12月GMAT阅读新题最终版——Social Science Division

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1.1.        Business & Economics               
1.1.1  通货膨胀和失业率 *   inflation  unemployment negative correlation
P1 通货膨胀inflation和失业率Unemployment：本来负相关negative correlation(失业率降，劳动力需求加，工资涨，inflation+) 经济学家希望通过关系式来找出失业率下降到何种程度不会引起通货膨胀，最后算出是6。  --》 不是负相关了，理由：美国九十年代后期失业率下降，通胀也下降。
P2 tradition观点解释“不是负相关”现象，4，5个:有美元货币坚挺的因素，有医疗什么的因素，（Except题）回归定位法做
P3 New观点（Tradition是暂时的）2解释：1科技发展，提高了效率并根本降低了商品的成本； 2工人的安全感下降，所以现金形式的收入下降了，在收入上会作出妥协。
问题
问哪一个会削弱反驳的观点， 狗主人选的是技术不会永远进步（ by tomchenxi）
第二段except题
记得有一题的考点定位是transitory这个词。
When Friedman gave his lecture in 1976, the long-run relationship between inflation and unemployment was still under debate. During the1960s, most economists believed that a lower average unemployment rate could be sustained if one were just willing to accept a permanently higher (but stable) rate of inflation. （负相关）Friedman used his Nobel lecture to make two arguments about this inflation-unemployment tradeoff.  First, he reviewed the reasons the short-run tradeoff would dissolve in the long run. Expanding nominal demand to lower unemployment would lead to increases in money wages as firms attempt to attract additional workers. （失业率下降，员工工资就会增加）Firms would be willing to pay higher money wages if they expected prices for output to be higher in the future due to the expansion.Friedman assumed, however, that workers would initially perceive the rise inmoney wages to be a rise in real wages. They would do so because their"perception of prices in general" adjusts slowly, so nominal wageswould be perceived to be rising faster than prices. In response, the supply of labor would increase, and employment and output would expand. Eventually, workers would recognize that the general level ofprices had risen and that their real wages had not actually increased, leadingto adjustments that would return the economy to its natural rate ofunemployment. （现金形式的收入下降了，在收入上会作出妥协）

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1.1.2 财政赤字和通货膨胀率*   budget deficits     inflation rate  interest
大意：大赤字导致高利率，两个观点证明：1大赤字导致政府贷款，如果贷款需求平稳，那政府行为会导致贷款成本增加（即利率）。2 大赤字导致政府会印钞票，即使对实际需求不明了的时候，然后经济学家会为了抑制带来的通胀而加息。然后作者一个个否了这两个证明顺便BS了经济学家无脑
Essay #10.  154    (22742-!-item-!-188;#058&00154-00)

Conventional wisdom has it that large deficits赤字 in the United States budget cause interest rates to rise（利息+=inflation-）.  Two main arguments are given for this claim.  According to the first, as the deficit increases, the government will borrow more to make up for the ensuing shortage of funds.  Consequently, it is argued, if both the total supply of credit (money available for borrowing) and the amount of credit sought by nongovernment borrowers remain relatively stable, as is often supposed, then the price of credit (the interest rate) will increase.  That this is so is suggested by the basic economic principles that if supplies of a commodity (here, credit) remain fixed and demand for that commodity increases, its price will also increase.  The second argument supposes that the government will tend to finance its deficits by increasing the money supply with insufficient regard for whether there is enough room for economic growth to enable such an increase to occur without causing inflation.  It is then argued that financiers will expect the deficit to cause inflation and will raise interest rates, anticipating that because of inflation the money they lend will be worth less when paid back.

Unfortunately for the first argument, it is unreasonable to assume that nongovernment borrowing and the supply of credit will remain relatively stable.  Nongovernment borrowing sometimes decreases.  When it does, increased government borrowing will not necessarily push up the total demand for credit.  Alternatively, when credit availability increases, for example through greater foreign lending to the United States, then interest rates need not rise, even if both private and government borrowing increase.

