GMAT Prep-SC 知识点（2）-平行

rossyx

首先是意思上的平行，然后是结构上的对等。
7.  Each year companies in the United State could save as much as $58 billion annually by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply provided offices with cleaner air.
A.　annually by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply provided
B.　annually if they prevented employee illness and gain as much as $200 billion through worker performance improved by simply providing
C.  annually in employee illness prevention and gain as much as $200 billion through worker performance improved by simply providing
D. in employee illness prevention and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply provided
E. by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improved worker performance if they simply provided
A: each year 和annually 意思重复，improving 表过程不表结果，应用improved，
B C: 同上
D: in employee illness prevention要表达的意思错，
E: correct
注意：
1、表达通过什么方式的时候用by doing最简洁，
2、过去分词表结果，现在分词表过程，有逻辑意思上的差别，本题中不是通过提高performance，而是通过提高以后的performance

10.  The yield per acre of coffee berries varies enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could produce enough berries to make between one and twelve pounds of dried beans a year.
A. enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could produce
B. enormously in that a single tree, dependent on its size and also on climate and altitude, is able to produce
C. enormously, because a single tree, depending on its size and on climate and altitude, is able to produce
D. enormously, because a single tree, being dependent on its size, climate, and altitude, is capable of producing
E.enormously, because a single tree, dependent both on its size as well as on climate and altitude, could produce

rossyx

谢谢斑竹加精呀

bigpig

建议加精

bigpig

辛苦楼主呀

rossyx

OG11-115. George Sand (Aurore Lucile Dupin) was one of the first European writers to consider the rural poor to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these with sympathy and respect in her novels.
(A)        to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these
(B)        should be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these
(C)        as being legitimate subjects for literature and portraying them
(D)        as if they were legitimate subjects for literature and portray them
(E)        legitimate subjects for literature and to portray them
This phrase should have a parallel in to portray them with sympathy and respect. While it is not essential to repeat to, the repetition elegantly reinforces the parallelism.
由OG11的解释可见，介词是否补出并不是正确错误的标准，尤其是在没有歧义产生的时候，之所以补齐介词，只是为了更加强调平行。

154. A new genetically engineered papaya was produced not by seed companies who have been motivated by profit, which was the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but university and United States Department of Agriculture researchers who allowed growers to sue it free of charge.
A. produced not by seed companies who have been motivated by profit, which was the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but
B. produced not by profited-motivated seed companies, the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but
C. produced not by profited-motivated seed companies, as was the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but by
D. not produced by profited-motivated seed companies, which was the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but was produced by
E. not produced by seed companies who have been motivated by profit, the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but by
C: correct

170. Pioneered by scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory, BEAM robots are not programmed to walk: instead they use brainlike circuits called neural networks to learn to walk through trial and error.
A. BEAM robots are not programmed to walk; instead they use brainlike circuits called neural networks to learn to walk through trial and error
B. BEAM robots learn to walk through trial and error by using brainlike circuits called neural networks instead of by programming them
C. BEAM robots are not being programmed to walk but instead using brainlike circuits called neural networks and learning to walk through trial and error
D. brainlike circuits called neural networks are used instead of programming for BEAM robots learning to walk through trial and error
E. brainlike circuits called neural networks are being used for BEAM robots that learn to walk through trial and error instead of being programmed
pioneer: verb. when sb pioneers sth, they are one of the first people to do, discover or use sth new
例: a new technique pioneered by surgeons in a London hospital.
A: correct
B: by programming them的逻辑主语和using 不一致; instead of 一般接名词而不是介词
(因为instead of本身就是介词)
C: being啰嗦；using and learning逻辑意思上不应该平行
D: pioneered不应修饰circuits
E: 同上

rossyx

129. Some patients who do not respond to therapies for depression may simply have received inadequate treatment, having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be effective or having been taken off a drug too soon.
A. having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be effective or having been
B. having, for example, a drug prescription that was ineffective because the dosage was too low, or being
C. as, for example, having too low of a dosage of a prescribed drug for it to be effective, or being
D. when they have, for example, been prescribed too low a drug dosage to be effective, or were
E. for example, when they have a drug prescription with a dosage too low to be effective, or been
A: correct
B: having been done… or being done不对称
C: as后面得跟完整句子
D: they have … or were 不对称
这个题的D，除了时态上不对称（现在完成时与过去时并列have been prescribed... or were taken off...），偶认为还有一点不好，就是没能表达原文的意思。
因为D（E也是）项中的when...引导的是时间状语从句，是指前面主句所述内容在when...这种情况下发生，但原文的意思（尤其是用了for example）是列举了两种inadequate treatment的情况（用了动名词形式），而不是在什么情况下会receive inadequate treatment。
E: have在本句是实意动词，不能充当or后面需要的助动词have

134. The rise of the Incan empire rested not only on the Incas' military might and the ability of their rulers but also they imposed a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic groups and permitting them to retain many of their customs and often their own leaders.
A. they imposed a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic groups and permitting them
B. on their imposition of a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic groups, who were permitted
C. because of their imposition of a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic groups, who they permitted
D. on their imposing of a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic groups and they permitted them
E. imposing a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic groups, permitting them
A: and permitting前面没有平行对象
B: correct
C: not only不对称；they 没有指代
D: and they permitted和前面没有平行的对象；their imposing错，they和them指代对象不同。
E: not only不对称

