Prep-SC 知识点（1）-句子结构

rossyx

1. The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were connected by a complex regional system of roads.
A. with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were
B. with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each,
C. of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms, each that had been
D. of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms and with each
E. of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms each had been
1、ACE的句子结构都有问题：A中的第二个were多余，前面已经有谓语were built…；C中each that…，each是名词，后跟that引导的定语从句，该定语从句省去后只余下一个名词；E有两套主谓结构，settlement…were built on…… each had been connected，中间没有连词；
2、D中的and with前面没有平行对象；
3、正确答案B中的of up to 600 rooms each是插入语，修饰structures，正常语序应该为：each of the structures has up to 600 rooms。with…connected是with引导的独立结构。

11. Before scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly in small amounts from the pituitary glands of human cadavers.
A. scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly
B. scientists had learned about making a synthetic growth hormone, they had to remove it painstakingly
C. scientist learned how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed
D. learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove it painstakingly
E. Learning how to synthesize the growth hormone, it have to be painstakingly removed by scientists
选项A没有主句，before…, removing…

14 The largest trade-book publisher in the US has announced the creation of a new digital imprint division, under which it will publish about 20 purely digital works to be sold online as either electronic books or downloadable copies that can be printed upon purchase.
A)  works to be sold online as either electronic books or
B)  works to sell them online, either as electronic books or
C)  works and it will sell them online as either electronic books or as
D)  works, and selling them online as either electronic books or as
E)  works, and it will sell them online as either electronic books or

错选E. E错在句子结构上，“, and it will”这里的逗号与and要连接两个完整的句子并列，即与主句publisher has announced…并列，无法与定语从句中的will publish并列，除非去掉逗号。
OG11：a pair of comma是隔开插入语（修饰成分），不影响整体句子结构。
所以E选项中的”,under which…works,”就成了修饰division的成分，and it will sell…和主句并列改变了原文要表达的意思。
至于C中不加逗号的and it will sell中的it多余，wordy。
A: correct，to be sold表示有将要的意思（to be sold不定式作定语，”被用来网上出售的”which will be sold）

20. An international team of astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter, the solar system’s largest planet.
A.) astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter
B.) astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to be 5 to 15 times Jupiter’s mass
C.) astronomers is working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, having detected at least 18 huge gas sphere that are estimated at 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter
D.) astronomers, working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, and has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated at 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter
E.) astronomers, working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres they have estimated to be 5 to 15 times Jupiter’s mass
A: correct
D: and has无并列对象

26. The electronics company has unveiled what it claims to be the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, and it weighs less than 11 ounces.
A.        to be the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, and it weighs
B.        to be the smallest network digital camcorder in the world, which is as long as a handheld computer, weighing
C.        is the smallest network digital camcorder in the world, which is as long as a handheld computer, and it weighs
D.        is the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, which is as long as a handheld computer and weighs
E.        is the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, weighing
what it claims是名词从句(nominal relative clause, this kind of clause functions like a noun group)，是is的主语。what=the thing(s) which, 后面常跟be(is or was)
C中的and it weighs无法与is as long as并列，只能与主句is the smallest..并列。
D: correct
BE的weighing优先修饰computer，歧义

miachw901304

谢谢分享！！！

rossyx

151. Australian embryologists have found evidence that suggests that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal, and its trunk originally evolved as a kind of snorkel.
A. that suggests that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal, and its trunk originally evolved
B. that has suggested the elephant descended from an aquatic animal, its trunk originally evolving
C. suggesting that the elephant had descended from an aquatic animal with its trunk originally evolving
D. to suggest that the elephant has descended from an aquatic animal and its trunk originally evolved
E. to suggest that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal and that its trunk originally evolved
descend: be descended from…=be related to sth… (lived a long time ago)
A: and its trunk的平行对象有歧义，有可能是前面任何一个句子，所以应该去掉逗号
（又是从句内容并列主句的错误）
B: descended 变谓语为修饰语，改变原文意思，it trunk…优先修饰animal，有歧义。
C: 过去完成时没有意义，descended需要被动
D: descended需要被动，and后面需要加that
E: correct

