GMAT Prep-SC 知识点（5）- 指代/单复数/主谓一致

rossyx

4. Although the turtle has been toothless for more than 150 million years, in some contemporary turtle species the moderately sharp and jagged edges of their horny jaws function for teeth.
A. their horny jaws function for teeth
B. its horny jaws function for teeth
C. its horny jaws function as do teeth
D the horny jaws function as teeth do
E the horny jaws function as teeth
A: function as n. 固定用法
B: its 指代错, 应该是species
C: 同上
D: function as n. 固定用法，这里不是as引导句子做比较
E: correct
注意：function as … 和 A do as B do 的逻辑意思区别
区分A do as B do和一些有as的固定搭配的区别

5. The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern India alphabets.
A the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and
B the Aramaic script with it, and from which deriving both the northern and the
C with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the
D with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern and
E with it the Aramaic script, and deriving from it both the northern and
A: from which 的which指代it 错，was应该用were
B: and错，无平行需要
C: correct，后半部分是倒装，应该是both the northern and the southern India alphabets derive from the Aramaic script
D: derives用复数
E: and 前面不需要逗号，此外bringing 和 deriving 不应该是同一个主语
注意：
1、bring A with B 和bring with B A 都对 要判断后面的定语从句修饰的逻辑意思
2、from which的倒装结构
11. Before scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly in small amounts from the pituitary glands of human cadavers.
A. scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly
B. scientists had learned about making a synthetic growth hormone, they had to remove it painstakingly
C. scientist learned how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed
D. learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove it painstakingly
E. Learning how to synthesize the growth hormone, it have to be painstakingly removed by scientists
错选D(it指代synthetic growth hormone, 但从逻辑上讲应该指代the growth hormone，而不是合成了的H.)
A: make a synthetic不如直接用动词synthesize有效率；后半句不是完整句，主从句关系不成立
B: before加过去完成时没有道理，learn这个动作实际应该在主句动词时间之后
C: correct, it指代the growth hormone, painstakingly: carefully, thoroughly.
D: 从逻辑上看，句意中的hormone并不是被同一群人使用，而是表述了一种事件之后，hormone就可以怎样怎样了
E: learning的逻辑主语不是hormone

rossyx

15. Recently documented examples of neurogenesis（神经形成）, the production of new brain cells, include the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that learn new songs.
A. the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that
B. mice whose brains grow when they are placed in a stimulating environment or canaries whose neurons increase when they
C. mice's brains that grow when they are placed in a stimulating environment or canaries' neurons that increase when they
D. the brain growth in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or the increase in canaries' neurons when they
E. brain growth in mice that are placed in a stimulating environment or an increase in neurons in canaries that
A: when placed的逻辑主语是production而不是邻近的mice，句意错；动名词growing和increasing应该改成名词growth，increase
B: they指代不明，可以指代brains或mice；第二个they和第一个they不是一个对象
C: they指代brains不对；第二个they和第一个they不是一个对象
D: when placed的逻辑主语是production而不是邻近的mice，句意错；
they的指代错误，they应该指canaries，但这里是所有格，无法指代。
E: correct
16. Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendents, popular known as killer bees had migrated as far north as Southern Texas.
A. Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
B. In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
C. In less than the 35 years since African honeybees had been released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
D. It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, when
E. It took less than 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, and then
A: Correct
D: it 没有可替代的对象，when改成that可以解决语法上的错误
E: after the time that 罗嗦，用after就可以；it没有指代对象
17. The new image of Stone Age people as systematic hunters of large animals, rather than merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including three wooden spears that archaeologists believe to be about 400,000 years old.
A. merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including
C. as mere meat scavengers, has emerged from examining tools found in Germany that includes
D. mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, which includes
E. mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including
found in Germany是定语，which指向tools没有问题，该题区分C DE的关键是include的单复数，tools是复数，必须用include，E用介词including避免了这一问题。
E: correct

rossyx

19. Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.
A. while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having
B. while at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants that have
C. while they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time, which have
D. but introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time that have
E. but at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having
B: correct

20. An international team of astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter, the solar system’s largest planet.
A.) astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter
B.) astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to be 5 to 15 times Jupiter’s mass
C.) astronomers is working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, having detected at least 18 huge gas spheres that are estimated at 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter
D.) astronomers, working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, and has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated at 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter
E.) astronomers, working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres they have estimated to be 5 to 15 times Jupiter’s mass
A: correct
注意句尾未划线部分的指代。