The second argument is also problematic.  Financing the deficit by increasing the money supply should cause inflation only when there is not enough room for economic growth.  Currently, there is no reason to expect deficits to cause inflation.  However, since many financiers believe that deficits ordinarily create inflation, then admittedly they will be inclined使倾向 to raise interest rates to offset mistakenly anticipated inflation.  This effect, however, is due to ignorance无知愚昧, not to the deficit itself, and could be lessened by educating financiers on this issue.

Question #33.  154-01    (22788-!-item-!-188;#058&000154-01)

Which of the following best summarizes the central idea of the passage?

(A) A decrease in nongovernment borrowing or an increase in the availability of credit can eliminate or lessen the ill effects of increased borrowing by the government.
(B) Educating financiers about the true relationship between large federal deficits and high interest rates will make financiers less prone to raise interest rates in response to deficits.
(C) There is little support for the widely held belief that large federal deficits will create higher interest rates, as the main arguments given to defend辩解 this claim are flawed.
(D) When the government borrows money, demand for credit increases, typically creating higher interest rates unless special conditions such as decreased consumer spending arise.
(E) Given that most financiers believe in a cause-and-effect relationship between large deficits and high interest rates, it should be expected that financiers will raise interest rates.

Question #34.  154-03    (22834-!-item-!-188;#058&000154-03)

It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the second argument would most likely agree with which of the following statements?  

(A) The United States government does not usually care whether or not inflation increases.
(B) People in the United States government generally know very little about economics.
(C) The United States government is sometimes careless in formulating系统地表达 its economic policies.
(D) The United States government sometimes relies too much on the easy availability of foreign credit.
(E) The United States government increases the money supply whenever there is enough room for growth to support the increase.

Question #35.  154-07    (22880-!-item-!-188;#058&000154-07)

Which of the following claims concerning the United States government's financing of the deficit does the author make in discussing the second argument?

(A) The government will decrease the money supply in times when the government does not have a deficit to finance.
(B) The government finances its deficits by increasing the money supply whenever the economy is expanding.
(C) As long as the government finances the deficit by borrowing, nongovernment borrowers will pay higher interest rates.
(D) The only way for the government to finance its deficits is to increase the money supply without regard for whether such an increase would cause inflation.
(E) Inflation should be caused when the government finances the deficit by increasing the money supply only if there is not enough room for economic growth to support the increase.


The author uses the term "admittedly诚然" (see highlighted text) in order to indicate that

(A) the second argument has some truth to it, though not for the reasons usually supposed
(B) the author has not been successful in attempting to point out inadequacies in the two arguments
(C) the thesis that large deficits directly cause interest rates to rise has strong support after all
(D) financiers should admit that they were wrong in thinking that large deficits will cause higher inflation rates
(E) financiers generally do not think that the author's criticisms of the second argument are worthy of consideration
C C E A

