imjar

T-9-Q8.
A sudden increase in the production of elephant ivory artifacts on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa occurred in the tenth century. Historians explain this increase as the result of an area opening up as a new source of ivory and argue on this basis that the important medieval trade between North Africa and East Africa began at this period.
Each of the following, if true, provides some support for the historians’ account described above EXCEPT?
A.        In East Africa gold coins from Mediterranean North Africa have been found at a tenth-century but at no earlier sites.
B.        The many surviving letters of pre-tenth-century North African merchants include no mention of business transactions involving East Africa.
C.        Excavations in East Africa reveal a tenth-century change in architectural style to reflect North African patterns.
D.        Documents from Mediterranean Europe and North Africa that date back earlier than the tenth century show knowledge of East African animals.
E.        East African carvings in a style characteristic of the tenth century depict seagoing vessels very different from those used by local sailors but of a type common in the Mediterranean.

T-9-Q14. GWD-13-40
In response to viral infection, the immune systems of mice typically produce antibodies that destroy the virus by binding to proteins on its surface.  Mice infected with a herpesvirus generally develop keratitis, a degenerative disease affecting part of the eye.  Since proteins on the surface of cells in this part of the eye closely resemble those on the herpesvirus surface, scientists hypothesize that these cases of keratitis are caused by antibodies to herpesvirus.
Which of the following, if true, gives the greatest additional support to the scientists’ hypothesis?
A.        Other types of virus have surface proteins that closely resemble proteins found in various organs of mice.
B.        There are mice that are unable to form antibodies in response to herpes infections, and these mice contract herpes at roughly the same rate as other mice.
C.        Mice that are infected with a herpesvirus but do not develop keratitis produce as many antibodies as infected mice that do develop keratitis.
D.        There are mice that are unable to form antibodies in response to herpes infections, and these mice survive these infections without ever developing keratitis.
E.        Mice that have never been infected with a herpesvirus can sometimes develop keratitis.

T-9-Q18.
The growing popularity of computer-based activities was widely expected to result in a decline in television viewing, since it had been assumed that people lack sufficient free time to maintain current television-viewing levels while spending increasing amounts of free time on the computer. That assumption, however, is evidently false: in a recent mail survey concerning media use, a very large majority of respondents who report increasing time spent per week using computer report no change in time spent watching television.
Which of the following would be most useful to determine in order to evaluate the argument?
A.        Whether a large majority of the survey respondents reported watching television regularly
B.        Whether the amount of time spent watching television is declining among people who report that they rarely or never use computers
C.        Whether the type of television programs a person watches tends to changes as the amount of time spent per week using computer increases
D.        Whether a large majority of the computer owners in the survey reported spending increasing amounts of time per week using computers
E.        Whether the survey respondents’ reports of time spent using computers included time spent using computers at work.

imjar

T-9-Q19. 天山-7-11
In 1992 outlaw fishing boats began illegally harvesting lobsters from the territorial waters of the country of Belukia. Soon after, the annual tonnage of lobster legally harvested in Belukian waters began declining; in 1996, despite there being no reduction in the level of legal lobster fishing activity, the local catch was 9,000 tons below pre-1992 levels. It is therefore highly likely that the outlaw fishing boats harvested about 9,000 tons of lobster illegally that year.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.        The illegal lobster harvesting was not so expensive that the population of catchable lobsters in Belukia’s territorial waters had sharply declined by 1996
B.        The average annual lobster catch, in tons, of an outlaw fishing boat is has increased steadily since 1992.
C.        Outlaw fishing boats do not , as a group, harvest more lobsters than do licensed lobster-fishing boats.
D.        The annual legal lobster harvest in Belukia in 1996 was not significantly less than 9,000 tons.
E.        A significant proportion of Belukia’s operators of licensed lobster-fishing boats were out of business between 1992 and 1996
T-9-Q25.
Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs. Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientists’ entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A.        The first is the position that the argument as a whole depends; the second is evidence that is advanced as part of that evidence.
B.        The first and second are both claims that have been advanced in support of a position that the argument as a whole opposes.
C.        The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second provides evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.
D.        The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is evidence that has been used against an alternative explanation that the argument defends.
E.        The first is an explanation that the argument defends; the second is evidence that has been used to challenge that explanation.