153. One automobile manufacturer has announced plans to increase the average fuel efficiency of its sport utility vehicles by 25 percent over the next five years, amounting to roughly five miles per gallon, and representing the first significant change in the fuel efficiency of any class of passenger vehicle in almost two decades
A.        amounting to roughly five miles per gallon, and representing
B.        amounting to roughly five miles per gallon, and it would represent
C.        an increase that would amount to roughly five miles per gallon and it would represent
D.        an increase that would amount to roughly five miles per gallon and would represent
E.        which is an increase amounting to roughly five miles per gallon, representing
A: and前面不应该有逗号
B: it指代manufacturer改变句意（从句内容并列主句的错误）
C: and前后不平行（从句内容并列主句的错误）
D: correct
E: which没有指代

158. Since the start of the space age, more and more littering has occurred in orbits near Earth, often because the intentional discarding of lens caps, packing material, fuel tanks, and payload covers.
A.        more and more littering has occurred in orbits near Earth, often because
B.        orbits near Earth have become more and more littered, often from
C.        orbits near Earth become littered more and more, often resulting from
D.        there have been more and more littering of orbits near Earth, often because of
E.        there had been littering more and more of orbits near Earth, often with
A: because 后面不是完整的句子
B: correct
C: become要变成have become
DE: there have been 错

162. Although ice particles in the upper atmosphere benefit Earth in that they reflect and absorb solar radiation, acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up or freezing over, they also accelerate the destruction of the ozone layer by reacting with chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's).
A. acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up or freezing over, they also accelerate
B. acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth either from burning up or freezing over, while also accelerating
C. act as a global thermostat and thus keep Earth from either burning up or freezing over, while also accelerating
D. they act as a global thermostat that thus keeps Earth either from burning up or freezing over, even though it also accelerates
E. they act as a global thermostat to thus keep Earth from either burning up or freezing over, but they also accelerate
A: correct
B: 无主句
C: act 的谓语结构应该是状语结构；无主句
D: 改变原意 （even though与前面的although重复，都是从句）
E: 改变原意 （although…, they act…, but they accelerate…，三个分句中第一个是although引导的从句，中间是主句，但后面又跟一个but引导的并列分句。这个句子结构是没有问题的）
thus副词不能连接并列的谓语act, keep（应将to改为连词and）

原文的acting and keeping是作benefit的伴随状语，解释如何benefit Earth。Although ice particles benefit..., they also accelerate the destruction... 原文要表达这样一个对比：尽管有益，也有害。
E. they act as a global thermostat to thus keep Earth from either burning up or freezing over, but they also accelerate
而E呢，如果这样的句子结构不算错，那它表达的意思也不符合逻辑。
Although ice particles benefit..., they act to keep...这两个分句之间本来没有这层让步转折含义（原文的关系应该算是递进吧），但因为they act...成了独立的句子，所以与前面的although状语从句联合，就不符合逻辑意思了。
再往后面的but... 又与although重复了（重复使用连词）。

169. The Chicago and Calumet Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing canals so that the water now empties into the Mississippi by way of the Illinois River.
A. Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing
B. Rivers had originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but they have been redirected by constructing
C. Rivers, which originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan but have been redirected by the construction of
D. Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by the construction of
E. Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, have been redirected through the construction of
A: but having 错；by constructing错，没有表示这个行为而是这个结果
B: originally用过去完成时错；
CD: 没有谓语
E: correct

172. The hognose snake puts on an impressive bluff, hissing and rearing back, broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but, having no dangerous fangs and no venom, eventually, if its pursuer is not cowed by the performance, will fall over and play dead.
A. broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but, having no dangerous fangs and no venom,
B. broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigns repeated strikes, but with no dangerous fangs and no venom,
C. broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigning repeated strikes, but it has no dangerous fangs and no venom, and
D. broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigns repeated strikes, but with no dangerous fangs and no venom, and
E. broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but with no dangerous fangs and no venom, and
原句结构: The snake puts on an impressive bluff, hissing and rearing…, broadening…and feigning…, but it has no dagerous fangs and no venom, and eventually, [插入语if its pursuer is not cowed by the performance,] will fall over and play dead.
The snake puts on…, doing…, doing… and doing…, but it has…, and will fall…
AB: 两个动词之间应该有连词
A的结构是The snake puts on…, doing and doing, broadens…, doing but doing, will fall…，三个并列谓语put, broaden, will fall之间缺少连词。
B的结构是The snake puts on…, doing and doing, broadens…and feigns, will fall…，也是结构有问题，and的位置不对。
C: correct
D: broadening 和 feigns不平行；but with no 不如用句子表达好
E: broadening 和feigning之间必须有连词
注意：
1、but with no这种介词结构在GMAT里，都倾向用完整的句子方式进行表达
2、目的状语并列必须用连词不能用逗号，以前考过

