imjar

GWD-8-Q38:
Unless tiger hunting decreases, tigers will soon be extinct in the wild. The countries in which the tigers’ habitats are located are currently debating joint legislation that would ban tiger hunting. Thus, if these countries can successfully enforce this legislation, the survival of tigers in the wild will be ensured.

The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument

A.        assumes without sufficient warrant that a ban on tiger hunting could be successfully enforced
B.        considers the effects of hunting on tigers without also considering the effects of hunting on other endangered animal species
C.        fails to take into account how often tiger hunters are unsuccessful in their attempts to kill tigers
D.        neglects to consider the results of governmental attempts in the past to limit tiger hunting
E.        takes the removal of an impediment to the tigers’ survival as a guarantee of their survival

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GWD-8-Q40:
From 1973 to 1976, total United States consumption of cigarettes increased 3.4 percent, and total sales of chewing tobacco rose 18.0 percent. During the same period, total United States population increased 5.0 percent.

If the statements above are true, which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn?

A.        United States manufacturers of tobacco products had higher profits in 1976 than in 1973.
B.        Per capita consumption of cigarettes in the United States was lower in 1976 than in 1973.
C.        The proportion of nonsmokers in the United States population dropped slightly between 1973 and 1976.
D.        United States manufacturers of tobacco products realize a lower profit on cigarettes than on chewing tobacco.
E.        A large percentage of United States smokers switched from cigarettes to chewing tobacco between 1973 and 1976.

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GWD-9
GWD-9-Q8:
Many large department stores in Montalia now provide shopping carts for their customers. Since customers using shopping carts tend to buy more than those without shopping carts, most of these stores are experiencing strong sales growth, while most other department stores are not. Therefore, in order to boost sales, managers of Jerrod’s, Montalia’s premier department store, are planning to purchase shopping carts and make them available to the store’s customers next month.

Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt whether the managers’ plan, if implemented, will achieve its goal?

A.        Since most customers associate shopping carts with low-quality discount stores, Jerrod’s high-quality image would likely suffer if shopping carts were introduced.
B.        Because the unemployment rate has declined to very low levels, Jerrod’s now has to pay significantly higher wages in order to retain its staff.
C.        A number of department stores that did not make shopping carts available to their customers have had to close recently due to falling profits.
D.        Shopping carts are not very expensive, but they generally need to be replaced every few years.
E.        Stores that make shopping carts available to their customers usually have to hire people to retrieve the carts from parking areas.

imjar

GWD-9-Q12:
A mosquito bite can transmit to a person the parasite that causes malaria, and the use of mosquito nets over children’s beds can significantly reduce the incidence of malarial infection for children in areas where malaria is common. Yet public health officials are reluctant to recommend the use of mosquito nets over children’s beds in such areas.

Which of the following, if true, would provide the strongest grounds for the public health officials’ reluctance?

A.        Early exposure to malaria increases the body’s resistance to it and results in a lesser likelihood of severe life-threatening episodes of malaria.
B.        Mosquito bites can transmit to people diseases other than malaria.
C.        Mosquito nets provide protection from some insect pests other than mosquitoes.
D.        Although there are vaccines available for many childhood diseases, no vaccine has been developed that is effective against malaria.
E.        The pesticides that are most effective against mosquitoes in regions where malaria is common have significant detrimental effects on human health.
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GWD-9-Q13:
Fact: Asthma, a bronchial condition, is much less common ailment than hay fever, an allergic inflammation of the nasal passages.

Fact: over 95 percent of people who have asthma also suffer from hay fever.

If the information given as facts above is true, which of the following must also be true?

A.        Hay fever is a prerequisite for the development of asthma
B.        Asthma is a prerequisite for the development of hay fever
C.        Those who have neither hay fever nor asthma comprise less than 5 percent of the total population
D.        The number of people who have both of these ailments is greater than the number of people who have only one of them
E.        The percentage of people suffering from hay fever who also have asthma is lower than 95 percent.