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1.1.3气味在print advertising应用*   olfactory advertising
开头despite the olfactory advertising trends。。。—解释内容（olfactory 能使心情愉悦）—attention on it还是很少。
however，说olfactory 的效果不如visual &  aural可以测量。还说要有特定的环境才能有效果influenced by surrounding cues，1 举例说lemon味在黄色的物品下比红色的更容易被分辨。2又说在闻到味之前consumer的心情就被影响了,或者味道可以被人YY出来不需要实际闻到。Nevertheless，olfactory advertising的一些自发物理性质，比如影响生理后再影响到感知（优先），类似大脑某影响情绪的部位的功能，因此还是有独特的一面的。
类似原文
Executional cues have been the focus of much advertising research. Visual cues暗示 (pictures) and aural cues (music) have been studied extensively, yet virtually no attention has been paid to the influence of olfactory cues in advertising despite the growing trend among advertisers to use scents气味 in ads. Scents often have been used in advertisements for products in which scent is a primary attribute (e.g., perfumes, room fresheners) and, when used in that context, are a form of sampling. However, scents have also been used for products for which scent has been considered largely irrelevant. For instance, Tanqueray gin ran a pine-scented ad in USA Today, Rolls Royce advertised its cars in Architectural Digest using leather-scented strips, and the State of Utah used floral- and spice-scented panels in a four-page tourism ad. Though such uses may be intended simply as novelties新颖, research suggests that odor can influence mood state and affect judgment. Therefore, the use of scents in advertising warrants attention.
        Odors differ in several ways from the pictures and sounds，which are more familiar to advertising researchers. Compared to visual and aural cues, odors are difficult to recognize, are relatively difficult to label, may produce false alarms and create placebo effects. Schab (1991), in a review of the literature, concluded that the ability to attach a name to a particular odor is so limited that individuals, on average, can identify only 40% to 50% of odors in a battery of common odors. Additionally, consumer ability to detect and recognize odors is influenced by surrounding cues (Davis 1981). For example, a consumer is more likely to recognize a lemon scent when the scent is contained in a yellow liquid than when it is contained in a red liquid. Third, false alarms, perceiving an odor when in reality no odor is present, are relatively common (Engen 1972). Finally, researchers have shown that both emotional and physical states can be affected just by believing an odor is present. The odorant itself need not be present (Knasko, Gilbert, and Sabini 1990). That finding suggests placebo effects.安慰效应
Despite the difficulties, olfactory cues hold appeal to advertisers working in an already cluttered environment. Olfactory responses are primarily autonomic, affecting a person physiologically before affecting cognition. Odors stimulate the limbic system, the part of the brain responsible for emotional responses. Thus, olfaction represents a different path to the consumer than is afforded by other types of cues.
题目
1）好像是主旨题。 解释气味在adv中作用，列3点说气味不好用，再转折说还是有创新
2）文中对‘ the growing trend ’一词划线，问它只什么，答案应该就是广告人增加在广告中使用气味。
3）a consumer is more likely to recognize a lemon scent when the scent is contained in a yellow liquid than when it is contained in a red liquid.
题目是进行类比（注意题目问哪个跟那个比喻不相关），答案中有个是看见咖啡，想起小麦田（wheat farm)好像。
4）Compared to visual and aural cues, odors are difficult to recognize, are relatively difficult to label, may produce false alarms and create placebo effects。
这句话有考题，问关于visual and aural cues的不同？,答案应该是visual and aural cues are easier to recognize and label.

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1.1.4服务行业和制造业 * ----待确认原题 1130
讲美国的制造业在70年代的时候开始衰退的现象并且讨论了一些其他 的学者给的解释，有一道主旨题，我选了examine....就是作者重新审视和评价了以往对于美国制造业衰退所进行的那些解释（基本上作者认为那些解释 都是不正确或者不完善的）比较靠谱
开始讲了美国的制造业增长率在1960s;还是多少多少，然后到了1970s‘就变成了多少。。。
这可能 部分是因为服务业的崛起。。然后后面有一些解释。。。记得不全，一个解释是说是因为政府赤字同时利率很高然后人们把钱都拿去储蓄了而不对制造业进行投资， 但是作者反驳了这种观点 认为服务业其实需要更多的原始投资，但是在这段时间服务业正好和制造业情况相反，发展得很快（这里有题目）。。。。

V3..应该是变种
第一段跟其他版本差不多含义。
第二段是说 是什么原因导致第二产业和第三产业有这个GAP呢。而且第二产业为什么能够在1980年之后爆发呢。balabala的一页- -啊第二段，叫LZ情何以堪。
第三段还说出了一个原因，是关于利率的。利率下降能够带来更多INVESTMENT进technology，但是第三产业就不能，因为第三产业所需要的技术有限，是manager的能力决定第三产业的发展（大概是这样吧）我没能读太出来。这文章太长了。。。
有主旨题 我选了POINT OUT在第二产业能用的，在第三产业不适用。待评估by liuluheng 720