rossyx

125. Research has shown that when speaking, individuals [who have been blind from birth and have thus never seen anyone gesture] nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently and in the same way as sighted people do, and that they will gesture even when conversing with another blind person.
A. have thus never seen anyone gesture nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently and in the same way as sighted people do, and that
B. have thus never seen anyone gesture but nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently and in the same way that sighted people do, and
C. have thus never seen anyone gesture, that they nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently and in the same way as sighted people do, and
D. thus they have never seen anyone gesture, but nonetheless they make hand motions just as frequently and in the same way that sighted people do, and that
E. thus they have never seen anyone gesture nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently and in the same way that sighted people do, and
A: correct（do指代make hand motions）
B: 宾语从句无谓语（but… make hand motions与前面的have been blind并列，同是who引导的定语内容，修饰individuals，所以缺少主语individuals的谓语）；as … as不平行；and后要加that
C: 宾语从句无谓语（只有主语individuals）；and后要加that
D: they多余，individuals…, but nonetheless they make，句子结构有问题
E: they多余，as frequently and in the same way as共用一个as，所以不能用in the same way that…

132. Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D, 581-618). the Altar of Heaven is the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1.000 years older than a similar one in Beijing, it is the only altar found so far that predates the Qing dynasty (A.D. 1644-1912).
A. Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven is the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing, it is
B. Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven, the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, is more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing and is
C. The Altar of Heaven, having been constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618) and the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, is more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing and
D. The Altar of Heaven, which was constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618) and is the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing and is（导致句子无谓语）
E. The oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing, the Altar of Heaven, which was constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618) and is
A: it is 跟前面句子没有连词
B: correct
C: and前后不对称；第二个and的两个is不是一个结构不能省（have been… and is…）
D: more than … and is 不平行
E: 无主语（应该是缺少谓语，the AH是主语）
另外，the oldest…, more than 1000 years older…两个主语的修饰成分并列，这样不好，会使第二个看起来修饰前一个practice（OG11）

136. Although the vast constellation of small islands that dot the South Pacific has a population of only a few million people, it is home to about a sixth of the world's 6,000 or so languages.
A. pacific has a population of only a few million people, it is
B. Pacific has a population of only a few million people, they are
C. Pacific is populated by only a few million people, and it is
D. Pacific, having a population of only a few million people, is nonetheless
E. Pacific, populated by only a few million people, yet they are
a constellation of similar things is a group of them. 所以用单数。
A: correct
B: they指代不清
C: although 和 and连词重复
D: 没有主句
E: 从句没有谓语，although和yet=but也重复。

141. Astronomers have uncovered evidence that a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into view 340.000 years ago, emitting dazzling radiation that could have disrupted Earth's protective ozone layer and sunburned our Stone Age ancestors.
A. that a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into view 340,000 years ago, emitting
B. that a star as bright as the full moon exploded into view 340,000 years ago, emitting
C. of a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into view 340,000 years ago and that it emitted
D. of a star as bright as the full moon, exploding into view 340,000 years ago and emitting
E. of a star as bright as the full moon that exploded into view 340,000 years ago and that emitted
A: that同位语从句后面没有谓语
B: correct
C: of结构改变了原意；it没有指代（and that it没有并列对象）
D: 同上，exploding… and emitting优先修饰moon，有歧义。
E: 同上；that指代moon错

