Cassiopeia

•        27: GWD-29-Q18
•        In the early part of the twentieth century, many vacationers found that driving automobiles and sleeping in tents allowed them to enjoy nature close at hand and tour at their own pace, with none of the restrictions of passenger trains and railroad timetables or with the formalities, expenses, and impersonality of hotels.

A.        with none of the restrictions of passenger trains and railroad timetables or with the
B.        with none of the restrictions of passenger trains, railroad timetables, nor
C.        without the restrictions of passenger trains and railroad timetables nor
D.        without the restrictions of passenger trains and railroad timetables or with the
E.        without the restrictions of passenger trains and railroad timetables or the
考搭配。
B/C错相同，必须neither...nor...
without表否定之意，用or连接without的两个内容。
如果前面用without或者with none，后面又说with，则会造成语义混乱。因此最优选项只能是E。
•        The修饰 formalities, expenses, and impersonality。这一串是修饰 of hotels.

Cassiopeia

•        41. GWD28-Q41:
•        During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, known as the agrarian revolution, involving the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields, of new farming techniques and crops, and the substitution of commercial for subsistence farming.
A.        revolution, involving the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields, of new farming techniques and crops, and
B.        revolution, involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields and of new farming techniques and crops, and
C.        revolution, which involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields and of new farming techniques and crops, and
D.        revolution involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields, new farming techniques and crops, and of
E.        revolution that involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields and new farming techniques and crops, and of
读懂意思很好做出选择
另外后面如果有介词的话，一定是同时有/同时无

Cassiopeia

•        16. GWD30-Q16:
•        Researchers are using computer images to help surgeons plan difficult operations and to develop programs that will work for doctors and nurses in the same way that flight simulators do for pilots, letting medical personnel practice their techniques and test their reflexes before they ever see a patient.

A.        plan difficult operations and to develop programs that will work for doctors and nurses in the same way that flight simulators do
B.        plan difficult operations and develop programs to work for doctors and nurses the same way as with flight simulators
C.        to plan difficult operations and to develop programs that will work for doctors and nurses like flight simulators
D.        plan difficult operations and in developing programs to work for doctors and nurses the same way as flight simulators
E.        to plan difficult operations and developing programs that will work for doctors and nurses like flight simulators do

找准平行的对象：to help surgeons和to develop programs平行。
但是更为精确的排除条件：in the same way前后要平行。N对N，句子对句子。
B的错误：to work for doctors and nurses是动作。as with flight simulators是N。不平行。
C的错误：如果说flight simulators for pilots是省略形式的话，补齐之后应该是：like flight simulators do for pilots, 而表示比较时，like不能接句子。
如果把flight simulators for pilots看成名词，则前面是that will work for doctors and nurses，是动作，前后不平行。

Cassiopeia

•        24. GWD31-24
•        The proposed budget includes more than $1 billion in cuts that will shrink the police department through attrition, have halted some ambulance shifts, and have suspended plastic and glass recycling.

A.        have halted some ambulance shifts, and have suspended
B.        along with halts in some ambulance shifts, and suspending
C.        as well as halted some ambulance shifts, and suspend
D.        halt some ambulance shifts, and suspending
E.        halt some ambulance shifts, and suspend

平行对象没有弄清楚。
平行看似简单，实际很多陷阱……
will shrink……，halt……, and suspend平行

Cassiopeia

•        30. GWD-31-Q30
•        The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade

A.        The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.
B.        It is estimated that by the end of the decade the cost to the United States petroleum industry of meeting environmental regulations will be ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.
C.        By the end of the decade, the United States petroleum industry’s cost of meeting environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.
D.        To meet environmental regulations, the cost to the United States petroleum industry is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.
E.        The United States petroleum industry’s cost by the end of the decade to meet environmental regulations is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

排除：
A：句子的谓语是is projected，所以时间状语by the end of the decade修饰is projected，错误
B：by the end of the decade在It is estimated that引导的从句中，所以是修饰从句中的谓语，即will be。正确
C：同A
D：整个变成原因状语从句，意思变了，时间状语的错误依然存在
E：实际上还是一样的错误。

这一题很好的说明了GMAT对时间的重视！！


1  Project: to calculate what sth will be in the future, using the information you have now.
可以看作是estimate的近义。
2        cost的用法。the cost to the United States petroleum industry of meeting environmental regulations
3        by the end of the decade的位置不能产生歧义

Cassiopeia

•        36. 17. GWD25-Q17（原CD16-17）
•        Until recently, the Inuit people led a nomadic existence, sheltering in igloos, the ice-block domes that are peculiar to north-central Canada, and in structures made of stones, bones, driftwood, and skins.

