GMAT Prep-SC 知识点（2）-平行

rossyx

首先是意思上的平行，然后是结构上的对等。
7.  Each year companies in the United State could save as much as $58 billion annually by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply provided offices with cleaner air.
A.　annually by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply provided
B.　annually if they prevented employee illness and gain as much as $200 billion through worker performance improved by simply providing
C.  annually in employee illness prevention and gain as much as $200 billion through worker performance improved by simply providing
D. in employee illness prevention and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply provided
E. by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improved worker performance if they simply provided
A: each year 和annually 意思重复，improving 表过程不表结果，应用improved，
B C: 同上
D: in employee illness prevention要表达的意思错，
E: correct
注意：
1、表达通过什么方式的时候用by doing最简洁，
2、过去分词表结果，现在分词表过程，有逻辑意思上的差别，本题中不是通过提高performance，而是通过提高以后的performance

10.  The yield per acre of coffee berries varies enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could produce enough berries to make between one and twelve pounds of dried beans a year.
A. enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could produce
B. enormously in that a single tree, dependent on its size and also on climate and altitude, is able to produce
C. enormously, because a single tree, depending on its size and on climate and altitude, is able to produce
D. enormously, because a single tree, being dependent on its size, climate, and altitude, is capable of producing
E.enormously, because a single tree, dependent both on its size as well as on climate and altitude, could produce

rossyx

14 The largest trade-book publisher in the US has announced the creation of a new digital imprint division, under which it will publish about 20 purely digital works to be sold online as either electronic books or downloadable copies that can be printed upon purchase.
A)  works to be sold online as either electronic books or
B)  works to sell them online, either as electronic books or
C)  works and it will sell them online as either electronic books or as
D)  works, and selling them online as either electronic books or as
E)  works, and it will sell them online as either electronic books or
A: correct
D的and selling没有平行对象。

30. The Sports Medicine Programs of the Olympic Training Center, a complex where final try outs are held for athletes representing the US in the Olympics, is geared toward enhancing athletes' performance and toward their preparation for international competition.
A.) is geared toward enhancing athletes' performance and toward their preparation
B.) is geared to enhance the performance of athletes and to prepare them
C.) are geared to enhance athletes performance and their preparation
D.) are geared toward the enhancement of athletes' performance and toward preparing them
E.) are geared toward enhancing the performance of athletes and preparing them
gear: verb. (usually passive.)if someone or sth is geared to (+noun.)or towards a particular purpose, they are organized or designed in order to achieve that purpose.
C: enhance their preparation 不合逻辑(enhance应该与prepare并列，但C中performance与preparation并列)
E: correct

rossyx

34. Patience Lovell Wright, whose traveling waxworks exhibit preceded Madame Tuscan’s work by 30 year, became well known as much because of having an eccentric personality as for having skillfully rendered popular public figures in wax.
(A)well known as much because of having an eccentric personality as for having skillfully rendered popular public figures in wax
(B)well known as much for having an eccentric personality as for skillful wax renderings of popular public figures.
(C)well known as much because of her eccentric personality as she was for her skillful wax renderings of popular public figures.
(D)as well known for having an eccentric personality as having skillfully rendered popular public figures in wax.
(E)as well known for her eccentric personality as for her skillful wax renderings of popular public figures.
rendering: noun. a rendering of a play, poem, or piece of music is a performance of it.
ABCD: as much A as B，A和B要对称
E: correct

36.  Scientists at the Los Alamos National Laboratory have succeeded for the first time in mining heat from the Earth’s interior and producing energy on a commercial scale, enough for efficient generation of electricity and heating factories and homes.
A. and producing energy on a commercial scale, enough for efficient generation of electricity and heating
B. and producing enough energy on a commercial scale for electricity to be generated efficiently and to heat
C. for energy production on a commercial scale, enough for generating electricity efficiently and to heat
D. to produce energy on a commercial scale, enough for generating electricity efficiently and for heating
E. to produce enough energy on a commercial scale for efficient generation of electricity and heat
AB: 第二个and没有平行的对象
C: production不如produce表达的清楚；for generating 和 to heat 不平行
D: correct
E: generation 不如generating 表达的清晰；and heat应该和for平行而不是和to produce

rossyx

37. In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting East African cave paintings.
A.  Leakey contributed to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting
B.  Leakey contributed to archaeology by her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and by painstakingly documenting
C.  Leakey was a contributor to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and with her painstaking documentation of
D.  Leakey’s contributions to archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and her painstaking documentation of
E.  Leakey’s contributions to archaeology include her discovering the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstaking documentation of
ABE: her discovery和painstakingly documenting不平行
C: contributor改变原文意思；
D: correct
变形题：In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and through her painstaking documentation of East African cave paintings.
A. Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and through her painstaking documentation of
B. Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology by her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting
C. Mary Leakey was a contributor to archaeology by discovering the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and with her painstaking documentation of
D. Mary Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting
E. Mary Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovering the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstaking documentation of
A: correct
BCDE:不平行，C: contributor改变原文意思
注意：in addition to A, B … A和B不一定是同一类事物