143. By pressing a tiny amount of nitrogen between two diamonds to a pressure of 25 million pounds per square inch, scientists not only were able to transform the gas into a solid, but they also created a semiconductor similar to silicon.
A. not only were able to transform the gas into a solid, but they also created
B. not only were able to transform the gas into a solid but also creating
C. were able not only to transform the gas into a solid but to create
D. were able not only to transform the gas into a solid but also creating
E. were not only able to transform the gas into a solid, but they were also able to create
C: correct

149. Stock levels for domestic crude oil are far lower than in past years, leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supplies being disrupted in the Middle East or to any unexpected consumer demand growth possibly prompted by colder-than-normal temperatures.
A. leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supplies being disrupted in the Middle East or to any unexpected consumer demand growth possibly
B. leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supply disruptions in the Middle East or any unexpected growth in consumer demand that might be
C. leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supplies that are disrupted in the Middle East or to any unexpected growth in consumer demand as was possibly
D. resulting in the fact that domestic oil prices are vulnerable to any hints of oil supplies being disrupted in the Middle East or to any unexpected consumer demand growth possibly
E. resulting in the fact of domestic oil prices that are vulnerable to any hints of oil supply disruptions in the Middle East or to any unexpected growth in consumer demand that might be
A: being disrupted 的being 多余
B: correct（vulnerable to… or to…，第二个to省略掉了？）
C: hints of supplies 改变了原意，are disrupted 不如disruptions符合逻辑意思；as was 没必要用过去时，as应该改成that，定语从句
D: resulting in the fact 不如直接用leaving简洁
E: 同上；fact of … 错

rossyx

122. Scientists say that each of the photographs taken of the Ares Villas plain by the Mars Pathfinder indicate the overwhelming extent to flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree that rocks were scattered by its force.
A. indicate the overwhelming extent to flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree that
B. indicate that the extent of the floods on the planet billions of years ago was overwhelming and the degree to which
C. indicate the overwhelming extent of the floods on the planet billions of years ago and the degree to which
D. indicates the overwhelming extent of the flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree to which
E. indicates the overwhelming extent to flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree that
B: indicate that所跟的内容不平行(从句和名词the extent was…and the degree…)
D: correct

124. The federal rules aimed at protecting human subjects of medical experiments were established to ensure that patients must be warned of potential risks and an independent panel would evaluate the experiment before it was conducted.
A. must be warned of potential risks and an independent panel would
B. must be warned of potential risks and that an independent panel
C. are warned about potential risks and that an independent panel
D. will be warned about potential risks and an independent panel would
E. would be warned of potential risks and that an independent panel would
错选C(以为ensure后面也要跟动词原形的虚拟语气，其实不然，ensure后的内容要与主句的时态一致)
A: must ， would不平行(我认为must be和ensure有语意上的重复)
E: correct

128. When the temperature of a gas is increased, it is either accompanied by an increase in pressure if the gas is enclosed in a container, or an increase in volume if the gas is able to expand.
A. When the temperature of a gas is increased, it is either accompanied by an increase in pressure if the gas is enclosed in a container, or
B. When the temperature of a gas is increased, it is accompanied either by an increase in pressure if it is enclosed in a container or
C. When the temperature of a gas is increased, the increase is either accompanied by an increase in pressure if the gas is enclosed in a container or by
D. Any increase in the temperature of a gas is either accompanied by an increase in pressure if it is enclosed in a container, or by
E. Any increase in the temperature of a gas is accompanied either by an increase in pressure if the gas is enclosed in a container or by
C: 没必要用when状语从句，啰嗦；accompanied 应该放在either前面
D: it的指代不清楚
E: correct

rossyx

112. The ecosystems of barrier islands are extremely vulnerable-whether from natural processes like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, or the ever-increasing pressures of development.
A. whether from natural processes like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, or
B. whether from natural processes such as shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, or also
C. to processes that are natural like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, and also
D. to processes that are natural ones like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, as well as to
E. to natural processes such as shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, as well as to
E: correct

114. A Food and Drug Administration rule implemented in December 2000 mandates that any new drug that they intend to be used both by adults and children must undergo pediatric study and that its manufactures list children’s doses on the label.
A. drug that they intend to be used both by adults and children must
B. drug whose intended use is for adults and children as well
C. drug intended for use by both adults and children
D. drug, if they intend that it be used by adults and also children, must
E. drug, if intended for use both by adults and children, must
be intended for sth.
C: correct