imjar

T-9-Q28. 天山-7-13
Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium transmitted to humans by deer ticks. Generally deer ticks pick up the bacterium while in the larval stage from feeding on infected white-footed mice. However, certain other species on which the larvae feed do not harbor the bacterium. Therefore, if the population of these other species were increased, the number of ticks acquiring the bacterium and hence the number of people contracting Lyme disease would likely decline.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A.        Ticks do not suffer any adverse consequences from carrying the bacterium that causes Lyme disease in humans.
B.        There are no known cases of a human’s contracting Lyme disease through contact with white-footed mice.
C.        A deer tick feeds only once while in the larval stage.
D.        A single host animal can be the source of bacterium for many tick larvae.
E.        None of the other species on which deer tick larvae feed harbor other bacteria that ticks transmit to humans

T-9-Q32.
Ecologists: the Scottish Highlands were once the site of extensive forests, but these forests have mostly disappeared and been replaced by peat bogs. The common view is that the Highland’s deforestation was caused by human activity, especially agriculture. However, agriculture began in the Highlands less than 2,000 years ago. Peat bogs, which consist of compressed decayed vegetable matter, build up by only about one foot per 1000 years, and, throughout the Highlands, remains of trees in peat bogs are almost all at depth great than four feet. Since climate changes that occurred between 7,000 years and 4,000 years ago favored the development of peat bogs rather than the survival of forests, the deforestation was more likely the result of natural processes than of human activity.
In the ecologist’s argument, the two portions in boldfaces play which of the following roles?
A.        The first is evidence that has been used in support of a position that the argument rejects; the second is a finding that the ecologist uses to counter the evidence.
B.        The first is evidence that, in light of the evidence provided in the second, serves as grounds for the ecologist’s rejection of a certain position
C.        The first is a position that the ecologist rejects; the second is evidence that has been used in support of that position.
D.        The first is a position that the ecologist rejects; the second provides evidence in support of that rejection.
E.        The first is a position for which the ecologist argues; the second provides evidence to support that position.

T-9-Q33.
Which of the following, if true , most logically completes the passage?
A recent poll found that over 80 percent of the residents of Nalmed Province favored a massive expansion of the commuter rail system as a means of significantly easing congestion on the province’s highways and were willing to help pay for the expansion through an increase in their taxes. Nevertheless, the poll results indicate that expansion of the rail system, if successfully completed, would be unlikely to achieve its goal of easing congestion, because        .
A.        most of people in favor of expanding the rail system reported less congestion during their highway commute as the primary benefit they would experience.
B.        of the less than 20 percent of residents not counted as favoring the expansion, about half claimed to have no opinion one way or the other.
C.        the twice-daily periods of peak congestion caused by people commuting in cars have grown from about an hour each to almost two and a half hours each in the past 20 years.
D.        expanding the commuter rail system will require the construction of dozens of miles of new railroads.
E.        the proposed expansion to the commuter rail system will make it possible for some people who both live and work at suburban locations to commute by rail.
T-9-Q40.
For most people, the left half of the brain controls linguistic capabilities, but some people have their language centers in the right half. When a language center of the brains is damaged, for example, by a stroke, linguistic capabilities are impaired in some way. Therefore, people who have suffered a serious stroke on the left side of the brain without suffering any such impairment must have their language centers in the right half.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the reasoning in the argument above depends?

A.        No part of a person’s brain that is damaged by a stroke never recovers
B.        Impairment of linguistic capabilities does not occur in people who have not suffered any damage to any language center of the brain.
C.        Strokes tend to impair linguistic capabilities more severely than does any other cause of damage to language centers in the brain.
D.        If there are language centers on the left side of the brain, any serious stroke affecting that side of the brain damages at least one of them.
E.        It is impossible to determine which side of the brain contains a person’s language centers if the person has not suffered damage to either side of the brain.

imjar

GWD-28
28-7: In 1960’s studies of rats, scientists found that crowding increases the number of attacks among the animals significantly. But in recent experiments in which Rhesus monkeys were placed in crowded conditions, although there was an increase in instances of “coping” behavior – such as submissive gestures and avoidance of dominant individuals – attacks did not become any more frequent. Therefore it is not likely that, for any species of monkey, crowding increases aggression as significantly as was seen in rats.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A: All the observed forms of coping behavior can be found among rhesus monkeys living in uncrowded conditions.
B: In the studies of rats, nondominant individuals were found to increasingly avoid dominant individuals when the animals were in crowded conditions.
C: Rhesus monkeys respond with aggression to a wider range of stimuli than any other monkeys do.
D: Some individual monkeys in the experiment were involved in significantly more attacks than the other monkeys were.
E: Some of the coping behavior displayed by rhesus monkeys is similar to behavior rhesus monkeys use to bring to an end an attack that has begun.

