subwaygirl

1.4.1.        博物馆保存画的温度和湿度控制[问题解决型--评价题]
P1：为了妥善博物馆里的画，必须把温度和湿度控制在一定水平（温度是21度）。这就需要使用一种技术（好像是HVC).但随着博物馆预算的缩减和HVC技术运作成本的上升，有人开始怀疑是否使用该种技术。
P2：一般需要特殊HVC技术控制湿度和温度的都是一些敏感的画（wood paint）。但是有很多画，其实对温度/湿度并不是太敏感，所以可以考虑不使用HVC技术。
P3:作者反驳---很多画其实是多种颜料混合，包括WOOD PAINT还有其他一些颜料，所以很难决然地把敏感地画和不敏感地画分开。此外，21度对于参观者来说也是最适宜地温度。
P4：那么如何控制湿度和温度呢？当然，HVC还是要用于那些比较敏感地画。另外，在博物馆建设的时候，可以考虑采光等条件。然后如果天气很湿呢，就关闭博物馆，不对外开放。
（1）有道主旨题？我选的是propose a solution to a main problem.....
(2)according to passage，怎样比较好地控制温度和湿度呢？我选的是：把博物馆建在COOLER/DRY的地方
（3）关于HVC说法哪个是正确地？我选的是：它的operations cost上升了。
V4【by luke0305】[问题解决型--提出/评价 解决方法]
讲之前大多数的博物馆都遵循一个21度和适度湿度的原则，HVC。但现在很馆想改进一下，因为cost[这点原因重要，后文有题]。
第二段，说藏品很多都涉及到国际运输。好多在运输时发生损坏。部分原因是因为湿度的问题，部分原因是因为 有一种C打头的旧方法，这种处理方法在19实际的有用；但cradling的导致导致了wood paint后来的问题--例子作用题。[问这个cradling能INFER什么]第二段的后半部分说，这种方法是用来使木头更薄，更有利于保存。
第三段：没什么题，
第四段：有其他的保存方法，提到了上面说的表面加东西，还有说在雨天让游客把雨衣脱下来，以保证湿度[两种方法--有题；新方法与旧方法的关系].
3、说最后一段中那个 方式 是 和HIV 一起使用最有效的。
问什么micro 什么技术的（就是文章最后一段介绍的方法） 最适用于以下哪种情况?  
我记得有 paintings which are sensitive to 湿度， 还有 paintings which need long time to adjust the temperature changes  还有经常被internationally transported的paintings   我不太确定。。

subwaygirl

2.1.5.        ant和plants的互利共生*
p1. 传统的研究认为aphid、蚂蚁，和milkweed会渐渐建立起一个（mutual benefitary ecological system。在体系中，plant供养A分泌XX物质：是ant的食物。所以ant会团结起来保护A和plants，避免了其他食草东东对plants和A的威胁。所以三方都得益，大家都很满足的。[有题]
p2.科学家研究：观察到这种体系的完善程度和plant的品种貌似有关系[指出影响mutual benefitary ecological system的因素]。于是做了第二个实验，选了plant32种不同的亚种，然后让都让ant去接触这些plant。一段时间后，as expected，21个亚种的共生网络已经建立得非常完善了: 貌似这些体系中的A比没有蚂蚁存在的情况下增长了200%。但剩下的那些亚种所形成的共生体系就出问题了，有些plant亚种的A在蚂蚁到来以后甚至减少了一半[qualification]。后来又设计了一个实验发现原来昆虫A会跟植物抢水分和营养，所以植物会自我调节
解释：说这种共生体系是好，但是A会plant会消耗plant的水和能量吧，有些植物觉得和 养个A划不来：共生 有代价。
还问到了从ANT中能infer出什么，我选的是，他们可以击退milkweed 和 aphid的敌人。。类似这个意思吧考古

