GMAT——GWD逻辑题汇总

imjar

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http://forum.topway.org/viewthread.php?tid=213578&extra=

imjar

GWD-1
Q3:
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price.  Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A.        The first is an assumption that forms the basis for a course of action that the argument criticizes; the second presents the course of action endorsed by the argument.
B.        The first is a consideration raised to explain the appeal of a certain strategy; the second is a consideration raised to call into question the wisdom of adopting that strategy.
C.        The first is an assumption that has been used to justify a certain strategy; the second is a consideration that is used to cast doubt on that assumption.
D.        The first is a consideration raised in support of a strategy the argument endorses; the second presents grounds in support of that consideration.
E.        The first is a consideration raised to show that adopting a certain strategy is unlikely to achieve the intended effect; the second is presented to explain the appeal of that strategy.
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Q13:
In the United States, of the people who moved from one state to another when they retired, the percentage who retired to Florida has decreased by three percentage points over the past ten years.  Since many local businesses in Florida cater to retirees, this decline is likely to have a noticeably negative economic effect on these businesses.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A.        Florida attracts more people who move from one state to another when they retire than does any other state.
B.        The number of people who move out of Florida to accept employment in other states has increased over the past ten years.
C.        There are far more local businesses in Florida that cater to tourists than there are local businesses that cater to retirees.
D.        The total number of people who retired and moved to another state for their retirement has increased significantly over the past ten years.
E.        The number of people who left Florida when they retired to live in another state was greater last year than it was ten years ago.
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Q14:
That the application of new technology can increase the productivity of existing coal mines is demonstrated by the case of Tribnia’s coal industry.  Coal output per miner in Tribnia is double what it was five years ago, even though no new mines have opened.

Which of the following can be properly concluded from the statement about coal output per miner in the passage?

A.        If the number of miners working in Tribnian coal mines has remained constant in the past five years, Tribnia’s total coal production has doubled in that period of time.
B.        Any individual Tribnian coal mine that achieved an increase in overall output in the past five years has also experienced an increase in output per miner.
C.        If any new coal mines had opened in Tribnia in the past five years, then the increase in output per miner would have been even greater than it actually was.
D.        If any individual Tribnian coal mine has not increased its output per miner in the past five years, then that mine’s overall output has declined or remained constant.
E.        In Tribnia the cost of producing a given quantity of coal has declined over the past five years.
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Q15:
In parts of South America, vitamin-A deficiency is a serious health problem, especially among children.  In one region, agriculturists are attempting to improve nutrition by encouraging farmers to plant a new variety of sweet potato called SPK004 that is rich in beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A.  The plan has good chances of success, since sweet potato is a staple of the region’s diet and agriculture, and the varieties currently grown contain little beta-carotene.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the plan will succeed?
A.        The growing conditions required by the varieties of sweet potato currently cultivated in the region are conditions in which SPK004 can flourish.
B.        The flesh of SPK004 differs from that of the currently cultivated sweet potatoes in color and texture, so traditional foods would look somewhat different when prepared from SPK004.
C.        There are no other varieties of sweet potato that are significantly richer in beta-carotene than SPK004 is.
D.        The varieties of sweet potato currently cultivated in the region contain some important nutrients that are lacking in SPK004.
E.        There are other vegetables currently grown in the region that contain more beta-carotene than the currently cultivated varieties of sweet potato do.
Q17:
The spacing of the four holes on a fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite is just what is required to play the third through sixth notes of the diatonic scale—the seven-note musical scale used in much of Western music since the Renaissance.  Musicologists therefore hypothesize that the diatonic musical scale was developed and used thousands of years before it was adopted by Western musicians.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the hypothesis?
A.        Bone flutes were probably the only musical instrument made by Neanderthals.
B.        No musical instrument that is known to have used a diatomic scale is of an earlier date than the flute found at the Neanderthal campsite.
C.        The flute was made from a cave-bear bone and the campsite at which the flute fragment was excavated was in a cave that also contained skeletal remains of cave bears.
D.        Flutes are the simplest wind instrument that can be constructed to allow playing a diatonic scale.
E.        The cave-bear leg bone used to make the Neanderthal flute would have been long enough to make a flute capable of playing a complete diatonic scale.
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Q18:
It is illegal to advertise prescription medications in Hedland except in professional medical journals or by mail directly to physicians.  A proposed law would allow general advertising of prescription medications.  Opponents object that, in general, laypersons lack the specialized knowledge to evaluate such advertisements and might ask their physicians for inappropriate medications.  But since physicians have the final say as to whether to prescribe a medication for a patient, the objection provides no grounds for concern.
Which of the following would it be most useful to establish in order to evaluate the argument?
A.        Whether nonprescription medications can interact with and block the action of any prescription medications that could be advertised to the general public
B.        Whether most prescription medication advertisements directed at the general public would be advertisements for recently developed medications newly available by prescription
C.        Whether prescription medication advertisements directed at the general public would appear on television and radio as well as in print
D.        Whether physicians are more likely to pay attention to advertising directed to the general public than to advertising directed to physicians
E.        Whether physicians are likely to succumb to pressure from patients to prescribe inappropriate medications

