest rates need not rise, even if both private and government borrowing increase.

The second argument is also problematic.  Financing the deficit by increasing the money supply should cause inflation only when there is not enough roomfor economic growth. (Q3)  Currently, there is no reason to expect deficits to cause inflation.  However, since many financiers believe that deficits ordinarily create inflation, then admittedly (Q4) they will be inclined趋向于 to raise interest rates to offset mistakenly anticipated inflation.  This effect, however, is due to ignorance无知, not to the deficit itself, and could be lessened by educating financiers on this issue.

Which of the following best summarizes the central idea of the passage?

(A) A decrease in nongovernment borrowing or an increase in the availability of credit can eliminate or lessen the ill effects of increased borrowing by the government.
(B) Educating financiers about the true relationship between large federal deficits and high interest rates will make financiers less prone to raise interest rates in response to deficits.
(C) There is little support for the widely held belief that large federal deficits will create higher interest rates, as the main arguments given to defend辩解 this claim are flawed.
(D) When the government borrows money, demand for credit increases, typically creating higher interest rates unless special conditions such as decreased consumer spending arise.
(E) Given that most financiers believe in a cause-and-effect relationship between large deficits and high interest rates, it should be expected that financiers will raise interest rates.

Question #34.
It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the second argument would most likely agree with which of the following statements? 赞成第二个辩解

(A) The United States government does not usually care whether or not inflation increases.
(B) People in the United States government generally know very little about economics.
(C) The United States government is sometimes careless in formulating系统地表达 its economic policies.
(D) The United States government sometimes relies too much on the easy availability of foreign credit.
(E) The United States government increases the money supply whenever there is enough room for growth to support the increase.

Question #35.
Which of the following claims concerning the United States government's financing of the deficit does the author make in discussing the second argument?

(A) The government will decrease the money supply in times when the government does not have a deficit to finance.
(B) The government finances its deficits by increasing the money supply whenever the economy is expanding.
(C) As long as the government finances the deficit by borrowing, nongovernment borrowers will pay higher interest rates.
(D) The only way for the government to finance its deficits is to increase the money supply without regard for whether such an increase would cause inflation.
(E) Inflation should be caused when the government finances the deficit by increasing the money supply only if there is not enough room for economic growth to support the increase.

Question #36.
The author uses the term "admittedly诚然" (see highlighted text) in order to indicate that

(A) the second argument has some truth to it, though not for the reasons usually supposed
(B) the author has not been successful in attempting to point out inadequacies in the two arguments
(C) the thesis that large deficits directly cause interest rates to rise has strong support after all
(D) financiers should admit that they were wrong in thinking that large deficits will cause higher inflation rates
(E) financiers generally do not think that the author's criticisms of the second argument are worthy of consideration

tianya

1.1.3气味在print advertising应用*

1解释内容 despite the olfactory(嗅觉的) advertising trends（使心情愉悦）attention on it还是少。

2 however，O的效果不如visual &  aural可测量。理由： influenced by surrounding cues                                                    A 举例--- lemon味在黄色的物品下比红色的更容易被分辨。
B闻到味之前consumer的心情就被影响了。