150. Most of the purported health benefits of tea comes from antioxidants—compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that inhibit the formation of plaque along the body's blood vessels.
A. comes from antioxidants—compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that
B. comes from antioxidants—compounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and they
C. come from antioxidants—compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and
D. come from antioxidants—compounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C and that
E. come from antioxidants—compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and they
A: comes用复数；that修饰词不对
B: 同上；and they没有平行对象
C: and inhibit 和found不平行
D: correct
EB: and they没有平行（and they inhibit是独立句子，无法与found并列）

rossyx

103. Vivien Thomas, who had no formal medical training, in struggling against overwhelming odds, he became a cardiac surgeon and eventually to receive an honorary doctorate from Johns Hopkins University.
A. who had no formal medical training, in struggling against overwhelming odds, he became
B. having had no formal medical training, in struggling against overwhelming odds to become
C. who, having no formal medical training, he struggled against overwhelming odds in becoming
D. who, having had no formal medical training and struggled against overwhelming odds, became
E. who had no formal medical training, struggled against overwhelming odds to become
A: 我认为有谓语become，错在有两个主语VT和he并存
BD: 无谓语
C: 定语从句的主语who和he并存
E: correct

107. The United States will be affected by whether Taiwan develops a closer relationship with mainland China or preserves the status quo, since the island nation is the United States’ seventh-largest trading partner.
A. The United States will be affected by whether Taiwan develops a closer relationship with mainland China or preserves the status quo
B. Whether or not Taiwan develops a closer relationship with mainland China or preserves the status quo affecting the United States
C. Whether or not Taiwan develops a closer relationship with mainland China or the status quo is preserved, it will affect the United States
D. It affects the United States whether Taiwan will develop a closer relationship with mainland China or preserves the status quo
E. It affects the United States whether or not Taiwan will develop a closer relationship with mainland China or preserve the status quo
A: correct
B: 没有谓语
C: 两个句子并列没有连词
DE: it affects…用法错

109. The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings that surpassed Wall Street’s estimates and announced the first in a series of price cuts intended to increase sales further.
A. The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings that surpassed Wall Street’s estimates and announced the first in a series of price cuts intended to increase sales further.
B. The report of the computer company showed strong second-quarter earnings, surpassing Wall Street’s estimates, and they announced the first in a series of price cuts that they intend to increase sales further.
C. Surpassing Wall Street’s estimates, the report of the computer company showed strong second-quarter earnings, and, for the purpose of increasing sales further, they announced the first in a series of price cuts.
D. The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings, while announcing the first in a series of price cuts for the purpose of increasing sales further that surpass Wall Street’s estimates.
E. The computer company, surpassing Wall Street’s estimates, reported strong second-quarter earnings, while announcing that to increase sales further, there would be the first in a series of price cuts.
A: correct
BC的they没有指代对象
C的surpassing修饰the report错，应该修饰earnings。
D的that surpass修饰sales错，应该修饰earnings.
E: 两个句子并列（the company reported…, there would be…没有连词），句意表达错

116. Galileo did not invent the telescope, but on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical instrument had been made, he quickly built his own device from an organ pipe and spectacle lenses.
A. Galileo did not invent the telescope, but on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical instrument had been made, he
B. Galileo had not invented the telescope, but when he heard, in 1609, of such an optical instrument having been made,
C. Galileo, even though he had not invented the telescope, on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical instrument had been made, he
D. Even though Galileo did not invent the telescope, on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical instrument had been made,
E. Even though Galileo did not invent the telescope, but when he heard, in 1609, of such an optical instrument being made, he
A: correct
B: heard of sth + 分词，应该用从句表达；but后无主语
C: he多余（两个主语）；on hearing修饰对象不明
D:无主语
E: being made表达不好；even though和but重复（其实还是句子结构有问题，even though引导的从句没有主句）

123. As a result of a supernova explosion, every human being on Earth was bombarded on February 23, 1987, by about 100 billion neutrinos; fortunately, neutrinos are harmless elementary particles that are produced in nuclear reactions and that interact very weakly with matter.
A. neutrinos are harmless elementary particles that are produced in nuclear reactions and that
B. neutrinos, which are harmless, are elementary particles produced in nuclear reactions and which
C. neutrinos are harmless elementary particles produced in nuclear reactions and which
D. these harmless elementary particles are produced in nuclear reactions, and neutrinos
E. these elementary particles, harmless products of nuclear reactions, are neutrinos that
bombard: verb. if you bombard someone with sth, you make them face a great deal of it.
A: correct
BC: and which 没有指代对象,因为前面的which…是插入语(BCE都改变了句子强调重心: be harmless，把谓语变成等语或插入语等修饰成分)

rossyx

71. Simply because they are genetically engineered does not make it any more likely for plants to become an invasive according to a decade-long study published in the journal Nature.
A. because they are genetically engineered does not make it any more likely for plants to
B. because it is genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to
C. being genetically engineered does not make it any more likely that plants will
D. being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to
E. being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely that it will become
likely: sth ~ to do…, ~ that…(由it作形式主语 it is likely that…) 两种用法都正确。
A: 无主语（只有由because引导的从句）
B: 无主语
C: a plant 对应 an invasive，应该用单数；likely to do 更加简洁
D: correct（动名词作主语）
E: make 少了it做形式宾语，more likely to do更加简洁