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考古   最后一段符合~估计和别的文章拼凑
原文！
大意：总增长变萎靡，是谁的原因？ S在late 1970’s增长，但是它的生产力增长下降，而M在80开始高速发展，但是实际只占市场很小部分。是啥造成M和S的增长区别，以及总经济增长下滑的原因？原因1.2.3并且作者一一反驳.主旨题应该是作者examine所有的explanations
(This passage is excerpted from material published in 1997)
Whereas United States economic productivity grew at an annual rate of 3 percent from 1945 to 1965, it has grown at an annual rate of only about 1 percent since the early 1970’s. What might be preventing higher productivity growth? Clearly, the manufacturing sector of the economy cannot be blamed. Since 1980, productivity improvements in manufacturing have moved the United States from a position of acute decline in manufacturing to one of world prominence. Manufacturing, however, constitutes a relatively small proportion of the economy. In 1992, goods-producing businesses employed only 19.1 percent of American workers, whereas service-producing businesses employed 70 percent. Although the service sector has grown since the late 1970’s, its productivity growth has declined. Several explanations have been offered for this declined and for the discrepancy in productivity growth between the manufacturing and service sectors. One is that traditional measures fail to reflect service-sector productivity growth because it has been concentrated in improved quality of services. Yet traditional measures of manufacturing productivity have shown significant increases despite the under measurement of quality, whereas service productivity has continued to stagnate. Others argue that since the 1970’s, manufacturing workers, faced with strong foreign competition, have learned to work more efficiently in order to keep their jobs in the United States, but service workers, who are typically under less global competitive pressure, have not. However, the pressure on manufacturing workers in the United States to work more efficiently has generally been overstated, often for political reasons. In fact, while some manufacturing jobs have been lost due to foreign competition, many more have been lost simply because of slow growth in demand for manufactured goods.
Yet another explanation blames the federal budget deficit: if it were lower, interest rate would be lower too, thereby increasing investment in the development of new technologies, which would spur productivity growth in the service sector. There is, however, no dearth of technological resources, rather, managers in the service sector fail to take advantage of widely available skills and machines. High productivity growth levels attained by leading edge service companies indicate that service sector managers who wisely implement available technology and choose skillful workers can significantly improve their companies’ productivity. The culprits for service-sector productivity stagnation are the forces－such as corporate takeovers and unnecessary governmental regulation－that distract managers from the task of making optimal use of available resources.

T-3-Q33  
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the budget deficit explanation for the discrepancy mentioned in line 27?

A.Research shows that the federal budget deficit has traditionally caused service companies to invest less money in research and development of new technologies.
B.New technologies have been shown to play a significant role in companies that have been able to increase their service productivity.
C.In both service sector and manufacturing, productivity improvements are concentrated in gains in quality.
D.The service sector typically requires larger investments in new technology in order to maintain productivity growth than dose manufacturing
E.High interest rates tend to slow the growth of manufacturing productivity as much as they slow the growth of service-sector productivity in the United States

T-3-Q34  
The passage states which of the following about the effect of foreign competition on the American manufacturing sector since the 1970’s?

A.It has often been exaggerated.
B.It has not been a direct cause of job loss.
C.It has in large part been responsible for the subsequent slowing of productivity growth.
D.It has slowed growth in the demand for manufactured goods in the United States.
E.It has been responsible for the majority of American jobs lost in manufacturing.

T-3-Q35  
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following was true of the United States manufacturing sector in the years immediately prior to 1980?

A.It was performing relatively poorly.
B.It was in a position of world prominence.
C.It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 3 percent.
D.It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 1 percent.
E.Its level of productivity was higher than afterward.

T-3-Q36  
The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about productivity improvements in United States service companies?

A.Such improvements would be largely attributable to efficiencies resulting from corporate takeovers.
B.Such improvements would depend more on wise implementation of technology than on managers’ choice of skilled workers.
C.Such improvements would be more easily accomplished if there were fewer governmental regulations of the service sector.
D.Such improvements would require companies to invest heavily in the development of new technologies.
E.Such improvements would be attributable primarily to companies’ facing global competitive pressure.