3 Nevertheless，olfactory advertising还是有独特的一面的。

Q1 那种olfactory 最不容易被分辨出?
coffee味在wheat田里 非常肯定。 2者颜色差异最大即可

类似原文
Executional cues have been the focus of much advertising research. Visual cues暗示 (pictures) and aural cues (music) have been studied extensively广阔的, yet virtually no attention has been paid to the influence of olfactory cues in advertising despite the growing trend among advertisers to use scents气味 in ads. Scents often have been used in advertisements for products in which scent is a primary attribute (e.g., perfumes, room fresheners) and, when used in that context, are a form of sampling抽样. However, scents have also been used for products for which scent has been considered largely irrelevant. For instance, Tanqueray gin ran a pine-scented ad in USA Today, Rolls Royce advertised its cars in Architectural Digest using leather-scented strips, and the State of Utah used floral- and spice-scented panels in a four-page tourism ad. Though such uses may be intended simply as novelties新颖, research suggests that odor can influence mood state and affect judgment. Therefore, the use of scents in advertising warrants保证 attention.
        Odors differ in several ways from the pictures and sounds more familiar to advertising researchers. Compared to visual and aural cues, odors are difficult to recognize, are relatively difficult to label, may produce false alarms and create placebo effects. Schab (1991), in a review of the literature, concluded that the ability to attach a name to a particular odor is so limited that individuals, on average, can identify only 40% to 50% of odors in a battery of common odors. Additionally, consumer ability to detect and recognize odors is influenced by surrounding cues (Davis 1981). For example, a consumer is more likely to recognize a lemon scent when the scent is contained in a yellow liquid than when it is contained in a red liquid. Third, false alarms, perceiving an odor when in reality no odor is present, are relatively common (Engen 1972). Finally, researchers have shown that both emotional and physical states can be affected just by believing an odor is present. The odorant itself need not be present (Knasko, Gilbert, and Sabini 1990). That finding suggests placebo effects.安慰效应
Despite the difficulties, olfactory cues hold appeal to advertisers working in an already cluttered杂乱的 environment. Olfactory responses are primarily autonomic自主, affecting a person physiologically before affecting cognition能力. Odors stimulate the limbic边缘的 system, the part of the brain responsible for emotional responses. Thus, olfaction represents a different path to the consumer than is afforded by other types of cues.
题目      
1）        主旨题。
2）        文中对‘ the growing trend ’一词划线，问它指什么?                                                                                          广告人增加在广告中使用气味。
3）        a consumer is more likely to recognize a lemon scent when the scent is contained in a yellow liquid than when it is contained in a red liquid.  （注意题目问哪个跟那个比喻不相关）                                           看见咖啡，想起小麦田（wheat farm)。
4）        Compared to visual and aural cues, odors are difficult to recognize, are relatively difficult to label, may produce false alarms and create placebo effects安慰剂效应.                                                                                                      visual and aural cues are easier to recognize and label.

tianya

1.1.4服务行业和制造业 @（原文）
--------一屏半不到
貌似有2个版本
V1
Manufacture  60               70                 80
Service           
60-70 M不振， Service  崛起   
View1 (解释): large deficit政府赤字+ high interest rate利率很高人们储蓄不投资M（制造业）

作者反驳View1 ---认为服务业其实需要更多的原始投资，但是在这段时间服务业正好和制造业情况相反，发展得很快（这里有题目）【政府赤字同时利率很高然后人们把钱都拿去储蓄了而不对制造业进行投资， 但是作者反驳了这种观点 认为服务业其实需要更多的原始投资，但是在这段时间服务业正好和制造业情况相反，发展得很快（这里有题目）】

70-80 Service利润下滑，manufactre 上升。 理由1：M有高科技  
Q1 主旨题
examine.... --- 作者重新审视和评价了以往对于美国制造业衰退所进行的那些解释
（基本上作者认为那些解释 都是不正确或者不完善的）。
V2   （V3 12.7）
1  phenomenon
1980制造业振兴美国经济---- 经济增长率提高了。
制造业下降了 服务业上升，服务业在最近几年内总体上升，有大好趋势。

2制造业和服务业的特点。
A 科技 对服务业的影响
B 服务业对科技的运用不够而制造业对科技运用很到位
C 服务业单位的boss 选人不给力造成服务业没法提高，
D 所以--- 制造业对国民经济的影响持续给力

V3
还有一篇是讲美国的第二产业和第三产业的，好像跟1.1.4有点相似，但是感觉跟原文有点差距，我做的时候有3段- - 不知道为什么有前人只有2段。。。
第一段跟其他版本差不多含义。
第二段是说 是什么原因导致第二产业和第三产业有这个GAP呢。而且第二产业为什么能够在1980年之后爆发呢。
第三段还说出了一个原因，是关于利率的。利率下降能够带来更多INVESTMENT进technology，但是第三产业就 不能，因为第三产业所需要的技术有限，是manager的能力决定第三产业的发展（大概是这样吧）
有主旨题 我选了POINT OUT在第二产业能用的，在第三产业不适用

v4
manufature industry和service industry发展不平衡的问题，一页半，原因第一是战争吧，第二是政府财政赤字。第二段开头的discrepancy到第二题有highlight题问原因