28-9: Early in the twentieth century, Lake Konfa became very polluted. Recently fish populations have recovered as release of industrial pollutants has declined and the lake’s waters have become cleaner. Fears are now being voiced that the planned construction of an oil pipeline across the lake’s bottom might revive pollution and cause the fish population to decline again. However, a technology for preventing leaks is being installed. Therefore, provided this technology is effective, those fears are groundless.
The argument depends on assuming which of the following?
A: Apart from development related to the pipeline, there will be no new industrial development around the lake that will create renewed pollution in its waters.
B: Other than the possibility of a leak, there is no realistic pollution threat posed to the lake by the pipeline’s construction
C: There is no reason to believe that the leak-preventing technology would be ineffective when installed in the pipeline in Lake Konfa.
D: Damage to the lake’s fish populations would be the only harm that a leak of oil from the pipeline would cause.
E: The species of fish that are present in Lake Konfa now are the same as those that were in the lake before it was affected by pollution.

28-11: Trancorp currently transports all its goods to Burland Island by truck. The only bridge over the channel separating Burland from the mainland is congested, and trucks typically spend hours in traffic. Trains can reach the channel more quickly than trucks, and freight cars can be transported to Burland by barges that typically cross the channel in an hour. Therefore, to reduce shipping time, Trancorp plans to switch to trains and barges to transport goods to Burland.
Which of the following would be most important to know in determining whether Trancorp’s plan, if implemented, is likely to achieve its goal?
A: Whether transportation by train and barge would be substantially less expensive than transportation by truck.
B: Whether there are boats that can make the trip between the mainland and Burland faster than barges can
C: Whether loading the freight cars onto barges is very time consuming.
D: Whether the average number of vehicles traveling over the bridge into Burland has been relatively constant in recent years?
E: Whether most trucks transporting goods into Burland return to the mainland empty?

imjar

28-16: Paper&Print is a chain of British stores selling magazines, books, and stationery products. In Britain, magazines’ retail prices are set by publishers, and the retailer’s share of a magazine’s retail price is 25 percent. Since Paper&Print’s margin on books and stationery products is much higher, the chain’s management plans to devote more of its stores’ shelf space to books and stationery products and reduce the number of magazine titles that its stores carry.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly argues that the plan, if put into effect, will not increase Paper&Print’s profits?
A: Recently magazine publishers, seeking to increase share in competitive sectors of the market, have been competitively cutting the retail prices of some of the largest circulation magazines.
B: In market research surveys, few consumers identify Paper&Print as a book or stationery store but many recognize and value the broad range of magazines it carries.
C: The publisher’s share of a magazine’s retail price is 50 percent, and the publisher also retains all of the magazine’s advertising revenue.
D: Consumers who subscribe to a magazine generally pay less per issue than they would if they bought the magazine through a retail outlet such as Paper&Print.
E: Some of Paper& Print’s locations are in small towns and represent the only retail outlet for books within the community.

28-17: In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently account for 6 percent of miles driven on Partoria’s roads but are involved in 12 percent of all highway fatalities. The very largest trucks – those with three trailers – had less than a third of the accident rate of single- and double-trailer trucks. Clearly, therefore, one way for Partoria to reduce highway deaths would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A: Partorian trucking companies have so far used triple-trailer trucks on lightly traveled sections of major highways only.
B: No matter what changes Partoria makes in the regulation of trucking, it will have to keep some smaller roads off-limits to all large trucks.
C: Very few fatal collisions involving trucks in Partoria are collisions between two trucks.
D: In Partoria, the safety record of the trucking industry as a whole has improved slightly over the past ten years.
E: In Partoria, the maximum legal payload of a triple-trailer truck is less than three times the maximum legal payload of the largest of the single-trailer trucks

28-18: Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Concerned about financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65. Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians. Nevertheless, many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase, in large part because ______.
A: They rely entirely on the government pension for their income
B: Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check
C: They buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation
D: The pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high
E: In Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living   