imjar

Q22:
City Official:  At City Hospital, uninsured patients tend to have shorter stays and fewer procedures performed than do insured patients, even though insured patients, on average, have slightly less serious medical problems at the time of admission to the hospital than uninsured patients have.  Critics of the hospital have     concluded that the uninsured patients are mot receiving proper medical care.  However, this conclusion is almost certainly false.  Careful investigation has recently shown two things:  insured patients have much longer stays in the hospital than necessary, and they tend to have more procedures performed than are medically necessary.
In the city official’s argument, the two boldface portions play which of the following roles?
A.        The first states the conclusion of the city official’s argument; the second provides support for that conclusion.
B.        The first is used to support the conclusion of the city official’s argument; the second states that conclusion.
C.        The first was used to support the conclusion drawn by hospital critics; the second states the position that the city official’s argument opposes.
D.        The first was used to support the conclusion drawn by hospital critics; the second provides support for the conclusion of the city official’s argument.
E.        The first states the position that the city official’s argument opposes; the second states the conclusion of the city official’s argument.
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Q31:
Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?

Davison River farmers are currently deciding between planting winter wheat this fall or spring wheat next spring.  Winter wheat and spring wheat are usually about equally profitable.  Because of new government restrictions on the use of Davison River water for irrigation, per acre yields for winter wheat, though not for spring wheat, would be much lower than average.  Therefore, planting spring wheat will be more profitable than planting winter wheat, since‗‗‗‗‗‗.
A.        the smaller-than-average size of a winter wheat harvest this year would not be compensated for by higher winter wheat prices
B.        new crops of spring wheat must be planted earlier than the time at which standing crops of winter wheat are ready to be harvested
C.        the spring wheat that farmers in the Davison River region plant is well adapted to the soil of the region
D.        spring wheat has uses that are different from those of winter wheat
E.        planting spring wheat is more profitable than planting certain other crops, such as rye
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Q33:
A company plans to develop a prototype weeding machine that uses cutting blades with optical sensors and microprocessors that distinguish weeds from crop plants by differences in shade of color.  The inventor of the machine claims that it will reduce labor costs by virtually eliminating the need for manual weeding.
Which of the following is a consideration in favor of the company’s implementing its plan to develop the prototype?
A.        There is a considerable degree of variation in shade of color between weeds of different species.
B.        The shade of color of some plants tends to change appreciably over the course of their growing season.
C.        When crops are weeded manually, overall size and leaf shape are taken into account in distinguishing crop plants from weeds.
D.        Selection and genetic manipulation allow plants of virtually any species to be economically bred to have a distinctive shade of color without altering their other characteristics.
E.        Farm laborers who are responsible for the manual weeding of crops carry out other agricultural duties at times in the growing season when extensive weeding is not necessary.
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Q39:
Which of the following most logically completes the passage below?
Heavy rains during Centralia’s corn planting season prevented some farmers there from planting corn.  It is now the planting season for soybeans, another of Centralia’s principal crops, and those fields originally intended for corn are dry enough for planting.  Nonetheless, even though soybean prices are unusually high at present, the farmers will leave most of these fields empty rather than plant them with soybeans, since ‗‗‗‗‗‗.
A.        the extensive rains have led to an increase in the price of corn
B.        some Centralian farmers anticipate serious financial losses due to the extremely wet spring planting season
C.        chemicals that were used to prepare the fields for corn planting would stunt the growth of soybeans
D.        the majority of Centralia’s corn farmers were able to plant corn as they had intended, despite the wet planting season
E.        many Centralian farmers grow both corn and soybeans
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imjar

Q40:
Until mow, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available.  Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain of injections, but adults, who are at risk of serious complications from influenza, are commonly vaccinated.  A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children.  However, since children seldom develop serious complications from influenza, no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.        Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the nasal-spray vaccine as well.
B.        The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as jnjectable vaccines do.
C.        The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults.
D.        Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.
E.        The nasal spray vaccine is mot effective when administered to adults.