75.  A recent poll indicates that many people in the United States hold a combination of conservative and liberal political views; i.e., they denounce big government, saying government is doing too much and has become too powerful, while at the same time supporting many specific government programs for health car, education, and environment.
A. they denounce big government, saying government is doing too much and has become too powerful, while at the same time supporting
B. they denounce big government—they say that government is doing too much and has become too powerful—but supporting at the same time
C. they denounce big government, they say that government is doing too much and it has become too powerful, while they support at the same time
D. while they denounce big government, saying that government is doing too much and has become too powerful, at the same time supporting
E. while they are denouncing big government—they say that government is doing too much and it has become too powerful—supporting at the same time
A: correct （又一次出现while的特殊用法，用but来混淆）
B: they do but doing，和前面不平行
C: they do，they do，两个独立的句子之间缺少连词; it 多余
D: while they do, doing, doing，没有主句，主语
E: 同上； it多余

79. Based on records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women collaborated to weave a new woolen robe that they used to dress a statue of the goddess Athena and that this robe depicted scenes of a battle between Zeus, Athena’s father, and giants.
A.        Based on records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women collaborated to weave a new woolen robe that they used to dress
B.        Based on records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women had collaborated to weave a new woolen robe with which to dress
C.        According to records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women collaborated to weave a new woolen robe that they used to dress
D.        Records from ancient Athens indicate that each year young Athenian women collaborated to weave a new woolen robe with which they dressed
E.        Records from ancient Athens indicate each year young Athenian women had collaborated to weave a new woolen robe for dressing
注意这个句子的结构（宾语从句并列）!
Records from ancient Athens indicate that each year young Athenian women collaborated to weave a new woolen robe with which they dressed a statue of the goddess Athena and that this robe depicted scenes of a battle between Zeus, Athena’s father, and giants.
A: based on 修饰women错；that和后面不平行
B: 同上
C: 定语从句的that和后面不平行(后面的that引导的是indicate的宾语从句，其实看一下that是否作句子的成分就可以了，前一个that是关系代词，作从句的宾语they used that to dress…，而后一个that只是引导词)
D: correct
E: 宾语从句应该有that；过去完成时没有道理，for doing表达目的也不如to do好

87. While they remove carbon dioxide from the air, conserve soil and water, and house thousands of species, forests also supply potentially valuable pharmaceuticals, and, as sources of building material and firewood, that provide employment for millions worldwide.
A. pharmaceuticals, and, as sources of building material and firewood, that provide
B. pharmaceuticals, and sources of building material and firewood, are providers of
C. pharmaceuticals and, as sources of building material and firewood that are provide
D. pharmaceuticals and as sources of building material and firewood, for providing
E. pharmaceuticals and[, as sources of building material and firewood,插入语] provide
A: and that和前面不平行
B: 去掉as以后不合理改变句意；provider不如provide有效
C: and后面没有谓语
D: and前后不平行，没有谓语
E: correct

95. While Hands Holbein the Younger is most often identified with his English portraits, scholars have long been recognizing him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and who was fundamental in synthesizing the novelties of the Italian Renaissance with the tradition of Northern Europe.
A. been recognizing him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and who
B. been recognizing him for being a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and he
C. recognizing(should be “recognized” or “been recognizing”?) him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist who
D. recognizing him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and he
E. recognizing him for being a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and who
AE: and who没有平行的对象
BD: for being不如as简洁；and he was…独立的句子，平行对象错误
C: correct，who指代artist，因为后面跟的是was，就近指代

rossyx

60. First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in the Philippines and that resembles a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye.
A. found in the Philippines and that resembles
B. found in the Philippines and that, resembling
C. found in the Philippines and resembling
D. that is found in the Philippines and it resembles
E. that is found in the Philippines and that, resembling
C: correct（过去分词与现在分词并列）
ABDE的and that都没有并列对象，BE的that后要有谓语，D的it多余。