原文  
GWD-TN-11 Q33~Q36，但是此文与狗主人描述的最大差异在于制造业的生产率的趋势问题（一个是上升，一个是下降），可能文章不同，anyway，希望得到确认， 并且希望对考友们有帮助（关于后面那些原因的分析很多都与狗主人描述相似）~ 发文如下：
     Whereas United States economic productivity grew at an annual rate of 3 percent from 1945 to 1965, it has grown at an annual rate of only about 1 percent since the early 1970’s. What might be preventing higher productivity growth? Clearly, the manufacturing sector of the economy cannot be blamed. Since 1980, productivity improvements in manufacturing have moved the United States from a position of acute严重的，急性的 decline in manufacturing to one of world prominence. Manufacturing, however, constitutes a relatively small proportion of the economy. In 1992, goods-producing businesses employed only 19.1 percent of American workers, whereas service-producing businesses employed 70 percent. Although the service sector has grown since the late 1970’s, its productivity growth has declined. Several explanations have been offered for this declined and for the discrepancy in productivity growth between the manufacturing and service sectors. One is that traditional measures fail to reflect service-sector productivity growth because it has been concentrated in improved quality of services. Yet traditional measures of manufacturing productivity have shown significant increases despite the under measurement of quality, whereas service productivity has continued to stagnate停滞，变萧条. Others argue that since the 1970’s, manufacturing workers, faced with strong foreign competition, have learned to work more efficiently in order to keep their jobs in the United States, but service workers, who are typically under less global competitive pressure, have not. However, the pressure on manufacturing workers in the United States to work more efficiently has generally been overstated, often for political reasons. In fact, while some manufacturing jobs have been lost due to foreign competition, many more have been lost simply because of slow growth in demand for manufactured goods.
Yet another explanation blames the federal budget deficit: if it were lower, interest rate would be lower too, thereby increasing investment in the development of new technologies, which would spur鼓舞productivity growth in the service sector. There is, however, no dearth of technological resources, rather, managers in the service sector fail to take advantage of widely available skills and machines. High productivity growth levels attained by leading edge service companies indicate that service sector managers who wisely implement available technology and choose skillful workers can significantly improve their companies’ productivity. The culprits罪犯 for service-sector productivity stagnation are the forces－such as corporate take overs and unnecessary governmental regulation－that distract managers from the task of making optimal use of available resources.
T-3-Q33
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the budget deficit explanation for the discrepancy mentioned in line 27?
A.Research shows that the federal budget deficit has traditionally caused service companies to invest less money in research and development of new technologies.
B.New technologies have been shown to play a significant role in companies that have been able to increase their service productivity.
C.In both service sector and manufacturing, productivity improvements are concentrated in gains in quality.
D.The service sector typically requires larger investments in new technology in order to maintain productivity growth than dose manufacturing
E.High interest rates tend to slow the growth of manufacturing productivity as much as they slow the growth of service-sector productivity in the United States

T-3-Q34
The passage states which of the following about the effect of foreign competition on the American manufacturing sector since the 1970’s?
A.It has often been exaggerated夸大.
B.It has not been a direct cause of job loss.
C.It has in large part been responsible for the subsequent slowing of productivity growth.
D.It has slowed growth in the demand for manufactured goods in the United States.
E.It has been responsible for the majority of American jobs lost in manufacturing.

T-3-Q35
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following was true of the United States manufacturing sector in the years immediately prior to 1980?
A.It was performing relatively poorly.
B.It was in a position of world prominence.
C.It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 3 percent.
D.It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 1 percent.
E.Its level of productivity was higher than afterward.