GWD-3
Q2:
Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline.  In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
A.        It is the main conclusion of the argument.
B.        It is an objection that has been raised against the main conclusion of the argument.
C.        It is a judgment that the argument opposes.
D.        It is a finding that the argument seeks to explain.
E.        It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument.
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Q8:
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees.  Garnet pays for both testing of its employees’ cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol.  This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment.  However, RenCo dose not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because ______.
A.        early treatment of high cholesterol dose not entirely eliminate the possibility of a stroke later in life
B.        the mass media regularly feature stories encouraging people to maintain diets that are low in cholesterol
C.        RenCo has significantly more employees than Garnet has
D.        RenCo’s employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet’s employees
E.        the average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet
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Q9:
Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit-card logo.  Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?
A.        The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards.
B.        Patrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.
C.        In virtually all of the cases in the studies, the patrons who paid bills in cash did not possess credit cards.
D.        In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.
E.        The percentage of restaurant bills paid with given brand of credit card increases when that credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is prepared.
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Q16:
Economist:  Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years.  The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact.  Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.  However, these environmentalists are probably wrong.  The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch.  Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.
In the economist’s argument, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A.        The first supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second calls that conclusion into question.
B.        The first states the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second supports that conclusion.
C.        The first supports the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states that conclusion.
D.        The first states the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states the conclusion of the economist’s argument.
E.        Each supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument.

imjar

Q17:
Brochure:  Help conserve our city’s water supply.  By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conserving landscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use.  A water-conserving landscape is natural and attractive, and it also saves you money.
Criticism:  For most people with yards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowner’s yearly water bills.
Which of the following, if true, provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism?
A.        Even homeowners whose yards do not have water-conserving landscapes can conserve water by installing water-saving devices in their homes.
B.        A conventional landscape generally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide than does a water-conserving landscape.
C.        A significant proportion of the residents of the city live in buildings that do not have yards.
D.        It costs no more to put in water-conserving landscaping than it does to put in conventional landscaping.
E.        Some homeowners use more water to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined.
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Q18:
Which of following most logically completes the argument?
The last members of a now-extinct species of a European wild deer called the giant dear lived in Ireland about 16,000 years ago.  Prehistoric cave paintings in France depict this animal as having a large hump on its back.  Fossils of this animal, however, do not show any hump.  Nevertheless, there is no reason to conclude that the cave paintings are therefore inaccurate in this regard, since some prehistoric cave paintings in France also depict other animals as having a hump
A.        fossils of the giant deer are much more common in Ireland than in France
B.        animal humps are composed of fatty tissue, which dose not fossilize
C.        the cave paintings of the giant deer were painted well before 16,000 years ago
D.        only one currently existing species of deer has any anatomical feature that even remotely resembles a hump
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Q20:
Shipping Clerk:  The five specially ordered shipments sent out last week were sent out on Thursday.  Last week, all of the shipments that were sent out on Friday consisted entirely of building supplies, and the shipping department then closed for the weekend.  Four shipments were sent to Truax Construction last week, only three of which consisted of building supplies.
If the shipping clerk’s statements are true, which of the following must also be true?
A.        At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was specially ordered.
B.        At least one of last week’s specially ordered shipments did not consist of building supplies.
C.        At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction was not sent out on Thursday of last week.
D.        At least one of the shipments that were sent out on Friday of last week was sent to Truax Construction.
E.        At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was sent out before Friday.
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Q31:
Although most smoking-related illnesses are caused by inhaling the tar in tobacco smoke, it is addiction to nicotine that prevents most smokers from quitting.  In
an effort to decrease the incidence of smoking-related illnesses, lawmakers in Sandonia plan to reduce the average quantity of nicotine per cigarette by half over the next five years.  Unfortunately, smokers who are already addicted to nicotine tend to react to such reductions by smoking correspondingly more cigarettes.
The information above most strongly supports which of the following predictions about the effects of implementing the Sandonian government’s plan?
A.        The average quantity of tar inhaled by Sandonian smokers who are currently addicted to nicotine will probably not decrease during the next five years.
B.        Sandonian smokers who are not already addicted to nicotine will probably also begin to smoke more cigarettes during the next five years than they had previously.
C.        The annual number of Sandonian smokers developing smoking-related illnesses will probably decrease during the next five years.
D.        The proportion of Sandonians attempting to quit smoking who succeed in that attempt will probably decrease during the next five years.
E.        The number of Sandonians who quit smoking during the next five years will probably exceed the number who quit during the last five years.
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Q32:
Newspaper editorial:
In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher.  Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access they formerly had to college-level courses.  However, this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal, since after being released form prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.        Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.
B.        Former inmates are no more likely to commit crimes than are members of the general population.
C.        The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released.
D.        Taking high school level courses in prison has less effect on an inmate’s subsequent behavior than taking college-level courses does.
E.        The governor’s ultimate goal actually is to gain popularity by convincing people that something effective is being done about crime.