EAAC

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1.1.5 网页loading 速度   retailer  download e-commerce
P1 网页LOAD 速度慢 人们印象差 对retail 坏印象
P2 新研究：速度和印象没联系，解释：坏印象是cumulated ，建议：投资更好的server
P3 dalay 若一再重复，人们还是对retail有意见
 建议：1 减少信息量/页来提升速度  2提高server 的能力来避免delay
问题
Q1这篇文章MAIN IDEA
Q2  从那两个哥们的研究结果中你能INFER什么
Q3  infer customer 对delay 态度  选的是  如果delay 次数太多  可能会不高兴  
（选项是关于什么 有delay 会对retail没有好印象什么的   不选 因为第二段说了一般来说是不会的  ）
Q4作者对这个delay的态度   工厂还是要尽量的减少delay数目  
Q5第一段有一个empirical高亮，高亮部分起什么作用，我选是为了更突出后面发现调查，结果是与人们一般的观点大相径庭(very different)的；
Q6另一个是说作者关于retailer说了什么主要的话：我选的是retailer没有incentive去改善网页现状
具体
第一段一开始讲，网页LOAD的速度是制约电子商务发展的瓶颈，研究认为网页LOAD越慢，人们对这个brand的印象就越不好，但是其实发现顾客很少把态度carry on 到retailer中？还是顾客会carry on 到retailer?应该没题
第二段讲但是呢，有两个哥们跳出来说，我们的研究结果不一样，说LOAD速度和人们的态度没有必然联系，但为什么和人们的直观感觉一样呢，是因为这个坏印象是cumulated的，所以要卖的更好，发展电子商务的话，就必须投资建更好地SERVER
第三段 ：虽然delay 影响不大， 但是如果delay 一再重复 那么消费者可能会对retail 有意见  ，所以呢 工厂还是要1  减少每一页的信息量来提升速度  2或者去提高自己server 的能力什么的来避免delay。这时候SD组合跳出来说很多retailer根本就不觉得是这样，然后他们不打算利用各种 resource来解决网页速度问题，

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1.1.6美国经济调查
Family income    income mobility
P1  最近美国经济调查的结果：家庭收入才增长了一点点(用词诡异)
P2  A反驳，说此结果无视家庭收入发展前景prospect的增长
--- 提出自己的研究：10年间15个最低收入的人的个人收入的变化(5%保持最低,95%都升上去了) 用个人收入的增长类比家庭收入调查
P3 B反驳A，说类比错误---样本错误（包括穷学生打工），解释：穷学生工作后工资会飙升
问题
1、第二个人指出了第一个人的什么错误啊   --- 类比错误，样本错误
2、 第一个人最concern什么啊 --- 调查没有显示家庭收入发展前景的增长
3. 有一个问举大学生业余工作的例子说明什么，答案是和family的情况对比,是第二个人用来反驳开始那个人的说法(大学生业余工作工资低，毕业挣钱立马高了;family变化小)

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1.1.7 市场管理 Market regulation * --- Stock Market Self-regualtion?
Self regulation  prerequisite  stock
第一段：列出影响market 的三个因素。解释第一个和第三个因素。因素二(regulator has motivation to regulate the market)未必能达到，最后一句，转折说要不要government搞regulation呢？
第二段就讨论市场怎样自己regulate。虽然怎样，但是被克服。 貌似和考古不太像！！！
基于考古
P1 Self regulation3条件prerequisite, 美国股票市场1,3点符合，第2点有争议debatable
1、association证监会
2、监管motivation管理和调节其members' behavior
3、是有强大的power来促使市场自我调节。
P2 第2点争议的原因, 所以得出结论第2个prerequisite不成立的原因 ---
经纪人broker们相当diversify，总是根据自己的利益决定行动，市场上只有遇到共同的利益才会团结起来，基本上市场不会去自律。如果给予政府一些条件，政府可以来规范市场。因此理想的管理模型虽然好，但是没有实际实现过。只有在协调了多边利益冲突的情况下,政府才会对其内部违规的成员进行管制和规范。
Q文章主旨。我选的分析一个特定市场的self-regulation的其中一个因素（大概是这个意思，反正就是主要与第二个因素相关的那个选项,另外有个选项挺迷惑的，说的是define 一个特定市场的self-regulation的3个因素，当时犹豫了一会，觉得define不对，而且后面第二段全在讲因素二，所以就选了D了）
Q1. 有道primary purpose的题    选的分析一个特定市场的self-regulation的其中一个因素//选项有debatable  D（根据实际）
Q2. 态度题/ the author 对stock exchange 持什么观点 /作者对于股票市场的看法
就是其实作者认为目前是没有self-regulation的，多加注意。
Q3. 问了一题在什么情况下政府的stock market的self-regulation会fail/ 为什么市场不能自我监管
定位第二段some stock brokers have their common interest？（这不是反了么？）///市场上只有遇到共同的利益才会团结起来，即平时都不会团结的情况下会fail具体看选项！有可能定位在第二段前部，精读第二段，别被JJ迷惑
Q4. 有题问管理部门遇到的障碍   我答broker怎么怎么样，原文改写
O5、stock broker的特点     答案推测：broker们相当diversify，总是根据自己的利益决定行动
然后说美国的stock market to see whether regulation really works。分析美国的stock market第一点（因为它是associated）和第三点都符合，第二点有争议debatable。就是市场到底能不能足够被motivated to self-regulation，目前尚无证据，这边带出一句in the recent absence of existing self-regulation (好像后面有态度题，就是其实作者认为目前是没有self-regulation的，多加注意。)
第二段就讲为什么有争议，为什么第二个prerequisite无法达成。一开始就说 in principle (这边关系到结论，及题目问的主题，因为作者似乎也只是假设一个情况)，若市场不自律，投资人就不喜欢买股票，交易量萎缩啦等等…但实际上仍没出现自律是为什么呢? 然后说是因为目前一些不法的行为没有被规范啦，还有市场上只有遇到共同的利益才会团结起来做些事 (问了一题在什么情况下政府的stock market的self-regulation会fail，我是定位在这儿，也不知对了没)，所以基本上市场不会挺想去自律。之后作者说如果给予政府一些条件，政府可以来规范市场。不过最后还是理论可行，实际上是没证据支持的。 所以只有within a system that checks and balances harmonizes the conflict interest(或其它表示利益的字)有点记不清了,大概是说只有在协调了多边利益冲突的情况下,政府才会对其内部违规的成员进行管制和规范，所以得出结论第二个prerequisite不成立