T-3-Q36
The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about productivity improvements in United States service companies?
A.Such improvements would be largely attributable to efficiencies resulting from corporate takeovers.
B.Such improvements would depend more on wise implementation of technology than on managers’ choice of skilled workers.
C.Such improvements would be more easily accomplished if there were fewer governmental regulations of the service sector.
D.Such improvements would require companies to invest heavily in the development of new technologies.
E.Such improvements would be attributable primarily to companies’ facing global competitive pressure.

tianya

1.1.5 网页loading 速度
--- 貌似N多版本（大家都要参考）

V1建议如何解决问题  
P1 网页LOAD 速度慢 人们印象差 对retail 坏印象，对brand有影响
P2 新研究：速度和印象一般没联系，解释：坏印象是cumulated ，建议：投资更好的server
P3 dalay 若一再重复，人们还是对retail有意见
 建议：1 减少信息量/页来提升速度  2提高server 的能力来避免delay
具体
第一段           网页LOAD的速度是制约电子商务发展的瓶颈，研究认为网页LOAD越慢，人们对这个牌子的印象就越不好，甚至会把这个态度转 到零售商那去，很多调查都证明这个了
第二段           但是呢，有两个哥们跳出来说，我们的研究结果不一样，说LOAD速度和人们的态度没有必然联系，但为什么和人们的直 观感觉不一样呢，是因为这个坏印象是cumulated的，所以要卖的更好，发展电子商务的话，就必须投资建更好地SERVER
第三段         虽然delay 一项 ，但是如果delay 一再重复 那么消费者可能会对retail 有意见   所以呢  工厂还是要1  减少每一页的信息量来提升速度  2或者去提高自己server 的能力什么的  来避免delay

问题
Q1这篇文章MAIN IDEA
Q2  从新研究结果中你能INFER什么
Q3  infer customer 对delay 态度  
如果delay 次数太多  可能会不高兴  
（有delay 会对retail没有好印象---错  因为P2说了一般来说是不会的  ）
Q4作者对这个delay的态度   
工厂还是要尽量的减少delay数目  
Q5  作者的态度
Q6  文章中提了什么内容，
选项有：A怎么解决问题loading delay怎样会造成印象
C是不是对一个品牌的影响大过另一些
D是不是对一些人的影响大过另一些

V2   ( V2两段)  download 对 brand 和customer的影响
P1:download对brand有影响，对customers情绪也有影响，however,两个人做实验有新发 现。
P2:实验结果是download对customers的影响是cumulative，所以一般customers不会有影响。
作者总结 ---这个发现更趋向于让商家不重视改善download的速度。

1有个年轻人发现网页速度慢 , 大部分人第一想到都是责怪是retailor，很少有人能联系到brand。
2然而网页下载的时间越长，就证明其实是brand的错。
3这个年轻人的试验证实了跟retailor没关系，主要还是brand的问题。
结论是retailor不用增强服务或 者减小网页负担。


V3
第一段。        一个研究：网页loading速度和customer态度。结论：速度越慢customer觉得这个牌子越垃圾，而且会将怨气转嫁零售商。出现转折。
第二段。        另一个研究：没有太多影响。原因：坏印象是accumulative（积累）的，顾客流窜买东西，重复遇到这种情况才会特别觉得不爽。
第三段。        建议（或许没有）：还是减小loading时间吧。但是：零售商肯定不会这么做。
题目看起来都不难
Q Empirical经验主义（P1）高亮，高亮部分起什么作用？
为了更突出后面发现调查 结果是与人们一般的观点大相径庭的；
Q 作者关于retailer说了什么主要的话？
retailer没有incentive去改善网页现 状  
V4 强调retailer要关注server的速度，但是retailer没有动力（考题）
Q1 作者的态度
Q2文章中提了什么内容？
A怎么解决问题
B loading delay怎样会造成印象
C是不是对一个品牌的影响大过另一些
D是不是对一些人的影响大过另一些
Q3比较brand 和retailor。