subwaygirl

2.1.5.        ant和plants的互利共生*
p1. 传统的研究认为aphid、蚂蚁，和milkweed会渐渐建立起一个（mutual benefitary ecological system。在体系中，plant供养A分泌XX物质：是ant的食物。所以ant会团结起来保护A和plants，避免了其他食草东东对plants和A的威胁。所以三方都得益，大家都很满足的。[有题]
p2.科学家研究：观察到这种体系的完善程度和plant的品种貌似有关系[指出影响mutual benefitary ecological system的因素]。于是做了第二个实验，选了plant32种不同的亚种，然后让都让ant去接触这些plant。一段时间后，as expected，21个亚种的共生网络已经建立得非常完善了: 貌似这些体系中的A比没有蚂蚁存在的情况下增长了200%。但剩下的那些亚种所形成的共生体系就出问题了，有些plant亚种的A在蚂蚁到来以后甚至减少了一半[qualification]。后来又设计了一个实验发现原来昆虫A会跟植物抢水分和营养，所以植物会自我调节
解释：说这种共生体系是好，但是A会plant会消耗plant的水和能量吧，有些植物觉得和 养个A划不来：共生 有代价。
还问到了从ANT中能infer出什么，我选的是，他们可以击退milkweed 和 aphid的敌人。。类似这个意思吧考古

subwaygirl

1.4.3.        ❤流派诗人
V2【by LprinceWang】
讲一个作家写了一个著作T，用了一种objective的手法，这种手法在19世纪左右被一些作家提倡和使用（那些作家里记得有艾略特），而早前的一些人 是用subjective的：就是把诗中的事物当成是有生命的，以它们的人称来叙述，而传统的s是以人的角度去写事物。
后来又说 objective手法  应用在律师身上，就是律师用这个角度来申述，效果很好。
题目有一道是说著作T怎样，我选的是long-term work,(因为后文提到xx年那作家又出版了T,后来他死后又出了），还有一道是那个主要作家和原来提倡s的某位作家的关系和下面哪种类似
V4【by joyogo629 710】
是Objectivism那个 也就是T某某作品的那个 鸡精里就是原文~ 这篇记得一个题 就是文中提到的那个R打头的作者 和 Shelly的关系和选项中哪个类似 R是反对shelly观点的 所以就选这个意思的 貌似是C或者B 还有一道题是可以indicate什么 我选了 R一生都在写这本书
V5【by eilleenliu】
testimony那个，一瓶半，长~狗狗里面有原文，但是GMAT的文章略有不同，大意是一样滴~
考题：
1．问文章里面R对雪莱，可以和下面哪个类比：
选项A是说一个人采用旧时的观点，被另一个人质疑。我没选这个，因为我记得文章里没说雪莱和R不是同一个时代的人。
选项B说是一个人的观点被另一个人质疑，具体的记不清了……我选的这个~
选项C好像是说一个人和其他什么人的观点相同之类的，好像不太靠谱~
2．文章的主旨是？
选项有通过写testimony来分析个什么问题~还有说是写testimony的重要性的。这两个选项比较纠结，文章对testimony描写的很多，刚开始就说它是什么时间出版的，主要内容是什么，对后人的影响有多大~这个很像写重要性的。但是中间很大部分又是说R对浪漫主义诗人的看法~
3．还有一题问testimony符合下面哪一个
选项有：testimony的完成跨过很长时间~这个原文中某段的第一句就说R对testimony的心血all through his life。

