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1.1.17 stock-keeping units@--- 解释现象
近年来的一个矛盾现象---虽然scanner和其他先进的技术可以使company生产少量的多样化的产品,但还是有越来越多的inventory不足或过剩的现象。
原文!公司必须做好预测来防止产能不足或者过量生产,科技进步,比如scanner和小批量生产技术,让新产品发布越来越频繁,导致两个后果:1.产品生命周期短,需要花大钱投资发明新产品保持领先 2.新产品激增-》库存多,导致需求量减少。虽然厂商可以预测这个需求,但是要预测具体的某一产品的需求则会很难。
Companies that must determine well in advance of the selling season how many units of a new product to manufacture often underproduce products that sell well and have overstocks of others. The increased incidence in recent years of mismatches between production and demand seems ironic, since point-of-sale scanners have improved data on consumers’ buying patterns and since flexible manufacturing has enabled companies to 24 produce, cost-effectively, small quantities of goods. This type of manufacturing has greatly increased the number of new products introduced annually in the United States. However, frequent introductions of new products have two problematic side effects. For one, they reduce the average lifetime of products; more of them are neither at the beginning of their life (when prediction is difficult) or at the end of their life (when keeping inventory is expensive because the products will soon become obsolete). For another, as new products proliferate, demand is divided among a growing number of stock-keeping units (SKU’s). Even though manufacturers and retailers can forecast aggregate demand with some certainty, forecasting accurately how that demand will be distributed among the many SKU’s they sell is difficult. For example, a company may be able to estimate accurately the aggregate number of shoes it will sell, but it may be uncertain about which specific types of shoes will sell more than other types.
问题是
Q35:
Which of the following most accurately describes the function of the last sentence in the passage (lines 35-40)?
A. To cite a situation in which the aggregate demand is more important than the distribution of demand among SKU’s
B. To refute an assertion about the side effects of flexible manufacturing
C. To illustrate an assertion about companies’ ability to forecast demand
D. To provide an example of ways in which companies address the difficulties of forecasting demand
E. To note an exception to the author’s assertion about distributing demand among SKU’s
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Q36:
The passage suggests which of the following about divided demand among a growing number of SKU’s? (原文周围寻类似句和暗示)
A. It has increased the average lifetime of products.
B. It has resulted from retailer’s attempts to predict demand more accurately and avoid both understocks and overstocks. 逻辑错
C. It has decreased the use of flexible manufacturing by companies.
D. It has not increased the expense of keeping inventory of certain products.
E. It has not prevented companies from predicting aggregate demand with some certainty.
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Q37:TTGWD-6
According to the passage, which of the following has led to growth in the number of new products introduced in the United States each year?
A. Reduced average lifetime of products
B. Increased ability to forecast aggregate demand
C. More cost-effective ways of keeping inventory for products(库存)
D. Cost-effective production of small quantities of goods
E. Increased ability to divide demand among a number of SKU’s and to forecast how that demand will be distributed among those SKU’s
CED
应该是另外一篇文章~
V1 assumptions markdown return
第 一段:生产商(manufacturer)如果库存过大,生产商的库存成本就会增大;但销售商(retailer)如果库存过大,那销售商的销售压力也会 很大,并且一旦卖不出去,销售商也会面临损失。但为了让销售商多压货over-stock,现在通行的做法有两个:markdown和return,一个 是卖不出去的可以退还(return)给生产商,另一个是当卖不出去后,生产商把后续的货多打折,这样用多打折而少收销售商的钱来补偿销售商在前一批货中 没卖出去的损失(markdown)。由于有这两种方法,打消了销售商对压货的抵触,改善了生产商和销售商之间由于压货而导致的Channel关系。最后,本段介绍了这两种策略是要基于两种假设(assumption)的。
第二段:Return策略的使用有一个重大需要考虑的的问题,那就是return会产生货物的运输,并且在运输过程中还会出现破损、丢失等现象,这些全都是生产商要考虑的成本。举例说如果是时装厂商,那么他的运输、破损等方面的损失才几十刀,这对他来说是很少的成本,完全可以忽略。然后又根据第一段末说的假设应用到return 策略上进行分析(好象没有出题点,我也就没仔细看)。(wrongly assumes that channel management ability are the same?)
第三段:说这些销售商多压了这么多货,那它怎么卖呢,好象只能用打折的方法向它现有 的客户多卖,但估计还是会有剩,于是生产商最终还是不得不在事后的订货中用折扣的方法补偿销售商多进了但卖不出去的货的价钱,那么对于生产商来说,他是有经济利益损失的,所以这种方法不应该被广泛使用。而对于return的情况,那些return回来的货就算没有破损,对生产商来说很可能也已经没什么用 了,(Q啥时候有用?)比如前文说到的那个时装厂商,那些时装可能已经不时髦了,就算想便宜点儿卖出去也没人买了。
Q1:文中第二段举例说时装厂商想说明什么。我选举例说明return时是会有成本的??
Q2:生产商用这两种让销售商压货的策略会有什么后果。我选影响生产商的利润
Q3:生产商用这两种让销售商压货的策略有什么好处,有混淆选项A是让零售商更愿意存货B是让零售商愿意存足够数量的货,我回第一段定位,发现零售商不是不存,只是都存不够,所以选了B,各位到时可以再自行判断
Q4: 和Markdown有关,我看文章的时候没注意到这个点,也不想再花时间回原文去找,随便选了一个。但个人感觉应该是在介绍那两种假设的部分去定位(第一段.仅供参考)
Q5:mark down和return有哪一点不一样呢?
Q6:但是这一段的句末考了两题 针对最后的两个字考,大家读到这一定要好好注意 第一题考的是这两个最后亮黄字的推论题
Q7:问哪个例子符合生产商可购回存货再利用的原则,有个选项说某衣服含有很贵的fiber可以拿来再利用的 |
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