tianya

1.1.6美国经济调查

P1  最近美国经济调查的结果：家庭收入才增长了一点点
P2  A反驳，说此结果无视家庭收入发展前景的增长
--- 提出自己的研究：10年间个人收入的变化 用个人收入的增长类比家庭收入调查
P3 B反驳A，说类比错误---样本错误（包括穷学生），解释：穷学生工作后工资会飙升
问题
1、第二个人指出了第一个人的什么错误啊   --- 类比错误，样本错误
2、 第一个人最concern什么啊 --- 调查无显示家庭收入发展前景的增长
具体
还有个阅读讲什么最近美国经济调查的结果说，家庭（注意是家庭）收入比多少多少年前才增长了一点点，（反正开始用词特别诡异，讲得云里雾里的，不过耐心看 到后来还是很简单的）
有个人说这个结果不靠谱，光看了家庭收入的增长，没看见家庭收入发展前景的增长，说什么自己做了个研究，研究了10年间吧人们收入 的变化，开始最低的那15个人后来只有5%还是最低，其他95%都增长了，有几个还到了前几名，然后就用个人收入的增长类比前面的家庭收入调查
又有一个哥们出来说，你这个也不对，你类比错误，比如你个人调查里面还包括了打工的学生，这些人肯定收入最低，只要他们一出社会，收入立马飙升，所以你这个也是错的

1.1.6考古：
V1
有一篇是对一个学者（暂且称之为A）对于美国历史上收入mobility机动性，迁移性的变化的研究结果的evaluation。 引用了另一个人(称之为B）的观点来质疑A的研究，说是因为A的在研究中包括了很多关于年轻人的收入的数据，而年轻人的收入在他们工作几年之后会有较大的 提高，相比之下普通家庭的收入就没有这么大的变化，因此A所得出的关于income mobility的数据是有问题的
V2
Income mobility in the U.S. is only moderate. Most people see their incomes rise with age, but at some point they usually hit a plateau稳定水平 in the income distribution, where they fluctuate波动 mildly for the rest of their careers. The Hubbard study of income mobility, commonly cited by conservatives, used an extremely biased sample of unusually successful American families. Its results are therefore invalid. Allowing a society of extreme income inequality, even with high mobility, would raise child poverty, because most parents are young and incomes are lowest during young adulthood
Many conservatives保守派 admit that incomes in the U.S. are highly unequal, but claim they are highly mobile as well. That is, people tend to rise and fall considerably on the income scale throughout the course of their lives, producing a lifetime average which is much closer to everyone else. Furthermore, this mobility tends to be upward; incomes generally rise with age. Hence, inequality is not as unfair as liberals claim
V3
study of income mobility. The study found that after 5 years, 5% lowest income people will not stay at the bottom. As a result, the income of mobility is healthy. However, the study commits mistakes because it include teenage part-time workers, after 5 years, they are more likely to get full-time job and higher salary.
V4
工资mobility篇(短，也没有硅谷的例子)，出题都在第二段，有一个问举大学生业余工作的例子说明什么，答案是和family的情况对比,是第二个人用来反驳开始那个人的说法(大学生业余工作工资低，毕业挣钱立马高了;family变化小)
V5
Cox 这个学者指出美国在做收入统计的时候，忽略了一个家庭的潜在收入。接着介绍他的研究：通过跟踪若干人十几年内的收入情况，cox发现最初排名落后的人在若 干年后收入都有明显的增长，甚至有些人最后收入水平名列前茅，只有极少数最初排名最后的人在若干年后收入水平仍然位居末尾。接着有一学者指出，该统计有缺 陷，因为它包括相当一部分在最初做兼职的学生，这些学生在毕业后，全职工作的收入自然会有明显增长，而那些在最初就做全职工作的人的收入实际收入并不明 显。

tianya

1.1.7 市场管理 Market regulation @
--- Stock Market Self-regualtion? 题目还挺绕的，但都出在第2段

P1 列出影响market 的3个因素。解释1st 和3rd因素。（2nd因素跟government有关）                 最后转折---要不要government搞regulation呢？
P2讨论市场怎样自己regulate。虽然怎样，但是被克服。 貌似和考古不太像！！！
确认考古
P1 Self regulation3条件prerequisite先决条件, 美国股票市场1,3点符合，第2点有争议debatable
1、association证监会
2、监管motivation管理和调节其members' behavior ；regulator has motivation to regulate the market
3、是有强大的power来促使市场自我调节。
P2由执行约束的力量 - 上市公司都要看证监会的批准才能在股票市场上流通。股票市场唯一不太符合的地方是第二个条件: 2) 在没有政府法规的情况下，证监会未必有监管其会员的动机。
讲了股票市场有一大群经纪人，都是被利益驱动的，这些经纪人没有理由去提那些对他们没有好处的监管条例。作者呼吁少数比较权威的人士能站出来对股票市场经销监管。不过到目前为止，这种现象还没有发生。（第二段我看得不清楚，请同学自己考试时重新详阅）。