subwaygirl

原文（狗主人已确认）
The first installment of Testimony was published in 1934 by the Objectivist Press, which had been started several years earlier to promote the views of poets including William Carlos Williams, Louis Zukofsky, George Oppen, and Reznikoff himself. They were believers in Objectivism, a short-lived but still influential offshoot of poetic Modernism, the early 20th-century assault by T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and others on the Enlightenment-influenced poetics of their predecessors. For the Objectivists, the poem was an object, not a report by the poet of what he or she thought or felt. They rejected the emphasis by 19th-century Romantic poets like Wordsworth and Shelley on the poet's subjective experience of transcendent meaning as depicted through metaphor and symbol. (The title and opening line of Wordsworth's well-known poem about daffodils, "I wandered lonely as a cloud," is a good example of the tendencies that the Objectivists judged artificial and misleading.) The Objectivists believed that feeling and emotion should come through the choice of details and the sound and appearance of words on the page.
Reznikoff continued to work on Testimony throughout his life. In the 1960s, he published two new volumes (the first drawn from judicial opinions of 1885-1890, the second from opinions of 1891-1900); two additional volumes (1901-1910 and 1911-1915) were published after his death. In each of the later volumes, Reznikoff revised his art, reshaping the documentary material into syncopated lines of poetry.
The Negro was dead/when the doctors examined him," a characteristic poem begins:
They found upon his belly bruises:
he died, the doctors said, of peritonitis.
While the shift in form draws even more attention to the language (as in the isolation of "bruises" in the lines just quoted), the later editions employ the same third-person perspective, looking to the objective language of a judicial opinion, the words as words, rather than subjective experience or metaphor, for the emotional intensity of the poem. With its use of judicial opinions as the raw material of poetry, Testimony radically undercuts the traditional assumption that the poet works in a private sphere that is somehow separate from the pressures and pulls of the public domain. Not only is the poem an object, but it is an object taken from the workaday world that poets traditionally have viewed as unsuitable for poetry. Testimony never lets us forget that it is judicial opinions the poet is expounding.
Reznikoff's most important innovation and chief legacy to subsequent poets was this use of social speech, the public language of lawyers, to further the Modernist project of drawing attention to the linguistic qualities of a poem. By juxtaposing the descriptions of fact—the underlying story—of one case after another, he created an emotionally powerful collage from the apparently impersonal language of judicial opinions, a collage that chronicles America's struggle with slavery and its emergence as a commercial and industrial power.
是呀！！就是这篇！！！牛！！！题里有一道那个人和人的比较就是这个Shelly和Reznikoff（貌似就是写这个的人）的比较！
考古
【by clumsyorange】790分主人的回忆：
问题1：本文作者最可能同意以下什么观点？
答案：我选了通过客观的语言，无需描述emotional reaction也可以从诗歌中体现感情，另外一个选项E中有一个词prose，是散文的意思，当初做题的时候不知道，但是猜测应该是一种无关的文体，所以就没选它。

问题2：关于testimony的论述，下面哪个是正确的？我参考了wiki和阅读文章。
答案：发现testimony第一卷出版与1930年代，最后2卷在他死后才出版，long term project。

问题3：关于Reznikoff和Shelly之间的关系，下面哪个最类似？

答案：原文中有R和他同流派的人reject了Shelly他们流派的理念认为诗歌应该是主观的感性的，在答案中搜索reject，前者reject后者

subwaygirl

1.4.4.        美国非洲裔工人*
V4【by wonderfulwq 700】
考古一（狗主人说：应该就是我考的这篇，题目应该也差不多）
In the 1930’s and 1940’s, African American industrialworkers in the southern United  States, who constituted 80 percent of theunskilled factory labor force there, strongly supported unionization. While theAmerican Federation of Labor (AFL) either excluded African Americans ormaintained racially segregated unions, the Congress of Industrial Organizations(CIO) organized integrated unions nationwide on the basis of a stated policy ofequal rights for all, and African American unionists provided the CIO’sbackbone. Yet it can be argued that through contracts negotiated and enforcedby White union members, unions—CIO unions not excluded—were often instrumentalin maintaining the occupational segregation and other forms of racialdiscrimination that kept African Americans socially and economically oppressedduring this period. However, recognizing employers’ power over workers as acentral factor in African Americans’ economic marginal unionization, AfricanAmerican workers saw the need to join with White workers in seeking change despite White unionists’ toleration of or support for racial discrimination.The persistent efforts of African American unionists eventually paid off: manybecame highly effective organizers, gaining the respect of even racist Whiteunionists by winning victories for White as well as African American workers.African American unionists thus succeeded in strengthening the unions whileusing them as instruments of African Americans’ economic empowerment.

