1 大脑
V1 from kuaikaoshile
第一段:说人的大脑有个什么snopia不确定这个词,第二句是 medulur? memory basis 来说明这个功能。 第二段:说大脑不止有这个工鞥,还可以blabla,第二段最后再肯定一下。
有主旨题;还有一个让说modular memory basis 的作用是什么;还有一个是说作者说的大脑的作用 和什么情况类似, 我选的: 一个杂乱的仓库变成了一个办公室,不知道对不对
V2 by 洛洛洛洛
讲大脑的,和机经里的貌似不一样 有说到手臂啊肩膀啊 还提到视力啊什么的,已经模糊了.
V3 by rednight88
讲大脑的,但是说什么记不太清了囧,好像有说到什么训练大脑,之前控制某个部分的脑组织经过训练也可以控制其他部分。。。大概,好像是说了原本控制肩膀的部分经过训练也能控制手了,这篇文章里有道题是类比的
注:根据目前3个版本的资料,删除原考古,以免误导,待日后继续跟进。
2 QUAKER学校女学生影响婚姻[附GWD原文原题]
V1 from chihhsin7337
阅读有一题 pp还是gwd的 讲QUAKER学校女学生影响婚姻的看法 3题,题目都是一样
附GWD原题[尚未确认]
In her account of unmarried women’s experiences in colonial Philadelphia, Wulf argues that educated young women, particularly Quakers, engaged in resistance to patriarchal marriage by exchanging poetry critical of marriage, copying verse into their commonplace books. Wulf suggests that this critique circulated beyond the daughters of the Quaker elite and middle class, whose commonplace books she mines, proposing that Quaker schools brought it to many poor female students of diverse backgrounds.
Here Wulf probably overstates Quaker schools’ impact. At least three years’ study would be necessary to achieve the literacy competence necessary to grapple with the material she analyzes. In 1765, the year Wulf uses to demonstrate the diversity of Philadelphia’s Quaker schools, 128 students enrolled in these schools. Refining Wulf’s numbers by the information she provides on religious affiliation, gender, and length of study, it appears that only about 17 poor non-Quaker girls were educated in Philadelphia’s Quaker schools for three years or longer. While Wulf is correct that a critique of patriarchal marriage circulated broadly, Quaker schools probably cannot be credited with instilling these ideas in the lower classes. Popular literary satires on marriage had already landed on fertile ground in a multiethnic population that embodied a wide range of marital beliefs and practices. These ethnic- and class-based traditions themselves challenged the legitimacy of patriarchal marriage.
Q15: The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. argue against one aspect of Wulf’s account of how ideas critical of marriage were disseminated among young women in colonial Philadelphia
B. discuss Wulf’s interpretation of the significance for educated young women in colonial Philadelphia of the poetry they copied into their commonplace books
C. counter Wulf’s assertions about the impact of the multiethnic character of colonial Philadelphia’s population on the prevalent views about marriage
D. present data to undermine Wulf’s assessment of the diversity of the student body in Quaker schools in colonial Philadelphia
E. challenge Wulf’s conclusion that a critique of marriage was prevalent among young women of all social classes in colonial Philadelphia
Q16: According to the passage, which of the following was true of attitudes toward marriage in colonial Philadelphia?
A. Exemplars of a critique of marriage could be found in various literary forms, but they did not impact public attitudes except among educated young women.
B. The diversity of the student body in the Quaker schools meant that attitudes toward marriage were more disparate there than elsewhere in Philadelphia society.
C. Although critical attitudes toward marriage were widespread, Quaker schools’ influence in disseminating these attitudes was limited.
D. Criticisms of marriage in colonial Philadelphia were directed at only certain limited aspects of patriarchal marriage.
E. The influence of the wide range of marital beliefs and practices present in Philadelphia’s multiethnic population can be detected in the poetry that educated young women copied in their commonplace books.
Q17: The author of the passage implies which of the following about the poetry mentioned in the first paragraph?
A. Wulf exaggerates the degree to which young women from an elite background regarded the poetry as providing a critique of marriage.
B. The circulation of the poetry was confined to young Quaker women.
C. Young women copied the poetry into their commonplace books because they interpreted it as providing a desirable model of unmarried life.
D. The poetry’s capacity to influence popular attitudes was restricted by the degree of literacy necessary to comprehend it.
E. The poetry celebrated marital beliefs and practices that were in opposition to patriarchal marriage.
Q18:Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the author’s basis for saying that Wulf overstates Quaker schools’ impact (lines 17-18)?
A. The information that Wulf herself provided on religious affiliation and gender of students is in fact accurate.
B. Most poor, non-Quaker students enrolled in Quaker schools had completed one or two years’ formal or informal schooling before enrolling.
C. Not all of the young women whose commonplace books contained copies of poetry critical of marriage were Quakers.
D. The poetry featured in young women’s commonplace books frequently included allusions that were unlikely to be accessible to someone with only three years’ study in school.