21. Shipwrecks are more likely to be found undisturbed at great depths than in shallow costal waters, which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear, whether they be archaeologist, treasure hunter, or sport diver.
A. than in shallow costal waters, which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear, whether they be 指代的对象不一致
B. than in shallow costal waters, where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and are accessible to anyone in scuba gear, whether
C. as opposed to shallow waters along the coast, where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and accessible to anyone in scuba gear, including
D. instead of in shallow waters along the coast, which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and making them accessible to anyone in scuba gear, including an
E. instead of shallow coastal waters, because it exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and make them accessible to anyone in scuba gear, whether
B: correct

rossyx

24.  An international group of more than 2,000 scientists project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 and 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2000.
A. project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 and
B. project an average global warming to be from 1.8 to
C. project global warming that will average between 1.8 and
D. projects global warming to average from 1.8 to
E. projects an average global warming of between 1.8 and
ABC: project 应该用单数;
D: average 修饰对象改变，改变句意，变成修饰数字了
E: correct

25. Ozone reaches high concentrations twelve miles above Earth, where it has long appeared that it was immune from human influence; we have now realized, though, that emissions of industrial chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer.
A) has long appeared that it was immune from
B) has long appeared to have been immune from
C) has long appeared as being immune to
D) had long appeared immune to
E) had long appeared that it was immune to
很多情况下，过去时间由上下文表示出来，不需要表示过去时间的状语。该题中，分号后面是have now realized，强调now，用了现在完成时，分号前面的long强调与现在的对比，用过去的时态较合理。
appear的用法：
1、作系动词, =seem, +adj. 作表语，该题中appear用作系动词，immune是adj. 简洁明了。
2、作动词, appear to inf动词不定式, appear that从句, it appears that…。
AE的it appears that中it是形式主语，后面的it是指Ozone，语法上没有错误，但太啰嗦，况且出现两个it。

27. Since 1990 the global economy has grown more than it did during the 10000 years from the beginning of agriculture to 1950.
A. Since 1990 the global economy has grown more than it did during the 10000 years from the beginning of agriculture
B. Since 1990 the growth of global economy has been more than that during 10000 years, from when agriculture began
A: correct，it指代economy, did 指grow的过去时

rossyx

30. The Sports Medicine Programs of the Olympic Training Center, a complex where final try outs are held for athletes representing the US in the Olympics, is geared toward enhancing athletes' performance and toward their preparation for international competition.
A.) is geared toward enhancing athletes' performance and toward their preparation
B.) is geared to enhance the performance of athletes and to prepare them
C.) are geared to enhance athletes performance and their preparation
D.) are geared toward the enhancement of athletes' performance and toward preparing them
E.) are geared toward enhancing the performance of athletes and preparing them
E: correct

39. Taste buds are onion-shaped structures with between 50 and 100 taste cells, each of them has fingerlike projections poking through the opening located at the top of the taste bud called the taste pore.
A. them has fingerlike projections poking through the opening located at the top of the taste bud called the taste pore
B. them that have fingerlike projections that poke through an opening located at the top of the taste bud, which they call the taste pore
C. which has fingerlike projections poking through the opening, called the taste pore, located at the top of taste bud
D. which having fingerlike projections that poke through an opening, which is called the taste pore, located at the top of the taste bud
E. which have fingerlike projections that are poking through an opening located at the top of the taste bud called the taste pore
B: they无指代对象；which 指代错误
C: correct
E: each of which have 应该改成has; called 修饰的对象不对

45. Hydrocarbons, with which fruit flies perfume themselves in species-specific blends, are known to be important in courtship, and apparently this assists flies that taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates to distinguish their own species from that of others.
A. and apparently this assists flies that taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates to distinguish their own species from that of
B. and apparently this assists flies when they taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates in distinguishing their own species from those of
C. which apparently assists flies that tastes the hydrocarbons on prospective mates in being able to distinguish their own species from
D. apparently assisting flies to taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates to distinguish their own species from those of
E. apparently assisting flies that taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates in distinguishing their own species from
A: this无指代；distinguish A from B, A和B要同类，that无指代
B: 同上；tastes用动词复数
C: which无指代
D: those指代species和others意思重复
E: correct（分词结构）

rossyx

53. The ability of scientists to provide models of the atmosphere’s complex responses to changing conditions, like seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions, have become ever more accurate.
A.  The ability of scientists to provide models of the atmosphere’s complex responses to changing conditions, like seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions, have become ever more accurate.
B.  The ability of scientists has become ever more accurate in providing models of the atmosphere’s complex responses to changing conditions, such as seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions.
C.  Scientists have become able to provide ever more accurate models of the atmosphere’s complex responses to such changing conditions as seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions.
D.  Scientists have become ever more accurate in their ability for providing models of the atmosphere’s complex responses to changing conditions, like seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions.
E.  Scientists’ ability to provide models of the atmosphere’s complex responses to such changing conditions as seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions have become ever more accurate.
AE: have改成has 我认为AB错最的原因还有ability be accurate不合逻辑
C: correct