28-19: Plankton generally thrive in areas of the ocean with sufficient concentrations of certain nitrogen compounds near the surface where plankton live. Nevertheless, some areas, though rich in these nitrogen compounds, have few plankton. These areas have particularly low concentrations of iron, and oceanographers hypothesize that this shortage of iron prevents plankton from thriving. However, an experimental release of iron compounds into one such area failed to produce a thriving plankton population, even though local iron concentrations increased immediately.
Which of the following, if true, argues most strongly against concluding, on the basis of the information above, that the oceanographers’ hypothesis is false?
A: Not all of the nitrogen compounds that are sometimes found in relatively high concentrations in the oceans are nutrients for plankton.
B: Certain areas of the ocean support an abundance of plankton despite having particularly low concentrations of iron.
C: The release of the iron compounds did not increase the supply of nitrogen compounds in the area.
D: A few days after the iron compounds were released, ocean currents displaced the iron-rich water from the surface.
E: The iron compounds released into the area occur naturally in areas of the ocean where plankton thrive.

imjar

28-23: Goronian lawmaker: Goronia’s Cheese Importation Board, the agency responsible for inspecting all wholesale shipments of cheese entering Goronia from abroad and rejecting shipments that fail to meet specified standards, rejects about one percent of the cheese that it inspects. Since the health consequences and associated costs of not rejecting that one percent would be negligible, whereas the cost of maintaining the agency is not, the agency’s cost clearly outweighs the benefits it provides.
Knowing the answer to which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the lawmaker’s argument?
A: Are any of the types of cheeses that are imported into Goronia also produced in Goronia?
B: Has the Cheese Importation Board, over the last several years, reduced its operating costs by eliminating inefficiencies within the agency itself?
C: Does the possibility of having merchandise rejected by the Cheese Importation Board deter many cheese exporters from shipping substandard cheese to Goronia?
D: Are there any exporters of cheese to Goronia whose merchandise is never rejected by the Cheese Importation Board?
E: How is the cheese rejected by the Cheese Importation Board disposed of?

28-28: Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
A certain cultivated herb is one of a group of closely related plants that thrive in soil with high concentrations of metals that are toxic to most other plants. Agronomists studying the herb have discovered that it produces large amounts of histidine, an amino acid that, in test-tube solutions, renders these metals chemically inert. Possibly, therefore, the herb’s high histidine production is what allows it to grow in metal-rich soils, a hypothesis that would gain support if ______.
A: histidine is found in all parts of the plant – roots, stem, leaves, and flowers
B: the herb’s high level of histidine production is found to be associated with an unusually low level of production of other amino acids
C: others of the closely related group of plants are also found to produce histidine in large quantities
D: cultivation of the herb in soil with high concentrations of the metals will, over an extended period, make the soil suitable for plants to which the metals are toxic
E: the concentration of histidine in the growing herb declines as the plant approaches maturity

28-29: Lofgren’s disease has been observed frequently in commercially raised cattle but very rarely in chickens.  Both cattle and chickens raised for meat are often fed the type of feed that transmits the virus that causes the disease. Animals infected with the virus take more than a year to develop symptoms of Lofgren’s disease, however, and chickens commercially raised for meat, unlike cattle, are generally brought to market during their first year of life.
Which of the following is most strongly supported by the information provided?
A: The virus that causes Lofgren’s disease cannot be transmitted to human beings by chickens.
B: There is no way to determine whether a chicken is infected with the Lofgren’s disease virus before the chicken shows symptoms of the disease.
C: A failure to observe Lofgren’s disease in commercial chicken populations is not good evidence that chickens are immune to the virus that causes this disease.
D: An animal that has been infected with the virus that causes Lofgren’s disease but that has not developed symptoms cannot transmit the disease to an uninfected animal of the same species.
E: The feed that chickens and cattle are fed is probably not the only source of the virus that causes Lofgren’s disease.

imjar

28-32: A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool Company has recently claimed that the company is mismanaged, citing as evidence the company’s failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products. It is doubtful whether an investor’s sniping at management can ever be anything other than counterproductive, but in this case it is clearly not justified.  It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand, but in Burton’s case it indicates no such thing. Rather, the increase in inventory is entirely attributable to products that have already been assigned to orders received from customers.
In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A: The first states the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second provides evidence to undermine the support for the position being opposed.
B: The first states the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second is evidence that has been used to support the position being opposed.
C: The first states the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second states the conclusion of the argument as a whole.
D: The first is evidence that has been used to support a position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second provides information to undermine the force of that evidence.
E: The first is evidence that has been used to support a position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second states the conclusion of the argument as a whole.