imjar

Q38:
Kate:  The recent decline in numbers of the Tennessee warbler, a North American songbird that migrates each fall to coffee plantations in South America, is due to the elimination of the dense tree cover that formerly was a feature of most South American coffee plantations.
Scott:  The population of the spruce budworm, the warbler’s favorite prey in North America, has been dropping.  This is a more likely explanation of the warbler’s decline.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls Scott’s hypothesis into question?
A.        The numbers of the Baltimore oriole, a songbird that dose not eat budworms but is as dependent on South American coffee plantations as is the Tennessee warbler, are declining.
B.        The spruce-budworm population has dropped because of a disease that can infect budworms but not Tennessee warblers.
C.        The drop in the population of the spruce budworm is expected to be only temporary.
D.        Many Tennessee warbler have begun migrating in the fall to places other than traditional coffee plantations.
E.        Although many North American songbirds have declined in numbers, no other species has experienced as great a decline as has the Tennessee warbler.
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Q40:
Two centuries ago, Tufe Peninsula became separated form the mainland, isolating on the newly formed Tufe Island a population of Turfil sunflowers.  This population’s descendants grow to be, on average, 40 centimeters shorter than Turfil sunflowers found on the mainland.  Tufe Island is significantly drier than Tufe Peninsula was.  So the current average height of Tufe’s Turfil sunflowers is undoubtedly at least partially attributable to changes in Tufe’s environmental conditions.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.        There are no types of vegetation on Tufe Island that are known to benefit from dry conditions.
B.        There were about as many Turfil sunflowers on Tufe Peninsula two centuries ago as there are on Tufe Island today.
C.        The mainland’s environment has not changed in ways that have resulted in Turfil sunflowers on the mainland growing to be 40 centimeters taller than they did two centuries ago.
D.        The soil on Tufe Island, unlike that on the mainland, lacks important nutrients that help Turfil sunflowers survive and grow tall in a dry environment.
E.        The 40-centimeter height difference between the Turfil sunflowers on Tufe Island and those on the mainland is the only difference between the two populations.
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GWD-5
Q2: GWD-4-14
Guidebook writer:  I have visited hotels throughout the country and have noticed that in those built before 1930 the quality of the original carpentry work is generally superior to that in hotels built afterward.  Clearly carpenters working on hotels before 1930 typically worked with more skill, care, and effort than carpenters who have worked on hotels built subsequently.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the guidebook writer’s argument?
A.        The quality of original carpentry in hotels is generally far superior to the quality of original carpentry in other structures, such as houses and stores.
B.        Hotels built since 1930 can generally accommodate more guests than those built before 1930.
C.        The materials available to carpenters working before 1930 were not significantly different in quality from the materials available to carpenters working after 1930.
D.        The better the quality of original carpentry in a building, the less likely that building is to fall into disuse and be demolished.
E.        The average length of apprenticeship for carpenters has declined significantly since 1930.
     