38. George Washington dedicated his life to the economic strengthening of the south with improvement of soil and diversification of corps.
A. the economic strengthening of the south with improvement of soil and diversification of corps.
B. strengthening the economy in the south with soil improvement and diversification of corps.
C. the strengthening the economy of the south through soil improvement and crop diversification.
D. the strengthening of the economy of the south through improving soil and crop diversifying
E. the economic strengthening in the south with improving soil and diversifying corp.
in the south与of the south的含义不同。dedicate sth to sth. / doing sth.
AE: 应该是strengthening the economy
BD: 不平行（with的用法不好，表达的意思与through不同）
C: correct

rossyx

43. Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
A due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are
B due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are
C because they enhance reproduction or survival, but
D because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are
E because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are
C: but分句后面没有动词, 会让人产生和because they enhance … but …的歧义
but可以作连词，也可作介词。在这个句子里是用作连词的，not…, but…. 。但是C中的but可被看作介词（except的意思），产生歧义（即：enhance reproduction or survival, but by-products of..）。加上are后，说明but后跟句子，一定是not …but…中的连词。
D: correct

60. First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in the Philippines and that resembles a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye.
A. found in the Philippines and that resembles
B. found in the Philippines and that, resembling
C. found in the Philippines and resembling
D. that is found in the Philippines and it resembles
E. that is found in the Philippines and that, resembling
C: correct（过去分词与现在分词并列）
ABDE的and that都没有并列对象，BE的that后要有谓语，D的it多余。

61. Among lower-paid workers, union members are less likely than nonunion members to be enrolled in lower-end insurance plans imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients, and spend less time with each.
(A) imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients, and spend
(B) imposing stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients, and spending
(C) that impose stricter limits on medical services, require doctors to see more patients, and spend
(D) that impose stricter limits on medical services and require doctors to see more patients, spending
(E) that impose stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients and spending
A: and spend没有平行的对象
B: and spending和前面逻辑不平行(spending…是作see的伴随状语)
C: and spend和前面逻辑不平行
D: correct，spending做前面句子的伴随状语
E: requiring和spending不平行

68. The cottontail rabbit population in Orange County, California, has increased unchecked in recent years as a result of the removal of the native fox population and the clearing of surrounding woodlands.
A. years as a result of the removal of
B. years as a result of removing
C. years, resulting from the removing of
D. years, which is result of removing
E. years, which is a result of the removal of
A: correct
B: removing 分词结构和后面the clearing of名词结构不对称
C: the removing 动名词应该改removal
(the removal of sth is the act of removing it有名词形式的词，就不要用动名词)

rossyx

76. Scientists believe that unlike the males of most species of moth, the male whistling moths of Numbing, Australia, call female moths to them by the use of acoustical signals, but not olfactory ones, and they attract their mates during the day, rather than at night.
a) by the use of acoustical signals, but not olfactory ones, and they attract
b) by the use of acoustical signals instead of using olfactory ones, and attracting
c) by using acoustical signals, not using olfactory ones, and by attracting
d) using acoustical signals, rather than olfactory ones, and attract
e) using acoustical signals, but not olfactory ones, and attracting
OG原题

83. Ranked among great mathematical scientists such as Archimedes, Kepler, and Newton, Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., had experimented extensively with light and vision, laying the foundation for modern optics and also the notion of science being based on experiment as well as on philosophical arguments.
A. al-Haytham, who was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., had experimented extensively with light and vision, laying the foundation for modern optics and also the notion of science being based on experiment as well as
B. al-Haytham, born in Iraq in 965 C.E., experimented extensively with light and vision, laying the foundation for modern optics and for the notion that science should be based on experiment as well as
C. al-Haytham, born in Iraq in 965 C.E., and who experimented extensively with light and vision, thereby laid the foundation for modern optics and also for the notion that science should be based on not only experiment but also
D. al-Haytham was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., and had experimented extensively with light and vision, laying the foundation for modern optics and for the notion that science should be based on not only experiment but also
E. al-Haytham was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., experimenting extensively with light and vision and laying the foundation for modern optics and for the notion of science being based on experiment as well as
E将原句的谓语改为分词形式作状语，而将原句的定语改为了谓语，改变了句子强调重心。况且由experimenting作was born的伴随状语，也不合逻辑。
A: 过去完成时没有必要；being based应该去掉being，of +名词+分词应该替换同位语从句；and also the notion和前面有平行的歧义
B: correct
C: 没有谓语；on not only… but also on不平行
D: and前面的逗号多余；had experimented 应该过去时；on not only… but also on不平行
E: being based应该去掉being