54.  Regardless of their form or function, all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing have been called boomerangs by non-Australians ever since 1788, when European saw Dharug-speaking men tossing 'bumariny' in the area later known as Sydney.
A  Regardless of their form or function, all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing have been called boomerangs by non-Australians ever since 1788
B  Regardless of their form or function, any aerodynamically enhanced, curved object made for throwing has been called a boomerang by non-Australians ever since 1788
C  Ever since 1788, non-Australians have called all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing boomerangs, regardless of their form or function, from
D  Ever since 1788, any aerodynamically enhanced, curved object made for throwing has been called a boomerang by non-Australians, regardless of its form or function, from
E Non-Australians have called all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing boomerangs since 1788, regardless of their form or function, from
A: correct
B: their 和object不一致
C: their可能指代Australians，我认为是有指代boomerangs的嫌疑（反正前面好几个复数就是不好）。

80. Radiocarbon dating of fossils taken from caves on islands along southeastern Alaska’s coast suggest that at least a portion of the area was remaining ice-free during the last ice age.
A. suggest that at least a portion of the area was remaining
B. suggest at least a portion of the area remaining
C. suggests that at least a portion of the area remained
D. suggests at least a portion of the area that had remained
E. suggests at least a portion of the area to have remained
radiocarbon dating是一个名词。
AB: suggest用单数
C: correct

rossyx

81. The population of India has been steadily increasing for decades, and it will probably have what is estimated as 1.6 billion people by 2050 and surpass China as the world's most populous nation.
A. it will probably have what is estimated as
B. they are likely to have
C. the country will probably have
D. there will probably be
E. there will be an estimated
A: probably 和estimated 重复；estimated as错，应该to be
B: they无指代
C: correct
DE: there will be 和后面的and surpass不平行

108. One of the earliest known birds with a beak and contour feathers, Confuciusornis sanctus, with large clawlike “thumbs” on its wings, which probably helped them to climb up to a launching position for flight.
A. with large clawlike “thumbs” on its wings, which probably helped them to
B. with large clawlike “thumbs” on their wings, which probably helped it to
C. had large clawlike “thumbs” on its wings, which probably helped them
D. had large clawlike “thumbs” on its wings, probably to help it
E. had large clawlike “thumbs” on their wings, probably to help it
D: correct

115. Meteor showers and individual streaks of light that flash across the sky every night are generated when tiny flecks of celestial detritus, often no larger than grains of sand or of pebbles, burn up speeding through the atmosphere.
A. grains of sand or of pebbles, burn up speeding
B. grains of sand or pebbles, burn up while speeding
C. grains of sand or pebbles, which burn up while speeding
D. a grain of sand or pebble, which burns up as it speeds
E. a grain of sand or a pebble, burns up when it speeds
B: correct
CD: when从句没谓语
E: 单复数不一致，it错

rossyx

130. The budget for education reflects the administration's demand that the money is controlled by local school districts, but it can only be spent on teachers, not on books, computers, or other materials or activities.
A. the money is controlled by local school districts, but it can only be spent
B. the money be controlled by local school districts, but it allows them to spend the money only
C. the money is to be controlled by local school districts, but allowing it only to be spent
D. local school districts are in control of the money, but it allows them to spend the money only
E. local school districts are to be in control of the money, but it can only spend it
it指代budget，allow: verb. if one thing allows another thing to happen, the first thing creates opportunity for the second thing to happen.
The compromise will allow him to continue his free market reforms.
A: demand that + 动词原形
B: correct
C: 同上；but 加分词和前面没有平行
D: 原形
E: 同上；两个it指代不一致

139. Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's.
A. hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's
B. hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, like exercise, and they have a pain-relieving effect that is like morphine
C. hot sauces and exercise both stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine
D. the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated both by hot sauces and exercise, and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's
E. the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated by hot sauces, just as with exercise, and these have a pain-relieving effect like that of morphine
A: correct
BC: they 指代不清；effect like morphine不对称
DE: release 不能做adding的逻辑主语；they指代不清
注意：
1、these单独使用也可以是正确的，而不是一看到this/these就是错误，要看具体的题意，本题these做为代词指代endorphins