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GWD-9-Q14:
The Eurasian ruffe, a fish species inadvertently introduced into North America’s Great Lakes in recent years, feeds on the eggs of lake whitefish, a native species, thus threatening the lakes’ natural ecosystem. To help track the ruffe’s spread, government agencies have produced wallet-sized cards about the ruffe. The cards contain pictures of the ruffe and explain the danger they pose; the cards also request anglers to report any ruffe they catch.

Which of the following, if true, would provide most support for the prediction that the agencies’ action will have its intended effect?

A.        The ruffe has spiny fins that make it unattractive as prey.
B.        Ruffe generally feed at night, but most recreational fishing on the Great Lakes is done during daytime hours.
C.        Most people who fish recreationally on the Great Lakes are interested in the preservation of the lake whitefish because it is a highly prized game fish.
D.        The ruffe is one of several nonnative species in the Great Lakes whose existence threatens the survival of lake whitefish populations there.
E.        The bait that most people use when fishing for whitefish on the Great Lakes is not attractive to ruffe.

imjar

GWD-9-Q16:
A diet high in saturated fats increases a person’s risk of developing heart disease. Regular consumption of red wine reduces that risk. Per-capita consumption of saturated fats is currently about the same in France as in the United States, but there is less heart disease there than in the United States because consumption of red wine is higher in France. The difference in regular red-wine consumption has been narrowing, but no similar convergence in heart-disease rates has occurred.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to account for the lack of convergence noted above?

A.        Consumption of saturated fats is related more strongly to the growth of fatty deposits on artery walls, which reduce blood flow to the heart, than it is to heart disease directly.
B.        Over the past 30 years, per-capita consumption of saturated fats has remained essentially unchanged in the United States but has increased somewhat in France.
C.        Reports of the health benefits of red wine have led many people in the United States to drink red wine regularly.
D.        Cigarette smoking, which can also contribute to heart disease, is only slightly more common in France than in the United States.
E.        Regular consumption of red wine is declining dramatically among young adults in France, and heart disease typically does not manifest itself until middle age.

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GWD-9-Q20:
Which of the following most logically completes the reasoning?

Either food scarcity or excessive hunting can threaten a population of animals. If the group faces food scarcity, individuals in the group will reach reproductive maturity later than otherwise. If the group faces excessive hunting, individuals that reach reproductive maturity earlier will come to predominate. Therefore, it should be possible to determine whether prehistoric mastodons became extinct because of food scarcity or human hunting, since there are fossilized mastodon remains from both before and after mastodon populations declined, and ______.

A.        there are more fossilized mastodon remains from the period before mastodon populations began to decline than from after that period
B.        the average age at which mastodons from a given period reached reproductive maturity can be established from their fossilized remains
C.        it can be accurately estimated from fossilized remains when mastodons became extinct
D.        it is not known when humans first began hunting mastodons
E.        climate changes may have gradually reduced the food available to mastodons

GWD-9-Q24:
For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont. Clearly, therefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.        Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont.
B.        There are no more motorists in Greatport than in Fairmont.
C.        Greatport residents who have been in a collision are more likely to report it to their insurance company than Fairmont residents are.
D.        Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates.
E.        The insurance companies were already aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions before the publication of the police reports.

imjar

GWD-9-Q28:
Editorial in Krenlandian Newspaper:
Krenland’s steelmakers are losing domestic sales because of lower-priced imports, in many cases because foreign governments subsidize their steel industries in ways that are banned by international treaties. But whatever the cause, the cost is ultimately going to be jobs in Krenland’s steel industry. Therefore, it would protect not only steel companies but also industrial employment in Krenland if our government took measures to reduce cheap steel imports.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the editorial’s argument?