rossyx

84. Until Berta and Emst Scharrer established the concept of neurosecretion in 1928, scientists believed that either cells secreted hormones, which made them endocrine cells and thus part of the endocrine system, or conducted electrical impulses, in which case they were nerve cells and thus part of the nervous system.
A. either cells secreted hormones, which made them
B. either cells secreted hormones, making them
C. either cells secreted hormones and were
D. cells either secreted hormones, in which case they were
E. cells either secreted hormones, which made them
ABC: either… or … 不平行; which 不符合句意
D: correct，they指代cells
E: which 不符合句意
in which case: you say in that case or in which case to indicate that what you are going to say is true if the possible situation that has just been mentioned actually exists.
Members are concerned that a merger might mean higher costs, in which case they would opposite it.

87. While they remove carbon dioxide from the air, conserve soil and water, and house thousands of species, forests also supply potentially valuable pharmaceuticals, and, as sources of building material and firewood, that provide employment for millions worldwide.
A. pharmaceuticals, and, as sources of building material and firewood, that provide
B. pharmaceuticals, and sources of building material and firewood, are providers of
C. pharmaceuticals and, as sources of building material and firewood that are provide
D. pharmaceuticals and as sources of building material and firewood, for providing
E. pharmaceuticals and[, as sources of building material and firewood,插入语] provide
A: and that和前面不平行
B: 去掉as以后不合理改变句意；provider不如provide有效
C: and后面没有谓语
D: and前后不平行，没有谓语
E: correct

92. The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, are being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants like agricultural runoff, oil sticks, and trash, but also by dropped anchors, probing drivers, and global warming.
A. are being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants like
B. are being threatened, experts say, by not only pollutants such as
C. is not only being threatened, experts say, by pollutants such as
D. is not only being threatened, experts say, by pollutants like
E. is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as
AB: are应该是is；like不能举例
BCD: not only 和后面不对称
E: correct

rossyx

93. Those skeptical of the extent of global warming argue that short-term temperature data are an inadequate means of predicting long-term trends and point out that the scientific community remains divided on whether significant warming will occur and what impact will it have if it does.
A. on whether significant warming will occur and what impact will it have if it does.
B. on whether warming that occurs will be significant and the impact it would have
C. as to whether significant warming will occur or the impact it would have if it did
D. over whether there will be significant warming or the impact it will have
E. over whether significant warming will occur and what impact it would have
我认为应该选E。如下原因：
1）句子原意：remain divided的有两件事--whether significant warming will occur和what impact，所以要用and，排除CD
2）虚拟语气：would+动词原形have，表对将来的假想，排除ACD
3）A中的will it语序不正确，应该是what impact it will have
4）E中的it指代significant warming
divide over的用法是在collins字典上查到的（反而没有查到divide on的用法）：
divide over: if people divide over sth or if sth divides them, it causes strong disagreement between them.
例句是：The democrats are divided over whether to admit him into their group。

94.  Once made exclusively from the wool of sheep that roam the Isle of Lewis and Harris off the coast of Scotland, Harris tweed is now made only with wools that are imported, sometimes from the mainland and sometimes they come—as a result of a 1996 amendment to the Harris Tweed Act—from outside Scotland.
A. sometimes from the mainland and sometimes they come
B. sometimes from the mainland and sometimes
C. that come sometimes from the mainland or sometimes
D. from the mainland sometimes, or sometimes it comes
E. from the mainland sometimes, or sometimes coming
B: correct

100. In an effort to increase profits, the company moved itself from emphasizing its chemicals business to expand into high-growth pharmaceuticals and futuristic biotechnologies.
A. itself from emphasizing its chemicals business to expand
B. itself from emphasizing its chemicals business then to expanding
C. from an emphasis on its chemicals business and to expanding
D. from an emphasis on its chemicals business and to expand
E. from emphasizing its chemicals business to expanding
E: correct