第2点争议的原因, 所以得出结论第2个prerequisite不成立的原因 ---
Attempts to abuse by the work members will impede妨碍 investors
经纪人broker们相当diversify，总是根据自己的利益决定行动，市场上只有遇到共同的利益才会团结起来，基本上市场不会去自律。但是如果board of governance 觉得这个条件和他们自己的利益有冲突，他们就未必会履行他们的责任。当然government也采取了efficient措施来管理，如果给予政府一些条件，政府可以来规范市场。因此理想的管理模型虽然好，但是实际上是没证据支持的。只有在协调了多边利益冲突within a system that checks and balances harmonizes the conflict interest的情况下,政府才会对其内部违规的成员进行管制和规范，所以得出结论第二个prerequisite不成立。
问题  
Q1. 有道primary purpose的题
选的分析一个特定市场的self-regulation的其中一个因素，选项有debatable  D
（大概是这个意思，反正就是主要与第二个因素相关的那个选项,另外有个选项挺迷惑的，说的是define 一个特定市场的self-regulation的3个因素，当时犹豫了一会，觉得define不对，而且后面第二段全在讲因素二，所以就选了D了）因为第一段有提到第二个prerequisite 是detabable的
Q2. 态度题/ the author 对stock exchange 持什么观点 /作者对于股票市场的看法
就是其实作者认为目前是没有self-regulation的。
Q3. 什么情况下政府的stock market的self-regulation会fail  / 为什么市场不能自我监管
定位第二段第一句some stock brokers have their common interest
Q4. 有题问管理部门遇到的障碍
broker…，原文改写broker们相当diversify，总是根据自己的利益决定行动
O5、stock broker的特点
broker们相当diversify，总是根据自己的利益决定行动
Q6在什么情况下board of governance will fail to 履行他们的责任
a small number of work members dominant the market
这个市场之外的团体瞎捣乱  {仔细看第2段第1句话就对了}
Q7 purpose of  the article
explain self regulation in financial market
注意有迷惑项，说主旨是揭示effective self regulation 的条件

注：曾经传闻这个话题存在2个版本，长文章出现在高分库，短文章出现在低分库，文章侧重点不同。目前是根据原作者提供的关于assumption的描述找到的考古版本，所以大家使用时务必谨慎。

tianya

1.1.8电影  ---
讲现在的电影还没有18XX年的给力什么的
1.1.9 广告对比*                                           --- 生词多
P1 现象
商家总是在广告中把自己的产品分成好几方面和别人家的对比 。但这样的对比未必真实                                           ---可以把自己的长处对比别人的弱项， 但是消费者看到了这样的广告总是会相信这个”被广告的产品”是最好的

P2 分析+阐述3点原因
科学家分析了对于这种策略，消费者的接受程度，阐述3点原因导致了消费者的观点。                                          有个原因：消费者无法区分广告中那个品牌产品在理论上 or 实际上比别的商品好。

P3  researchers对一些消费者提供了相应指导 ，可消费者还是不能区分，还是会被打动。

Q1：为什么有些广告是不真实的
因为他们把自己的长处和别人的短处比

Q2 highlight了researchers  问what can be infer about the customer ?
尽管他们接受了相关的指导   但是还是不能辨别出  广告的真实性

考古未确认
第一段
文章首先提出K认为，competitive类的广告(即在广告诉求中说我的产品比竞争对手的产品怎么怎么好)比noncompetitive类的广告更好。S研究结果表明， competitive广告在某些方面的确有优势，但另一些研究又表明competitive广告在说服力度上并不比第二类强。作者认为S的those null findings用的方法是不对的。因为它研究的两组广告，本身都是说服力不强的。作者举了例子(有考题)。此外，用什么标准衡量说服力，也是这个研究的薄弱之处，因为它并没有引入相关性因素relative factor来较好的衡量广告的说服力度。Specifically point out the reference