A.        Because steel from Krenland is rarely competitive in international markets, only a very small portion of Krenlandian steelmakers’ revenue comes from exports.
B.        The international treaties that some governments are violating by giving subsidies to steelmakers do not specify any penalties for such violations.
C.        For many Krenlandian manufacturers who face severe international competition in both domestic and export markets, steel constitutes a significant part of their raw material costs.
D.        Because of advances in order-taking, shipping, and inventory systems, the cost of shipping steel from foreign producers to Krenland has fallen considerably in recent years.
E.        Wages paid to workers in the steel industry in Krenland differ significantly from wages paid to workers in many of the countries that export steel to Krenland.
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GWD-9-Q30:
Criminologist: Some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted of a third serious crime. These legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically, since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permanently. What this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime. Filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our ability to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes.

In the argument as a whole, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

A.        The first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is a claim that has been advanced in support of that conclusion.
B.        The first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.
C.        The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is an objection that has been raised against that conclusion.
D.        The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a prediction made on the basis of that conclusion.
E.        The first is a generalization about the likely effect of a policy under consideration in the argument; the second points out a group of exceptional cases to which that generalization does not apply.

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GWD-9-Q37:
Researchers took a group of teenagers who had never smoked and for one year tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed. Those who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were four times as likely to be depressed at the study’s end than those who did not begin smoking. Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A.        Participants who were depressed at the study’s start were no more likely to be smokers at the study’s end than those who were not depressed.
B.        Participants who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were no more likely than those who began midway through to have quit smoking by the study’s end.
C.        Few, if any, of the participants in the study were friends or relatives of other participants.
D.        Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depression within the year of the study.
E.        The researchers did not track use of alcohol by the teenagers.

imjar

GWD-9-Q38:
In January of last year the Moviemania chain of movie theaters started propping its popcorn in canola oil, instead of the less healthful coconut oil that it had been using until then. Now Moviemania is planning to switch back, saying that the change has hurt popcorn sales. That claim is false, however, since according to Moviemania’s own sales figures, Moviemania sold 5 percent more popcorn last year than in the previous year.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument against Moviemania’s claim?
A.        Total sales of all refreshments at Moviemania’s movie theaters increased by less than 5 percent last year.
B.        Moviemania makes more money on food and beverages sold at its theaters than it does on sales of movie tickets.
C.        Moviemania’s customers prefer the taste of popcorn popped in coconut oil to that of popcorn popped in canola oil.
D.        Total attendance at Moviemania’s movie theaters was more than 20 percent higher last year than the year before.
E.        The year before last, Moviemania experienced a 10 percent increase in popcorn sales over the previous year.
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GWD-9-Q40:
Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.        People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.
B.        There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops.
C.        Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa.
D.        Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are.
E.        Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there.
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GWD-10
GWD-10-Q7
For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont.  Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont.  Clearly, therefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.        Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont.
B.        There are no more motorists in Greatport than in Fairmont.
C.        Greatport residents who have been in a collision are more likely to report it to their insurance company than Fairmont residents are.
D.        Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates.
E.        The insurance companies were already aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions before the publication of the police reports.