118. Genetic engineering sometimes entails plant or animal genes’ getting spliced into other species’ DNA, either to improve crop yields or for warding off insects or disease.
A. plant or animal genes’ getting spliced into other species’ DNA, either to improve crop yields or for warding off
B. plant or animal genes that get spliced into the DNA of other species, either for improving crop yields or the warding off of
C. the splicing of plant or animal genes into other species’ DNA, to either improve crop yields or to ward off
D. splicing plant or animal genes into the DNA of other species, either to improve crop yields or to ward off
E. splicing of plant or animal genes into the DNA of other species, for either the improvement of crop yields or to ward off
entail: verb. to involve sth or cause it that cannot be avoided.
entail sth.     entail doing sth.
It will entail driving a long distance every day.这意味着每天都要长途开车.
D: correct

121. Gasoline marketing is undergoing major changes as stations often not only add convenience stores but also combine with major fast-food chains to build complexes where customers can shop and eat as well as buy gasoline.
A. not only add convenience stores but also combine with major fast-food chains to build
B. not only add convenience stores but also they combine with major fast-food chains to build
C. are not only adding convenience stores but also in combination with major fast-food chains they build
D. add not only convenience stores, but also combining with major fast-food chains to build
E. are not only adding convenience stores, but also in combining with major fast-food chains they build
A: correct

rossyx

93. Those skeptical of the extent of global warming argue that short-term temperature data are an inadequate means of predicting long-term trends and point out that the scientific community remains divided on whether significant warming will occur and what impact will it have if it does.
A. on whether significant warming will occur and what impact will it have if it does.
B. on whether warming that occurs will be significant and the impact it would have
C. as to whether significant warming will occur or the impact it would have if it did
D. over whether there will be significant warming or the impact it will have
E. over whether significant warming will occur and what impact it would have
我认为应该选E。如下原因：
1）句子原意：remain divided的有两件事--whether significant warming will occur和what impact，所以要用and，排除CD
2）虚拟语气：would+动词原形have，表对将来的假想，排除ACD
3）A中的will it语序不正确，应该是what impact it will have
4）E中的it指代significant warming
divide over的用法是在collins字典上查到的（反而没有查到divide on的用法）：
divide over: if people divide over sth or if sth divides them, it causes strong disagreement between them.
例句是：The democrats are divided over whether to admit him into their group。

94.  Once made exclusively from the wool of sheep that roam the Isle of Lewis and Harris off the coast of Scotland, Harris tweed is now made only with wools that are imported, sometimes from the mainland and sometimes they come—as a result of a 1996 amendment to the Harris Tweed Act—from outside Scotland.
A. sometimes from the mainland and sometimes they come
B. sometimes from the mainland and sometimes
C. that come sometimes from the mainland or sometimes
D. from the mainland sometimes, or sometimes it comes
E. from the mainland sometimes, or sometimes coming
B: correct

100. In an effort to increase profits, the company moved itself from emphasizing its chemicals business to expand into high-growth pharmaceuticals and futuristic biotechnologies.
A. itself from emphasizing its chemicals business to expand
B. itself from emphasizing its chemicals business then to expanding
C. from an emphasis on its chemicals business and to expanding
D. from an emphasis on its chemicals business and to expand
E. from emphasizing its chemicals business to expanding
E: correct

106. A new study finds that the more hostility people show in their behavior and attitudes, then calcium deposits are more likely to be in the arteries of their hearts.
A. then calcium deposits are more likely to be
B. then the more likely calcium deposits are
C. the more there are likely to be calcium deposits
D. the more likely they are to have calcium deposits
E. the more likely there are to be calcium deposits
D: correct

rossyx

84. Until Berta and Emst Scharrer established the concept of neurosecretion in 1928, scientists believed that either cells secreted hormones, which made them endocrine cells and thus part of the endocrine system, or conducted electrical impulses, in which case they were nerve cells and thus part of the nervous system.
A. either cells secreted hormones, which made them
B. either cells secreted hormones, making them
C. either cells secreted hormones and were
D. cells either secreted hormones, in which case they were
E. cells either secreted hormones, which made them
ABC: either… or … 不平行; which 不符合句意
D: correct，they指代cells
E: which 不符合句意
in which case: you say in that case or in which case to indicate that what you are going to say is true if the possible situation that has just been mentioned actually exists.
Members are concerned that a merger might mean higher costs, in which case they would opposite it.

87. While they remove carbon dioxide from the air, conserve soil and water, and house thousands of species, forests also supply potentially valuable pharmaceuticals, and, as sources of building material and firewood, that provide employment for millions worldwide.
A. pharmaceuticals, and, as sources of building material and firewood, that provide
B. pharmaceuticals, and sources of building material and firewood, are providers of
C. pharmaceuticals and, as sources of building material and firewood that are provide
D. pharmaceuticals and as sources of building material and firewood, for providing
E. pharmaceuticals and[, as sources of building material and firewood,插入语] provide
A: and that和前面不平行
B: 去掉as以后不合理改变句意；provider不如provide有效
C: and后面没有谓语
D: and前后不平行，没有谓语
E: correct

92. The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, are being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants like agricultural runoff, oil sticks, and trash, but also by dropped anchors, probing drivers, and global warming.
A. are being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants like
B. are being threatened, experts say, by not only pollutants such as
C. is not only being threatened, experts say, by pollutants such as
D. is not only being threatened, experts say, by pollutants like
E. is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as
AB: are应该是is；like不能举例
BCD: not only 和后面不对称
E: correct