146. With an awareness that there are connotations associated with the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B, companies conducting consumer taste tests of foods or beverages typically choose numbers such as 697 or 483 to label the products.
A. With an awareness that there are connotations associated with the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B
B. Because the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B have connotations they are aware of
C. Because of an awareness of the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B having connotations
D. Aware of the connotations of the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B
E. Since the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B have connotations associated with them and they are aware of it
A: with an awareness 不够简洁，connotations associated with…也不如connotations of…简洁
B: they指代不明
C: because of + doing 错
D: correct（aware of…是形容词作状语）
E: them和they指代不明，it的指代也不明

rossyx

147. The continental United States receives an average of 30 inches of precipitation a year; transpiration from soil and from plants returns approximately 21 of the 30 inches to the atmosphere, while the balance of 9 inches contributes to the flow of streams and rivers.
A. transpiration from soil and from plants returns approximately 21 of the 30 inches to the atmosphere, while the balance of 9 inches contributes to the flow
B. even though transpiration from soil and from plants returns approximately 21 of the 30 inches to the atmosphere, the remainder of 9 inches contribute to the flowing
C. although transpiration from soil and from plants return approximately 21 of the 30 inches to the atmosphere, the balance of 9 inches contribute to the flowing
D. with transpiration from soil and from plants to return approximately 21 inches to the atmosphere, the rest of the 9 inches contributes to the flow
E. as transpiration from soil and from plants return approximately 21 of the 30 inches to the atmosphere, the rest of the 9 inches contribute to the flow
balance=remaider
A: correct
B: remainder和contribute主谓不一致；flow有名词flow就不用flowing动名词
C: balance和contribute主谓不一致（even though, although表达的意思与原文不符）
D: with替代连词错
E: 主谓不一致

148. India, like Italy and China, has no single dominant cuisine:  Indian food comprises many different styles of cooking, with each a product of their regional influences, from the fiery vegetarian dishes of the south to the Portuguese-influenced Goan cooking of the west, to the more familiar Mogul food of the north.
A. with each a product of their
B. with each as a product of its
C. each products of their
D. each a product of
E. each products of
A: their指代styles错；with each 的with多余
B: each as的as多余
C: each 后面接单数名词
D: correct
E: 同上

156. Part of the proposed increase in state education spending is due to higher enrollment, since the number of students in public schools have grown steadily since the mid-1980’s and, at nearly 47 million, are at a record high.
A.        enrollment, since the number of students in public schools have grown steadily since the mid-1980’s and, at nearly 47 million, are at
B.        enrollment, with a number of students in public schools growing steadily since the mid-1980’s and, at nearly 47 million, reaching
C.        enrollment: since students in public schools have grown steadily since the mid-1980’s and, at nearly 47 million, have reached
D.        enrollment: the number of students in public schools has grown steadily since the mid-1980’s and, at nearly 47 million, has reached
E.        enrollment: students in public schools have grown steadily in number since the mid-1980’s and, at nearly 47 million, are at
A: the number要用has
BCE: with不好；a number of 改变句意，students grown动作的逻辑主语不合理
D: correct

rossyx

159. Now that so much data travels via light—i.e., is carried in glass fibers rather than by electrical current—one goal of semiconductor research is to develop a silicon chip that can transmit and receive light signals directly, a development that mav one dav lead to smaller, faster semiconductors.
A. to develop a silicon chip that can transmit and receive light signals directly, a development that may one day lead
B. to develop a silicon chip with the capability of transmitting and receiving light signals directly, which may one day lead
C. the development of a silicon chip that has the capability of transmitting and receiving light signals directly, a development maybe one day leading
D. developing a silicon chip that can transmit and receive light signals directly, which may one day lead
E. developing a silicon chip with the ability to transmit and receive light signals directly, with this development maybe one day leading
A: correct
B: with/has the capability of不如从句，况且capability后跟to do；which没有指代
C: one day leading 不能表达出未来的含义（the goal is to do跟不定式是最好的表达目的的方式）
D: which没有指代
E: with doing结构不好

161. With a new park, stadium, and entertainment complex along the Delaware River, Trenton, New Jersey, is but one of a large number of communities that is looking to use its waterfront as a way for it to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.
A. is looking to use its waterfront as a way for it to improve the quality of urban life and attract
B. is looking at using its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract
C. are looking to use their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract
D. are looking to use its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting
E. are looking at using their waterfronts as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attract
ABED: communities 用are; its应该修饰communities；as a way for it to 就等于to do
C: correct
looking to do sth: if you are looking to do sth, you are aiming to do it.