62. Because she knew many of the leaders of colonial America and the American Revolution personally, Mercy Otis Warren was continually at or near the center of political events from 1765 to 1789, a vantage point combining with her talent for writing to make her one of the most valuable historians of the ear
(a) a vantage point combining with her talent for writing to make
(b) a vantage point, when combined with her talent for writing, that made
(c) a vantage point that combined with her talent for writing, and it made
(d) and this vantage point, which combined with her talent for writing to make
(e) and this vantage point, combined with her talent for writing, made
vantage point: a place from which you can see a lot of things; a point in time or a situation from which you consider sth, especially the past.
A: combining用被动比较好，
a vantage point+不定式to make做同位语，这种结构不正确。
同位语的构成：用名词、代词或数词；用形容词或词组；同位语从句。
B: when combined状语从句应该在that以内，否则没有修饰对象（因为when引导的是状语，是要修饰句子或者谓语的，不能修饰名词）
C: combined用被动，it没有指代对象，and it made没有并列对象
D: and后面句子不完整，没有谓语
E: correct

63. When drafting the Declaration of Sentiments that was adopted at the Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Conventions in 1848, included in it by the author, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was a call for female enfranchisement.
A, When drafting the Declaration of Sentiments that was adopted at the Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Conventions in 1848, included in it by the author, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was a call for female enfranchisement.
B. Including a call for female enfranchisement, a draft of the Declaration of Sentiments was adopted at the Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Conventions in 1848 that Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote.
C. When the Declaration of Sentiments drafted by Elizabeth Cady Stanton was adopted at the Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention in 1848, a call for female enfranchisement had been included in it .
D. A call for female enfranchisement, included in Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s draft of the Declaration of Sentiments in 1848, that was adopted by the Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention.
E. When Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the Declaration of Sentiments that was adopted at the Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention in 1848, she included in it a call for female enfranchisement.
A: 无主句的主语
B: a draft including a call改变了原文意思(include的动作是由人发出的)
C: 过去完成时没有必要；被动时态没有必要
D: 没有谓语
E: correct，it优先指代the Declaration

64. Whereas the use of synthetic fertilizers has greatly expanded agricultural productivity in many parts of the world, an increase in their use can create serious environmental problems such as water pollution, and their substitution for more traditional fertilizers may accelerate soil structure deterioration and soil erosion.
A. an increase in their use can create serious environmental problems such as water pollution, and their substitution for more traditional fertilizers
B. an increase in their use can create serious environmental problems like water pollution, and if substituted for more traditional fertilizers, it
C. if these fertilizers are used increasingly, they can create serious environmental problems such as water pollution, and if used as substitutions for more traditional fertilizers, they
D. the increased usage of these fertilizers can create serious environmental problems such as water pollution, while if substituted for more traditional fertilizers, this substitution
E. the increased usage of these fertilizers can create serious environmental problems like water pollution, while their substitution for more traditional fertilizers
A: correct,
句子结构清晰: wherease…, an increase in their use can create…, and their substitution may…
B: like举例错，it无指代对象
C: 应该是增长create problems而不是fertilizers；if 条件句，if A do, B will
D: substitution和substituted重复
E: like举例错

66. Archaeologists in Egypt have excavated a 5,000-year-old wooden hull [that is the earliest surviving example of example of a “built” boat—in other words, a boat constructed out of planks fitted together—and that thus represents a major advance, in terms of boat-building technology, over the dugout logs and reed vessels of more ancient vintage.
A. together—and that thus represents
B. together—and this has represented
C. together, and it represents
D. together that was representing
E. together to represent
A have excavated hull that is… and that represents… 并列定语从句。
A: correct
B: this 不能单独做主语；and 和前面不平行
C: and 和前面不平行(我认为错误原因是and连接新的句子,与前面的主句并列,而不是和that从句并列)
D: that指代boat错；没必要用过去时
E: 改变原文句意