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Q3:
The average hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland has long been significantly lower than that in neighboring Borodia.  Since Borodia dropped all tariffs on Vernlandian televisions three years ago, the number of televisions sold annually in Borodia has not changed.  However, recent statistics show a droip in the number of television assemblers in Borodia.  Therefore, updated trade statistics will probably indicate that the number of televisions Borodia imports annually from Vernland has increased.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.        The number of television assemblers in Vernland has increased by at least as much as the number of television assemblers in Borodia has decreased.
B.        Televisions assembled in Vernland have features that televisions assembled in Borodia do not have.
C.        The average number of hours it takes a Borodian television assembler to assemble a television has not decreased significantly during the past three years.
D.        The number of televisions assembled annually in Vernland has increased significantly during the past three years.
E.        The difference between the hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland and the hourly wage of television assemblers in Borodia is likely to decrease in the next few years.

imjar

Q8:
When a new restaurant, Martin’s Cafe, opened in Riverville last year, many people predicted that business at the Wildflower Inn, Riverville’s only other restaurant, would suffer from the competition.  Surprisingly, however, in the year since Martin’s Cafe opened, the average number of meals per night served at the Wildflower Inn has increased significantly.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase?
A.        Unlike the Wildflower Inn, Martin’s Cafe serves considerably more meals on weekends than it does on weekdays.
B.        Most of the customers of Martin’s Cafe had never dined in Riverville before this restaurant opened, and on most days Martin’s Cafe attracts more customers than it can seat.
C.        The profit per meal is higher, on average, for meals served at Martin’s Cafe than for those served at the Wildflower Inn.
D.        The Wildflower Inn is not open on Sundays, and therefore Riverville residents who choose to dine out on that day must either eat at Martin’s Cafe or go to neighboring towns to eat.
E.        A significant proportion of the staff at Martin’s Cafe are people who formerly worked at the Wildflower Inn and were hired away by the owner of Martin’s Cafe.
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Q13:
It is true of both men and women that those who marry as young adults live longer than those who never marry.  This dose not show that marriage causes people to live longer, since, as compared with other people of the same age, young adults who are about to get married have fewer of the unhealthy habits that can cause a person to have a shorter life, most notably smoking and immoderate drinking of alcohol.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?
F.        Marriage tends to cause people to engage less regularly in sports that involve risk of bodily harm.
G.        A married person who has an unhealthy habit is more likely to give up that habit than a person with the same habit who is unmarried.
H.        A person who smokes is much more likely than a nonsmoker to marry a person who smokes at the time of marriage, and the same is true for people who drink alcohol immoderately.
I.        Among people who marry as young adults, most of those who give up an unhealthy habit after marriage do not resume the habit later in life.
J.        Among people who as young adults neither drink alcohol immoderately nor smoke, those who never marry live as long as those who marry.
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Q15:
Lightbox, Inc., owns almost all of the movie theaters in Washington County and has announced plans to double the number of movie screens it has in the county within five years.  Yet attendance at Lightbox’s theaters is only just large enough for profitability now and the county’s population is not expected to increase over the next ten years.  Clearly, therefore, if there is indeed no increase in population, Lightbox’s new screens are unlikely to prove profitable.

Which of the following, if true about Washington County, most seriously weakens the argument?

A.        Though little change in the size of the population is expected, a pronounced shift toward a younger, more affluent, and more entertainment-oriented population is expected to occur.
B.        The sales of snacks and drinks in its movie theaters account for more of Lightbox’s profits than ticket sales do.
C.        In selecting the mix of movies shown at its theaters, Lightbox’s policy is to avoid those that appeal to only a small segment of the moviegoing population.
D.        Spending on video purchases, as well as spending on video rentals, is currently no longer increasing.
E.        There are no population centers in the county that are not already served by at least one of the movie theaters that Lightbox owns and operates.
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Q16:
Maize contains the vitamin niacin, but not in a form the body can absorb.  Pellagra is a disease that results from niacin deficiency.  When maize was introduced into southern Europe from the Americas in the eighteenth century, it quickly became a dietary staple, and many Europeans who came to subsist primarily on maize developed pellagra.  Pellagra was virtually unknown at that time in the Americas, however, even among people who subsisted primarily on maize.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the contrasting incidence of pellagra described above?
A.        Once introduced into southern Europe, maize became popular with landowners because of its high yields relative to other cereal crops.
B.        Maize grown in the Americas contained more niacin than maize grown in Europe did.
C.        Traditional ways of preparing maize in the Americas convert maize’s niacin into a nutritionally useful form.
D.        In southern Europe many of the people who consumed maize also ate niacin-rich foods.
E.        Before the discovery of pellagra’s link with niacin, it was widely believed that the disease was an infection that could be transmitted from person to person.