第二段
然而, 尽管有些experiment证实了甲学者的观点, 另一些试验却发现这种广告的效果不比普通广告更好. 先让步说,有可能的确实这种广告也不过如此, 不比普通广告明显的好(有题目,问这句话的作用). 这种竞争要在消费者心中建立一种神马SEQUENCE，这种次序就是衡量标准。有效率，因为没有针对具体的可能消费人群，还有个什么原因不过不考忽视。然后举了个神马E开头的广告案例讲了下，说明要针对目标客户（有题，问这个E的作用）。
However, 对这个试验结果的解释:
1) 可能此类广告是要突出产品与竞争产品的差异,而如果看广告的人早已经知道了这个差异,那么这种广告对消费者的观点的影响就不大了.
2）可能的原因是measure的方法有问题,讲了measure的方法
后面说比较原因是因为early studies是nonrelative measure的，之后的一些relative measure证明确实comparison形式的广告比较persuasive。那个relative和nonrelative的定义好像是说有没有specific point evaluation还是啥的。。

纲要: 全文只有一段, 45行左右. 脉络清晰, 朗朗上口.
1.  K 提出一个观点说同其他竞争者比较的广告比较能达到效果, 陈述原因.
2. 有一个研究发现与k的观点不符. 根据实验提不提及竞争者这两种广告的差别几乎没有.
3. 作者开始批判这个研究而肯定k的观点. 指出实验之所以有这样的null的结果是因为他们所取的sample不对. Nonrelative 和relative的数据对postcommunication的作用不一样. 而上述研究因为只取了与结果一致的数据而造成了研究结果的局限性. 新的研究肯定了k的观点.
问题:
1. 主题:
对一个研究的品评一个可能的解释对于竞争性广告没有说服力
2. Nonrelative 和 relative 对 postcommunication 作用的区别:
Specifically point out the reference
3. 为何研究的结果不对:
采样不完全

tianya

1.1.10 mission statement*

P1  MS解释，好处：bigpicture, 激励员工。However实际不好，因只对 long term commitment员工有用，而short-term员工不在乎，所以激励作用很弱。要注意这里作者的态度不是全盘否定，只是大负小正，因为有让步语气it may be true to some extent所以在主题题里有个干扰项是写全盘否定mission不能选，
P2  MS不好的理由。A 有其他方式激励员工（bonus，performanceincentive)。B 还有副作用：
1）management处理方式跟MS冲突时，员工质疑management的水平，影响员工积极性。
2）客户会因为mission statement的存在提高要求，达不到要求的话，客户会责怪一线员工，而负面情绪不会传到missionstatement的制定者-公司高管和咨询 公司那里。
company letter and memo which stated its culture and mission can motivate the morale of the employee.  The statement is wrong because 1) there are other ways to motivate, such as incentive, performance, people don't care a short letter. 2) if the company couldn't achieve what it said in the letter, employees are discouraged. If the customers saw their expectation were not met, they usually will blame the front-line employee.
问题：
Q1 P1的作用是什么？   /  P1对P2起什么作用 ?      
  提出一个下文可以argue for的观点  （不是argue against）                                                                                                               为下文批斗这个观点做的铺垫。
Q2  谁最不关心mission statement？                                                                                                                  
short-term employee
选项：（1） customer; (2) short term employee; (3) CEO; (4) shareholder 股东（5）customer representive; (我选这个)
Q3  主题题：问文章主要是讲什么                                                                                                                        
mission statement 其实有不好的地方。/反对开头的观点（MS的好处）
Q4问从文章可以推断关于长期目标的什么东西                                                                                                             这个目标很难实现（文章最后两句）--- 客户如果实现不了会抱怨，言下之意目标太高

Q5 5个公司的mission, 挑个最不太可能导致员工不开心的 （下面目标中哪个对员工有least的影响） -- 类比应用题   挑个最谦虚的
Q6作者对mission statements的看法
Q7 貌似是问mission statement最不关心什么?
员工利益之类的。