The passage is primarily concerned with
A.   demonstrating that unions failed to addressthe concerns of African American workers during a particular period
B.   arguing that African Americanworkers’ participation in unions during a particular period was ultimatelybeneficial to them
C.   contrasting the treatment of AfricanAmerican workers by two different labor organizations during a particularperiod
D.   giving reasons for the success of AfricanAmerican unionists in winning victories for both African American and Whiteworkers during a particular period
E.    questioning one explanation for theattitudes of African American workers toward unionization during a particularperiod

According to the passage, which of the following wastrue of many racist White unionists during the period discussed in the passage?
A.   Their attitudes toward AfricanAmerican union organizers changed once they recognized that the activities ofthese organizers were serving workers’ interests.
B.   They were a powerful element in the southernlabor movement because they constituted the majority of the unskilled factorylabor force in the southern United  States.
C.   They persisted in opposing the CIO’sadoption of a stated policy of equal rights for all.
D.   Their primary goal was to strengthen thenegotiating power of the unions through increasing White union membership.
E.    Their advocacy of racial discriminationhampered unions in their efforts to gain more power for workers.

The author of the passage suggests which of thefollowing about African American workers who participated in union activitiesin the 1930’s and 1940’s?
A.   They believed that the elimination ofdiscrimination within unions was a necessary first step toward the achievementof economic advancement for African Americans.
B.   They belonged exclusively to CIO unionsbecause they were excluded from AFL unions.
C.   They believed that the economicadvancement of African American workers depended on organized efforts toempower all workers.
D.   Some of them advocated the organization ofseparate African American unions because of discriminatory practices in the AFLand the CIO.
E.    Many of them did not believe that Whiteunionists in CIO unions would tolerate or support racial discrimination againstAfrican American workers.

subwaygirl

1.3.        Analysis & Research
1.5.1.        农作物发明vaccine*[问题解决型--措施+评价]
关于Immuniologists研究一种能够对付植物生病的方法。
第一段说传统的chemical spray用在plants上怎样怎样，就像人防止生病要种疫苗。
第二段说发明了一种 “resistance genes”怎么好怎么好，
第三段说这种方法有副作用，它会抑制植物生长，然后转折一下说通过改进，这个方法还是怎么怎么好。

第一段：crops需要很多化学的chemical spray [anti-disease]，于是人们想能不能搞vaccine来抵御害虫
第二段：第一种方法: vaccine resistant gene，和动物原理相同。但也有不同：就是植物抵御了一个病毒，后产生抗体，这个抗体可以抵御别的病毒。
第二种方法，植物会自己产生抗体当遇到了有毒的东西: 好像是自身分泌chemical把细胞杀死，然后再在外面自己长出新的细胞层thicken细胞