E. In 1765 an unusually large proportion of the Quaker schools’ student body consisted of poor girls from non-Quaker backgrounds.
3 鸟类发声能力的研究[附考古]
V1 by 逛来晃去
学习发声的能力,说有两组鸟,学习发声之类的,研究发现都是起源于同样的脑部位置,解释有两个,一个好象说是一个系发展来哦,但是反驳说着两个鸟家族差很远;另外一个说是进化那时候带来的,说跟蝙蝠和鸟的翅膀一样,如何如何(这里有题)。后来说发现人也有这个位置,所以说都是很早进化的时候就形成了的。记得一个题是问为什么提蝙蝠和鸟的翅膀。 这里面有说蜂鸟。
考古 [已确认]
V1
第一段开始说以前的研究中发现songbird学习发声主要受到父母及周围环境影响,说这种学习很像婴儿学说话,先开始模仿,然后发展出具有自己特色的语言。如果让小鸟和其他种类的鸟呆在一起,那它会学会这种wrong word,如果不让他跟任何鸟接触,他最终会形成奇怪的声音,但好像是不能有效表达,好像是。
第二段说后来有个研究把鸟,蝙蝠,大象还是什么,还有人放在一起研究他们学习发声的过程。结果以外的发现,他们学习发声的时候,大脑里面活动的部分居然非常相似。这使得研究人员认为这些物种有共同的发声起源,好像意思是说脑的这部分进化要早育这些不同物种被进化出来的时间
V2
没有器官的描写。我记得问最后一段在文中的作用是什么,也就是问相关的更多研究的结论跟上面的学术论述有什么作用。还有里面说到有一个professor 还是研究人员说什么如果那三种鸟都是相同的祖先的话,一定有什么是在发展和演化中被忽略了的(或者说是丢失了的),但是后面又接着来了一种反面的观点... V3 (700+)
P1 开始讲三种鸟是已知鸟类中仅有的三种后天学习发声而不是基因里就会发声的。(vocalization learning instead of genetically programmed)而其他学习发声的都是哺乳动物,如人,蝙蝠等等。然后详细说这三种鸟学习唱歌(sing)就和小孩子学说话一样的,生下来后逐渐和父母学习才会唱歌,所以如果把这三种鸟的幼鸟交给别的鸟养大,他们发声就会很奇怪;如果把他们单独开养,就哑巴了。
P2 EJ是个这方面的研究者,他发现这三种鸟在发声时,脑中七个部分的活动是非常相似的,而这是很奇怪的,因为这三种鸟的生物种属离得很远。所以有两个假说:一是他们有共同的祖先。“但是这不太可能,因为这意味着……存在大批的灭绝”(记不清了,反正引号内高亮,意思很晦涩)(有题说前面高亮推断出什么,我想的是假设这个祖先的后代都是学习发声,那么现在应该有很多学习发声的鸟,为什么只有三种,因为其他的都灭绝了,而这是不太可能的)那么只剩下一种假说,就是凡是学习发声的脑部活动都一样。 P3. 有谈到关于人类发声时,脑部七个部位的活动和上文三种鸟也一致。这就更加说明第二个假说才是对的。最后一句谈到学习发声也是movement learning,结果有一道细节题就考这最后两个单词。
V4 (V34)
第一段说关于鸟类的语言,有的是通过模仿来的和genetical的不同.第二段说科学家吃惊的发现三种鸟在叫的时候,脑部有什么特殊的反应,而这三种鸟不是closely related,所以科学家觉得很奇怪啊.第三段说后来又发现这种反应人脑也有.
V5 (V34)
问题1:作者对这个实验的结果感到unexpected是因为什么?我选的哺乳动物和鸟类很少有共同的啥啥啥(具体记不清了哈~)问题2:(原文中高亮了第二段中间,第二段说了这个结果可能有俩因素导致:原因1 是引用了实验者说的话“如果鸟类有1个共同的祖先,那么就会有一个loss of...,后面同位语定义loss 是什么ability..高亮的就是实验者说的话)问高亮部分表明实验者认为:选E,不太可能有XXX。。(原谅我又记不清了,记得这道还是挺简单的)
V6 (V37)
鸟学说话,印象最深的是鸟学说话里面有道题,好像是高亮题,说这些动物虽然有similar brain structure, 但是都是单独进化的;就像“蝙蝠啊,鸟啊,单独进化完,翅膀都差不多”一样,问引号里那个句子有什么作用,干扰的选项有 to illustrate the brain structure......; analogy to ...vocal......, 想了很久,一开始常规思想选了analogy,后来迟迟不敢点next,总觉得好像有点问题,后来选了前者,大家到时候仔细斟酌。
举例鸟和蝙蝠的翅膀的例子是干嘛。 |