A.        Until recently, the Inuit people led a nomadic existence, sheltering
B.        During recent times, the Inuit people lead a nomadic existence, sheltering
C.        In the times that are recent, the Inuit people led a nomadic existence, sheltered
D.        Up until recently, the Inuit people, leading a nomadic existence, have sheltered
E.        Until recent times, leading a nomadic existence, the Inuit people were sheltered
Until不一定接完成时。依照具体情况决定时态。
此处是“直到最近才不……”，也就是以前一直……，应该用过去时。
If sth happens until certain time, it continues and then stops at that time.
这里就是到最近已经stop了。所以原来的情况应该是过去时
考虑两方面：
1 until界定的时间点
2 shelter和lead到底谁是主要谓语，即谁解释谁。理论上应该是具体解释抽象。
D 中。Up until recently是正确的用法。但是后面也应该是过去时。理由同上。

Cassiopeia

•        37. GWD31-37
•        In 1994 the white house named Dr RuthR. Faden chairperson of the federal advisory committee of experts they assigned to do a report on the history and ethics of the government’s radiation experiments on humans in the 1950’s and 1960’s .

A.        they assigned to do
B.        to be assigned doing
C.        that was being assigned doing
D.        assigned for doing
E.        it assigned to do
assign: to give sb a particular job or make them responsible for a particular person or thing.

“it assigned to do a report on the history and ethics of the government’s radiation experiments on humans in the 1950’s and 1960’s .”做the federal advisory committee of experts的同位语，it指代the white house
ABC很好排除。
D：assign后面不能接for doing。只能接to do 或者sth.
   这个从assign的含义也能看出来。Assign后面接的应该是任务，而不是目的。
E：同位语没有用逗号隔开的情况很少见，但此处说明这种情况也是存在的。
如果看到这种貌似是有两个主语的错误选项，要多想想是不是同位语

Cassiopeia

•        38. GWD31-38
•        In1852 Robert Angus Smith published a detailed report of the chemistry of rain kin a large area around the city of Manchester, England, noting that the closer one came to town, the more the city air would become increasingly acidic.

A.        that the closer one came to town, the more the city air would become increasingly acidic
B.        that the city air became increasingly acidic the closer one came to town
C.        that coming closer to town, the city air became increasingly acidic
D.        that the more the city air became increasingly acidic, the closer one was to town
E.        the city air becoming increasingly acidic as one would come closer to town
1 the more……the more……固定结构
2 第二个More修饰的是would become，而后面的increasingly acidic
是修饰become的，大概意思是，一个人越靠近town，这个town的空气就越有可能变的越来越acidic。More 强调可能性，increasingly修饰acidic的变化。二者不矛盾。

Cassiopeia

•        Q16: TTGWD4-Q1:
•        The Acoma and Hopi are probably the two oldest surviving Pueblo communities, both dating back at least a thousand years.
A.        both dating
B.        both of which have dated  
C.        and each has dated
D.        and each one dating
E.        each one of which date

date back at least a thousand years 修饰oldest
B用完成时不合适。也没有A简洁
And体现不出来修饰关系。

•        Q28: TTGWD11-Q29:
•        As Charles Darwin observed, natural selection operates whenever individuals of one genetic composition are better at reproducing than that of others.

A.        that of others
B.        the other      
C.        another  
D.        those of another
E.        that of the next

选项中只有those能对应Individuals

Cassiopeia

•        Q20: TTGWD4-Q30:
•        Under high pressure and intense heat, graphite, the most stable form of pure carbon, changes into the substance commonly referred to as diamond and remaining this way whether or not the heat and pressure are removed.

A.        remaining this way whether or not
B.        remaining like that even as
C.        remaining as such whether or not
D.        remains in this way although
E.        remains thus even when

D的错误：although做让步的时候，所接的应该是确切发生的事，即事实。但此处这个事实并不一定发生。并且in this way没有thus简洁。
而E中，when就解决了这个问题，因为这只是表达一种可能的情况，并没有一定发生的意思。

thus: remain in this manner or way
even when 是 即使，表让步
这里明显“即使”（让步）更合逻辑