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1.1.9 广告对比*  --- 生词多
Comparison advertising
P1 商家总是在广告中把自己的产品分成好几方面和别人家的对比     但是 这样的对比未必真实 。 他可以吧自己的长处和别人的弱项对比， 但是消费者看到了这样的广告总是会相信这个”被广告的产品”是最好的
P2 ：科学家分析了对于这种策略，消费者的接受程度，阐述3点原因导致了消费者的观点 (没题)   有个原因：消费者无法区分广告中那个品牌产品在理论上 or 实际上比别的商品好。
P3  科学家对一些消费者提供了相应的指导 ，可是消费者还是不能区分，还是会被这种策略打动。
Q1：为什么有些广告是不真实的
因为他们把自己的长处和别人的短处比
Q2 highlight了researchers  问what can be infer about the customer ?
尽管他们接受了相关的指导   但是还是不能辨别出 广告的## 真实性（这个不是原文照抄么？应该深层一点？具体看选项！！）

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1.1.10 mission statement*

P1  MS解释，好处：bigpicture, 激励员工。But实际不好，因只对 long term commitment员工有用，而short-term员工不在乎，他们不会关注big picture.,所以激励作用很弱。
P2  MS不好的理由。A 有其他方式激励员工（bonus，performance incentive)。B 还有副作用：
1）management对strategy, resources处理方式跟MS冲突时，员工质疑management的水平，影响员工积极性。
2）客户会因为mission statement的存在提高要求，达不到要求的话，客户会责怪一线员工，而负面情绪不会传到missionstatement的制定者-公司高管和咨询 公司那里。

问题：
Q1 P1的作用是什么？提出一个下文可以argue for的观点  （不是argue against）
Q2  谁最不关心mission statement？short-term employee
Q3  主题题：问文章主要是讲什么mission statement 其实有不好的地方。/我选的是反对一个观点就是开头的那个
Q4问从文章可以推断关于mission statement的什么东西  选了这个目标很难实现，来自文章最后两句，讲到客户如果实现不了会抱怨，言下之意目标太高 //infer题，具体看文章

Q5 5个公司的mission, 挑个最不太可能导致员工不开心的 （下面目标中哪个对员工有least的影响） -- 类比应用题      挑个最谦虚的
Q6 作者对mission statements的看法  这个是题么？作者的看法，应该就是MS不好吧