imjar

Q19:
Historian:  In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village.  Village census records for the last half of the 1600’s are remarkably complete.  This very completeness makes one point stand out; in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines.  Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax.  This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures.  Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded; and concealing the size of a village’s population from government census takers would have been easy.  Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen.
In the historian’s argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A.        The first supplies a context for the historian’s argument; the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against the position the historian seeks to establish.
B.        The first presents evidence to support the position that the historian seeks to establish; the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against that position.
C.        The first provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish; the second is that position.
D.        The first is a position for which the historian argues; the second is an assumption that serves as the basis of that argument.
E.        The first is an assumption that the historian explicitly makes in arguing for a certain position; the second acknowledges a consideration that calls that assumption into question.
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Q20:
Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.  It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.  However, studies show that a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual.  Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies’ finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A.        The first is the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second is an objection that has been raised against a position defended in the argument.
B.        The first is a claim that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument opposes; the second is a finding that has been used in support of that position.
C.        The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a finding that has been used in support of that explanation.
D.        The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a finding on which that challenge is based.
E.        The first is an explanation that the argument defends; the second is a finding that has been used to challenge that explanation.
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Q21:
In Teruvia, the quantity of rice produced per year is currently just large enough to satisfy domestic demand.  Teruvia’s total rice acreage will not be expanded in the foreseeable future, nor will rice yields per acre increase appreciably.  Teruvia’s population, however, will be increasing significantly for years to come.  Clearly, therefore, Teruvia will soon have to begin importing rice.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.        No pronounced trend of decreasing per capita demand for rice is imminent in Teruvia.
B.        Not all of the acreage in Teruvia currently planted with rice is well suited to the cultivation of rice.
C.        None of the strains of rice grown in Teruvia are exceptionally high-yielding.
D.        There are no populated regions in Teruvia in which the population will not increase.
E.        There are no major crops other than rice for which domestic production and domestic demand are currently in balance in Teruvia.
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Q26:
Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces.  People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic.  The fluid on a0.irway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration; accordingly, scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientists’ hypothesis?
A.        When the salt concentration of the fluid on the airway surfaces of healthy people is raised artificially, the salt concentration soon returns to normal.
B.        A sample of the antibiotic was capable of killing bacteria in an environment with an unusually low concentration of salt.
C.        When lung tissue from people with cystic fibrosis is maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria.
D.        Many lung infections can be treated by applying synthetic antibiotics to the airway surfaces.
E.        High salt concentrations have an antibiotic effect in many circumstances.

imjar

Q28:
Wind farms, which generate electricity using arrays of thousands of wind-powered turbines, require vast expanses of open land.  County X and County Y have similar terrain, but the population density of County X is significantly higher than that of County Y.  Therefore, a wind farm proposed for one of the two counties should be built in County Y rather than in County X.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the planner’s argument?
A.        County X and County Y are adjacent to each other, and both are located in the windiest area of the state.
B.        The total population of County Y is substantially greater than that of County X.
C.        Some of the electricity generated by wind farms in County Y would be purchased by users outside the county.
D.        Wind farms require more land per unit of electricity generated than does any other type of electrical-generation facility.
E.        Nearly all of County X’s population is concentrated in a small part of the county, while County Y’s population is spread evenly throughout the country.
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Q29:
Over the past five years, the price gap between name-brand cereals and less expensive store-brand cereals has become so wide that consumers have been switching increasingly to store brands despite the name brands’ reputation for better quality.  To attract these consumers back, several manufacturers of name-brand cereals plan to narrow the price gap between their cereals and store brands to less than what it was five years ago.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the likelihood that the manufacturers’ plan will succeed in attracting back a large percentage of consumers who have switched to store brands?
A.        There is no significant difference among manufacturers of name-brand cereals in the prices they charge for their products.
B.        Consumers who have switched to store-brand cereals have generally been satisfied with the quality of those cereals.
C.        Many consumers would never think of switching to store-brand cereals because they believe the name brand cereals to be of better quality.
D.        Because of lower advertising costs, stores are able to offer their own brands of cereals at significantly lower prices than those charged for name-brand cereals.
E.        Total annual sales of cereals—including both name-brand and store-brand cereals—have not increased significantly over the past five years.
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Q30:
Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
The irradiation of food kills bacteria and thus retards spoilage.  However, it also lowers the nutritional value of many foods.  For example, irradiation destroys a significant percentage of whatever vitamin B1 a food may contain.  Proponents of irradiation point out that irradiation is no worse in this respect than cooking.  However, this fact is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw, or else misleading, since _______.
A.        many of the proponents of irradiation are food distributors who gain from food’s having a longer shelf life
B.        it is clear that killing bacteria that may be present on food is not the only effect that irradiation has
C.        cooking is usually the final step in preparing food for consumption, whereas irradiation serves to ensure a longer shelf life for perishable foods
D.        certain kinds of cooking are, in fact, even more destructive of vitamin B1 than carefully controlled irradiation is
E.        for food that is both irradiated and cooked, the reduction of vitamin B1 associated with either process individually is compounded
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Q31:
Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit-card logo.  Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?
F.        The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards.
G.        Patrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.
H.        In virtually all of the cases in the studies, the patrons who paid bills in cash did not possess credit cards.
I.        In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.
J.        The percentage of restaurant bills paid with given brand of credit card increases when that credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is prepared.