rossyx

39. Taste buds are onion-shaped structures with between 50 and 100 taste cells, each of them has fingerlike projections poking through the opening located at the top of the taste bud called the taste pore.
A. them has fingerlike projections poking through the opening located at the top of the taste bud called the taste pore
B. them that have fingerlike projections that poke through an opening located at the top of the taste bud, which they call the taste pore
C. which has fingerlike projections poking through the opening, called the taste pore, located at the top of taste bud
D. which having fingerlike projections that poke through an opening, which is called the taste pore, located at the top of the taste bud
E. which have fingerlike projections that are poking through an opening located at the top of the taste bud called the taste pore
poke through an opening…
opening: n. a hole or empty space through which things or people can pass.
pole: tiny holes in the surface.
A: each of them 独立主格不应该是完整句子，应该改成分词having; called 修饰的对象不对
each在这里作代词，each of them是句子主语，后接谓语has…构成完整的句子，与前面的句子之间缺少连词，不应用逗号。
B: they无指代对象；which 指代错误
C: correct
D: which having 错; which是连接代词，后接谓语动词构成完整的句子。
E: each of which have 应该改成has; called 修饰的对象不对

49. It was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command that the paper won high praise for its unrelenting reporting of the Watergate scandal.
A It was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command that the paper won high praise for its unrelenting reporting of the Watergate scandal.
E Moving into the first rank of American newspapers only after Katharine Graham's becoming its publisher in 1963, The Washington Post won high praise under her command.
该题两个并列结构中的it不是形式主语，是强调结构，即“it+be动词+强调部分+who(m)或that+其他部分”。
强调结构中的it不作句子结构中的任何成分，无所指代，故认为不与后面有所指的it冲突。
但形式主语（也叫先行主语）不一样，形式主语it指代了句子的真正主语，因为有所指，所以句子中如果再出现其它有所指的it，就冲突了。
原句的意思是：是在KG成为邮报出版者后，该报纸才挤身美国主流报纸；是在KG的带领下，该报纸赢得了高度评价。
A: correct
E: after one’s becoming 必错，应该用after one became

56. The proliferation of so-called cybersquatters, people who register the Internet domain names of high-profile companies in hopes of reselling the rights to those names for a profit, led to passing the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, allowing companies to seed up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling them later.
A  passing the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, allowing companies to seed up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling them later.
B the passage of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, which allows companies to seed up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent that they will sell
C the passage in 1999 of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which allows companies to seed up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling
D the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which was passed in 1999, and it allows companies to seek up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent to sell
E the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, passed in 1999, and it allows companies to seek up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling
A: passing应该改成passage，这里强调结果不是过程
B: in 1999有修饰歧义，按原文应该是passage；they指代有歧义，应该指names，同时要用被动时态
sell在这里是不及物动词，卖出/售出（也改变了原意），they应该指names，但有指代those的歧义。
C: correct
DE错误的原因相同，and it allows…是完整的独立句子，与主句并列，无法与which引导的定语从句并列。

58. Diesel engines burn as much as 30% less fuel than gasoline engines of comparable size, as well as emitting far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gasses that have been implicated in global warming.
A  of comparable size , as well as emitting far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gasses that have
B of comparable size, as well as emit far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gasses having
C of comparable size, and also they emit far fewer carbon dioxide and other gasses that have
D that have a comparable size, and also they emit far fewer of the other gasses having
E that have a comparable size, as well as emitting far fewer of the other gasses having
as well as: prep. =in addition to
She published historical novels, as well as a non-fiction study of women.
as well as的特殊用法（我认为是作conj.）：linking noun groups, adjectives, clauses. You can use as well as to link clauses. However the second clauses must be a non-finite clause beginning with an –ing form.
例句：She negotiates the licences as well as ordering the equipment.
B选项中用as well as连接动词原形是错误的。
A: correct
DE中的a …size单复数与engines that have不一致

59. On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees grow, as seen in the rings visible in the cross sections of their trunks.
A.        On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees grow
B.        On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are, it is believed, the rate of tree growth
C.        On Earth, the rate at which trees grow is believed to be among the surest indications of sunspot cycles
D.        Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles, believed to be the tree growth rate
E.        Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles is believed to be the rate at which trees grow
注意未划线部分的代词their, BD中的tree不一致。
AB: among倒装，主语应该是the rate所以用单数is
C: their的指代存在歧义，离它最近的是sunspot cycles
on earth放置句首修饰整个句子，不符合逻辑。
未划线部分的as seen是否要紧跟其修饰的名词？
应该是这样子的，所有修饰成分都应该紧跟其修饰对象，除非前面有插入语。
D: believed应该用被动(句子结构不完整)
E: correct