subwaygirl

2.1.1.        ❤ 鸟类飞翔
V1【By rikkina(650)】
有一篇阅读是说鸟类飞翔起源的两种假设。一种假设是说先爬到树上滑翔，另一种是跳起来捕食或躲避敌人。作者觉得两种都不靠谱。还有一个博物馆保存油画的。这两个都似乎见过。
GWD原文：【BY ozymendias】
wo opposing scenarios,        两种解释鸟飞的假设：树栖和疾走。
the “arboreal” hypothesis and
the “cursorial” hypothesis, have
Line traditionally been put forward con-
(5)  cerning the origins of bird flight.
The “arboreal” hypothesis holds      树栖论说鸟祖先爬上树滑行下来，随
that bird ancestors began to fly       着羽毛越来越大，最终飞了起来。
by climbing frees and gliding
down from branches with the
(10) help of incipient feathers: the
height of trees provides a good
starting place for launching flight,
especially through gliding. As
feathers became larger over time,
(15) flapping flight evolved and birds
finally became fully air-borne.
This hypothesis makes intuitive       树栖论的问题：始祖鸟和M恐龙没有
Sense, but certain aspects are         明显的栖树适应性，如合适的脚。
Troubling. Archaeopteryx (the
(20) earliest known bird) and its
maniraptoran dinosaur cousins
have no obviously arboreal
adaptations, such as feet fully
adapted for perching. Perhaps        没分析显示始祖鸟曾用前肢爬树和飞，
(25) some of them could climb trees,
but no convincing analysis has
demonstrated how Archaeopteryx
would have both climbed and
flown with its forelimbs, and there
(30) were no plants taller than a few       始祖鸟化石发现的地方也没有发现高
meters in the environments where      树。
Archaeopteryx fossils have been
found. Even if the animals could       即使它会爬树也不表明会滑翔。
climb trees, this ability is not
(35) synonymous with gliding ability.
(Many small animals, and even
some goats and kangaroos,
are capable of climbing trees
but are not gliders.) Besides,
(40) Archaeopteryx shows no obvi-
ous features of gliders, such as        它没明显的滑翔特征。
a broad membrane connecting
forelimbs and hind limbs.
  The “cursorial”(running)
(45) hypothesis holds that small           疾走论认为鸟为了躲避猎食者，奔跑
dinosaurs ran along the ground        并张开双臂平行
and stretched out their arms for
balance as they leaped into the
air after insect prey or, perhaps,
(50) to avoid predators. Even rudi-         前肢的原始特征能帮助身体稍微升高
mentary feathers on forelimbs
could have expanded the arm’s
surface area to enhance lift
slightly. Larger feathers could         然后鸟慢慢就飞起来了。
(55) have increased lift incrementally,
until sustained flight was gradu-
ally achieved. Of course, a leap
into the air does not provide the
acceleration produced by drop-
(60) ping out of a tree; an animal
would have to run quite fast
to take off. Still, some small
terrestrial animals can achieve
high speeds. The cursorial
(65) hypothesis is strengthened by
the fact that the immediate the-         兽脚亚目恐龙祖先拥有各种疾走的
ropod dinosaur ancestors of            特点。
birds were terrestrial, and they
had the traits needed for high
(70) lift off speeds: they were small,
agile, lightly built, long-legged,         另外，
and good runners. And because         它们用两足走，双臂有空用来拍打。
they were bipedal, their arms
were free to evolve flapping flight,
(75) which cannot be said for other
reptiles of their time.

---------------------------------------------------------
Q 3:
The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.    present counterevidence to two hypotheses concerning the origins of  bird flight
B.    propose and alternative to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
correct certain misconceptions about hypotheses concerning the  origins of bird flight
C.    (missing)
D.    refute a challenge to a hypothesis concerning the origins of bird flight
E.    evaluate competing hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight

---------------------------------------------------
Q 4:
The passage presents which of the following facts as evidence that tends to undermine the arboreal hypothesis?

A.    Feathers tend to become larger over time
B.    Flapping flight is thought to have evolved gradually over time
C.    Many small animals are capable of climbing trees.
D.    Plants in Archaeopteryx’s known habitats were relatively small
E.    Leaping into the air does not provide as much acceleration as gliding out of a tree

------------------------------------------------
Q 5:
Which of the following is included in the discussion of the cursorial hypothesis but not in the discussion of the arboreal hypothesis?

A.    A discussion of some of the features of Archaeopteryx
B.    A description of the environment known to have been inhabited by bird ancestors
C.    A possible reason why bird ancestors might have been engaging in activities that eventually evolved into flight
D.    A description of the obvious features of animals with gliding ability
E.    An estimate of the amount of time it took for bird ancestors to evolve the kind of flapping flight that allowed them to become completely airborne

-------------------------------------------------
Q 6:
The passage suggests which of the following regarding the climbing ability of Archaeopteryx?

A.    Its ability to climb trees was likely hindered by the presence of incipient feathers on its forelimbs.
B.    It was probably better at climbing trees than were its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins.
C.    It had certain physical adaptations that suggest it was skilled at climbing trees.
D.    Scientists have recently discovered fossil evidence suggesting it could not climb trees.
E.    Scientists are uncertain whether it was capable of climbing trees