106. A new study finds that the more hostility people show in their behavior and attitudes, then calcium deposits are more likely to be in the arteries of their hearts.
A. then calcium deposits are more likely to be
B. then the more likely calcium deposits are
C. the more there are likely to be calcium deposits
D. the more likely they are to have calcium deposits
E. the more likely there are to be calcium deposits
D: correct

rossyx

112. The ecosystems of barrier islands are extremely vulnerable-whether from natural processes like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, or the ever-increasing pressures of development.
A. whether from natural processes like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, or
B. whether from natural processes such as shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, or also
C. to processes that are natural like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, and also
D. to processes that are natural ones like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, as well as to
E. to natural processes such as shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, as well as to
E: correct

114. A Food and Drug Administration rule implemented in December 2000 mandates that any new drug that they intend to be used both by adults and children must undergo pediatric study and that its manufactures list children’s doses on the label.
A. drug that they intend to be used both by adults and children must
B. drug whose intended use is for adults and children as well
C. drug intended for use by both adults and children
D. drug, if they intend that it be used by adults and also children, must
E. drug, if intended for use both by adults and children, must
be intended for sth.
C: correct

118. Genetic engineering sometimes entails plant or animal genes’ getting spliced into other species’ DNA, either to improve crop yields or for warding off insects or disease.
A. plant or animal genes’ getting spliced into other species’ DNA, either to improve crop yields or for warding off
B. plant or animal genes that get spliced into the DNA of other species, either for improving crop yields or the warding off of
C. the splicing of plant or animal genes into other species’ DNA, to either improve crop yields or to ward off
D. splicing plant or animal genes into the DNA of other species, either to improve crop yields or to ward off
E. splicing of plant or animal genes into the DNA of other species, for either the improvement of crop yields or to ward off
entail: verb. to involve sth or cause it that cannot be avoided.
entail sth.     entail doing sth.
It will entail driving a long distance every day.这意味着每天都要长途开车.
D: correct

121. Gasoline marketing is undergoing major changes as stations often not only add convenience stores but also combine with major fast-food chains to build complexes where customers can shop and eat as well as buy gasoline.
A. not only add convenience stores but also combine with major fast-food chains to build
B. not only add convenience stores but also they combine with major fast-food chains to build
C. are not only adding convenience stores but also in combination with major fast-food chains they build
D. add not only convenience stores, but also combining with major fast-food chains to build
E. are not only adding convenience stores, but also in combining with major fast-food chains they build
A: correct

rossyx

122. Scientists say that each of the photographs taken of the Ares Villas plain by the Mars Pathfinder indicate the overwhelming extent to flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree that rocks were scattered by its force.
A. indicate the overwhelming extent to flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree that
B. indicate that the extent of the floods on the planet billions of years ago was overwhelming and the degree to which
C. indicate the overwhelming extent of the floods on the planet billions of years ago and the degree to which
D. indicates the overwhelming extent of the flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree to which
E. indicates the overwhelming extent to flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree that
B: indicate that所跟的内容不平行(从句和名词the extent was…and the degree…)
D: correct

124. The federal rules aimed at protecting human subjects of medical experiments were established to ensure that patients must be warned of potential risks and an independent panel would evaluate the experiment before it was conducted.
A. must be warned of potential risks and an independent panel would
B. must be warned of potential risks and that an independent panel
C. are warned about potential risks and that an independent panel
D. will be warned about potential risks and an independent panel would
E. would be warned of potential risks and that an independent panel would
错选C(以为ensure后面也要跟动词原形的虚拟语气，其实不然，ensure后的内容要与主句的时态一致)
A: must ， would不平行(我认为must be和ensure有语意上的重复)
E: correct

128. When the temperature of a gas is increased, it is either accompanied by an increase in pressure if the gas is enclosed in a container, or an increase in volume if the gas is able to expand.
A. When the temperature of a gas is increased, it is either accompanied by an increase in pressure if the gas is enclosed in a container, or
B. When the temperature of a gas is increased, it is accompanied either by an increase in pressure if it is enclosed in a container or
C. When the temperature of a gas is increased, the increase is either accompanied by an increase in pressure if the gas is enclosed in a container or by
D. Any increase in the temperature of a gas is either accompanied by an increase in pressure if it is enclosed in a container, or by
E. Any increase in the temperature of a gas is accompanied either by an increase in pressure if the gas is enclosed in a container or by
C: 没必要用when状语从句，啰嗦；accompanied 应该放在either前面
D: it的指代不清楚
E: correct