28-38: A significant number of complex repair jobs carried out by Ace Repairs have to be reworked under the company’s warranty. The reworked jobs are invariably satisfactory. When initial repairs are inadequate, therefore, it is not because the mechanics lack competence; rather, there is clearly a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs.
The argument above assumes which of the following?
A: There is no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs.
B: There is no company that successfully competes with Ace Repairs for complex repair jobs.
C: Ace Repairs’ warranty is good on first-time jobs but does not cover rework jobs
D: Ace Repairs does not in any way penalize mechanics who have worked on complex repair jobs that later had to be reworked.
E: There is no category of repair jobs in which Ace Repairs invariably carries out first-time jobs satisfactorily.

28-40: In Kravonia, the average salary for jobs requiring a college degree has always been higher than the average salary for jobs that do not require a degree. Current enrollments in Kravonia’s colleges indicate that over the next four years the percentage of the Kravonian workforce with college degrees will increase dramatically. Therefore, the average salary for all workers in Kravonia is likely to increase over the next four years.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A: Kravonians with more than one college degree earn more, on average, than do Kravonians with only one college degree.
B: The percentage of Kravonians who attend college in order to earn higher salaries is higher now than it was several years ago.
C: The higher average salary for jobs requiring a college degree is not due largely to a scarcity among the Kravonian workforce of people with a college degree.
D: The average salary in Kravonia for jobs that do not require a college degree will not increase over the next four years.
E: Few members of the Kravonian workforce earned their degrees in other countries

imjar

GWD-31
10: The Hyksos invaded the Nile Delta of Egypt and ruled it from 1650 B.C. Their origin is uncertain, but archaeologists hypothesize that they were Canaanites. In support of this hypothesis, the archaeologists point out that excavations of Avans, the Hyksos capital in Egypt, have uncovered large numbers of artifacts virtually Identical to artifacts produced in Ashkelon, and Ashkelon was a major city of Canaan at the time of the Hyksos’ invasion.
In order to evaluate the force of the archaeologists’ evidence, it would useful to determine which of the following?
A: Whether artifacts from Ashkelon were widely traded to non-Canaanite cities?
B: Whether significant numbers of artifacts that do not resemble artifacts produced in Ashkelon have been found at Avans?
C: Whether Avans was the nearest Hyksos city in Egypt to Canaan?
D: Whether Ashkelon after 1550 B.C. continued to produce artifacts similar to those found at Avans?
E: whether any artifacts produced by the Hyksos after 1550 B.C .have been found in Egypt

12: Secret passwords are often used to control access to computers. When employees As (?) their initials or birth dates. To improve security, employers should assign randomly generated passwords to employees rather than allowing employees to make up their own.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion drawn above?
A: If passwords are generated randomly, it is theoretically possible that employees will be assigned passwords that they might have selected on their own.
B: Randomly generated passwords are so difficult for employees to recall that they often record the passwords in places where the passwords could be easily seen by others.
C: Computer systems protected by passwords are designed to ignore commands that are entered by employees or others who use invalid passwords.
D: In general, the higher the level of security maintained at the computer system, the more difficult it is for unauthorized users to obtain access to the system.
E: Control of physical access to computers by the use of locked doors and guards should be used in addition to passwords in order to maintain security

16: In recent years, networks of fiber-optic cable have been replacing electrical wire for transmitting telecommunications signals. Signals running through fiber-optic cables deteriorate, and so the signals must be run through a piece of equipment called a regenerator before being transmitted father. Light-Line is the leading manufacturer of signal regenerators. Therefore, Light-line is one of the companies that will most benefit if new long-distance fiber-optic telecommunications networks are constructed.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the prediction about light-ling’s prospects?
A: Telecommunications signals sent along electrical wires can travel much farther than signals transmitted through fiber-optic before needing to be regenerated.
B: Expanding its production of regenerators will require Light-line to spend proportionately more on labor and materials.
C: The volume of signals that a fiber-optic cable can carry is several thousand times greater than the volume that can be carried by an electrical wire of similar size.
D: There are technologies that enable telecommunications signals to be transmitted without either wire or fiber-optic cable.
E: Several manufacturers are developing regenerator technologies that will allow signals to be transmitted many times farther than at present before requiring regeneration.