imjar

Q32:GWD-4-8
From 1980 to 1989, total consumption of fish in the country of Jurania increased by 4.5 percent, and total consumption of poultry products there increased by 9.0 percent.  During the same period, the population of Jurania increased by 6 percent, in part due to immigration to Jurania from other countries in the region.
If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true on the basis of them?
F.        During the 1980’s in Jurania, profits of wholesale distributors of poultry products increased at a greater rate than did profits of wholesale distributors of fish.
G.        For people who immigrated to Jurania during the 1980’s, fish was less likely to be a major part of their diet than was poultry.
H.        In 1989 Juranians consumed twice as much poultry as fish.
I.        For a significant proportion of Jurania’s population, both fish and poultry products were a regular part of their diet during the 1980’s.
J.        Per capita consumption of fish in Jurania was lower in 1989 than in 1980.
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Q33:
Wolves generally avoid human settlements.  For this reason, domestic sheep, though essentially easy prey for wolves, are not usually attacked by them.  In Hylantia prior to 1910, farmers nevertheless lost considerable numbers of sheep to wolves each year.  Attributing this to the large number for wolves, in 1910 the government began offering rewards to hunters for killing wolves.  From 1910 to 1915, large numbers of wolves were killed.  Yet wolf attacks on sheep increased significantly.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in wolf attacks on sheep?
A.        Populations of deer and other wild animals that wolves typically prey on increased significantly in numbers from 1910 to 1915.
B.        Prior to 1910, there were no legal restrictions in Hylantia on the hunting of wolves.
C.        After 1910 hunters shot and wounded a substantial number of wolves, thereby greatly diminishing these wolves’ ability to prey on wild animals.
D.        Domestic sheep are significantly less able than most wild animals to defend themselves against wolf attacks.
E.        The systematic hunting of wolves encouraged by the program drove many wolves in Hylantia to migrate to remote mountain areas uninhabited by humans.
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Q38:
Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant emitted by automobiles.  Catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993, and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country.  Yet although the proportion of new cars in Donia’s capital city has always been comparatively high, nitrogen dioxide emissions there have showed only an insignificant decline since 1993.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the insignificant decline in nitrogen dioxide emissions in Donia’s capital city?
A.        More of the cars in Donia’s capital city were made before 1993 than after 1993.
B.        The number of new cars sold per year in Donia has declined slightly since 1993.
C.        Pollutants other than nitrogen dioxide that are emitted by automobiles have also been significantly reduced in Donia since 1993.
D.        Many Donians who own cars made before 1993 have had catalytic converters installed in their cars.
E.        Most car trips in Donia’s capital city are too short for the catalytic converter to reach its effective working temperature.
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Q40: GWD-4-20
Community activist:  If Morganville wants to keep its central shopping district healthy, it should prevent the opening of a huge SaveAll discount department store on the outskirts of Morganville.  Records from other small towns show that whenever SaveAll has opened a store outside the central shopping district of a small town, within five years the town has experienced the bankruptcies of more than a quarter of the stores in the shopping district.
The answer to which of the following would be most useful for evaluating the community activist’s reasoning?
A.        Have community activists in other towns successfully campaigned against the opening of a SaveAll store on the outskirts of their towns?
B.        Do a large percentage of the residents of Morganville currently do almost all of their shopping at stores in Morganville?
C.        In towns with healthy central shopping districts, what proportion of the stores in those districts suffer bankruptcy during a typical five-year period?
D.        What proportion of the employees at the SaveAll store on the outskirts of Morganville will be drawn from Morganville?
E.        Do newly opened SaveAll stores ever lose money during their first five years of operation?