imjar

17: It is crucially important to farmers that the herbicides they use to control weeds not (?) damage their crops. One very effective herbicide is safe for corn, but soybeans are damaged even by the herbicide’s residue, which remains in the soil more than a year after the herbicide is applied. Soybeans and corn are not sown together in the same filed; nevertheless, most farmers are reluctant to use the herbicide on their corn.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the farmers’ reluctance?
A: The residue of the herbicide in the soil a year after application is not enough to control most weeds effectively.
B: To maintain the nutrients in the soil, corn and soybeans are often planted in a field in alternate years.
C: The demand for soybeans is growing faster than is the demand for corn.
D: For maximum yield, soybean plants are grown closer together to each other than are corn plants.
E: The application of herbicides is less critical for soybean than for corn crops.

19: Sonya: The government of Copeland is raising the cigarette tax. Copeland’s cigarette prices will still be reasonably low, so cigarette consumption will probably not be affected much. Consequently, government revenue from the tax will increase.

Raoul: True, smoking is unlikely to decrease, because Copeland’s cigarette prices will still not be high. They will, however, no longer be the lowest in the region, so we might begin to see substantial illegal sales of smuggled cigarettes in Copeland.

Raoul responds to Sonya’s argument by doing which of the following?
A: Questioning the support for Sonya’s conclusion by distinguishing carefully between No change and no decrease
B: calling Sonya’s conclusion into question by pointing to a possible effect of a certain change.
C: Arguing that Sonya’s conclusion would be better supported if Sonya could cite a precedent for what she predicts will happen.
D: showing that a cause that Sonya claims will be producing a certain effect is not the only cause that could produce that effect
E: pointing out that a certain initiative is not bold enough to have the predicts it will have

26: Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the argument?
Aroca county’s public schools are supported primarily by taxes on property. The county plans to eliminate the property tax and support schools with a now three percent sales tax on all retail items sold in the county. Three percent of current retail sales is less than the amount collected through property taxes, but implementation of the plan would not necessarily reduce the amount of money going to Aroca county public schools, because______.
A: many former Aroca county residents left the county because of its high property taxes
B: a shopping mall likely to draw shoppers from neighboring counties ,which have much higher sales-tax rates, is about to open in Aroca county
C: at least some Aroca county parents are likely to use the money they will save on property taxes to send their children to private schools not funded by the county
D: all of the money they that is collected in property taxes currently goes to be the public schools
E: retailers in Aroca County are not likely to absorb the sales tax by reducing the pretax price of their goods

imjar

29: Rail Executive: Five years ago we discontinued train service between Lamberton and its suburbs because low ridership caused total fares collected to be substantially lower than the cost of operating the service. it is true that recent population growth in the suburban communities suggests increased potential ridership, nevertheless since most of the newer residents own automobiles, restoring the train service this year would still result in serious deficits.
Which of the following, if true casts the most serious doubt on the rail executive’s argument?
A: once train service along a given route has been discontinued, there are substantial start-up costs associated with restoring service along that route.
B: most of the new residents of Lumberton’s suburbs do not need to travel into Lamberton regularly for shopping or recreation
C: if train service were restored this with increased hours of service there would not be an increase in total ridership
D: A survey conducted last year showed that few people living in Lamberton or its suburbs support increased public funding for mass transportation
E: Recently there have been sharp increases in parking fees in Lamberton and in highway tolls on major commuter routes.
GWD-17
Q9:
Press Secretary:  Our critics claim that the President’s recent highway project cancellations demonstrate a vindictive desire to punish legislative districts controlled by opposition parties.  They offer as evidence the fact that 90 percent of the projects canceled were in such districts.  But all of the canceled projects had been identified as wasteful in a report written by respected nonpartisan auditors.  So the President’s choice was clearly motivated by sound budgetary policy, not partisan politics.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the press secretary’s argument depends?
A.        Canceling highway projects was not the only way for the President to punish legislative districts controlled by opposition parties.
B.        The scheduled highway projects identified as wasteful in the report were not mostly projects in districts controlled by the President’s party.
C.        The number of projects canceled was a significant proportion of all the highway projects that were to be undertaken by the government in the near future.
D.        The highway projects canceled in districts controlled by the President’s party were not generally more expensive than the projects canceled in districts controlled by opposition parties.
E.        Reports by nonpartisan auditors are not generally regarded by the opposition parties as a source of objective assessments of government projects.
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