imjar

GWD-10-Q9
Although exposure to asbestos is the primary cause of mesothelioma, a slow-developing cancer, researchers believe that infection by the SV40 virus is a contributing cause, since in the United States 60 percent of tissue samples from mesotheliomas, but none from healthy tissue, contain SV40. SV40 is a monkey virus; however, in 1960 some polio vaccine was contaminated with the virus. Researchers hypothesize that this vaccine was the source of the virus found in mesotheliomas decades later.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the researchers’ hypothesis?
A.        SV40 is widely used as a research tool in cancer laboratories.
B.        Changes in the technique of manufacturing the vaccine now prevent contamination with SV40.
C.        Recently discovered samples of the vaccine dating from 1960 still show traced of the virus.
D.        In a small percentage of cases of mesothelioma, there is no history of exposure to asbestos.
E.        In Finland, where the polio vaccine was never contaminated, samples from mesotheliomas do not contain SV40.
GWD-10-Q14
Yeasts capable of leavening bread are widespread, and in the many centuries during which the ancient Egyptians made only unleavened bread, such yeasts must frequently have been mixed into bread doughs accidentally. The Egyptians, however, did not discover leavened bread until about 3000 B.C. That discovery roughly coincided with the introduction of a wheat variety that was preferable to previous varieties because its edible kernel could be removed from the husk without first toasting the grain.
Which of the following, if true, provide the strongest evidence that the two developments were causally related?
A.        Even after the ancient Egyptians discovered leavened bread and the techniques for reliably producing it were well known, unleavened bread continued to be widely consumed.
B.        Only when the Egyptians stopped the practice of toasting grain were their stone-lined grain-toasting pits available for baking bread.
C.        Heating a wheat kernel destroys its gluten, a protein that must be present in order for yeast to leaven bread dough.
D.        The new variety of wheat, which had a more delicate flavor because it was not toasted, was reserved for the consumption of high officials when it first began to be grown.
E.        Because the husk of the new variety of wheat was more easily removed, flour made from it required less effort to produce
GWD-10-Q15
Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?
Although the number of large artificial satellites orbiting the Earth is small compared to the number of small pieces of debris in orbit, the large satellites interfere more seriously with telescope observations because of the strong reflections they produce. Because many of those large satellites have ceased to function, the proposal recently been made to eliminate interference from nonfunctioning satellites by exploding them in space. This proposal, however, is ill conceived, since     .
A.        many nonfunctioning satellites remain in orbit for years
B.        for satellites that have ceased to function, repairing them while they are in orbit would be prohibitively expensive
C.        there are no known previous instances of satellites’ having been exploded on purpose
D.        the only way to make telescope observations without any interference from debris in orbit is to use telescopes launched into extremely high orbits around the Earth
E.        a greatly increased number of small particles in Earth’s orbit would result in a blanket of reflections that would make certain valuable telescope observations impossible

imjar

GWD-10-Q17
Editorial:
An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest. Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient. A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce. The expert therefore recommends that the watch commander’s approval should no longer be required since the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted. This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders’ standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.
In the editorial, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A.        The first is a recommendation made by the editorial; the second acknowledges a potential objection against that recommendation.
B.        The first is a proposal against which the editorial is directed; the second is a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.
C.        The first provides evidence in support of a recommendation that the editorial supports; the second is the conclusion reached by the editorial.
D.        The first is a position that the editorial challenges; the second is a judgment that was made in support of that challenged position.
E.        The first is a recommendation that the editorial questions; the second provides evidence against that recommendation.
GWD-10-Q19
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
A certain tropical island received food donations in the form of powdered milk for distribution to its poorest residents, who were thought to be malnourished. Subsequently, the rate of liver cancers among those islanders increased sharply. The donated milk was probably to blame: recent laboratory research on rats has shown that rats briefly exposed to the substances aflatoxin tend to develop liver cancer when fed casein, a milk protein. This result is relevant because       .
A.        in the tropics, peanuts, a staple of these island residents, support a mold growth that produces aflatoxin.
B.        the liver is more sensitive to carcinogens, of which aflatoxin may be one, than most other bodily organs.
C.        casein is not the only protein contained in milk.
D.        powdered milk is the most appropriate form in which to send milk to a tropical destination.
E.        the people who were given the donated milk had been screened for their ability to digest milk.

GWD-10-Q29：GWD-2-14
Smithtown University’s fund-raisers succeeded in getting donations from 80 percent of the potential donors they contacted.  This success rate, exceptionally high for university fund-raisers, does not indicate that they were doing a good job.  On the contrary, since the people most likely to donate are those who have donated in the past, good fund-raisers constantly try less-likely prospects in an effort to expand the donor base.  The high success rate shows insufficient canvassing effort.
Which of the following, if true, provides more support for the argument?
A.        Smithtown University’s fund-raisers were successful in their contacts with potential donors who had never given before about as frequently as were fund-raisers for other universities in their contacts with such people.
B.        This year the average size of the donations to Smithtown University from new donors when the university’s fund-raisers had contacted was larger than the average size of donations from donors who had given to the university before.
C.        This year most of the donations that came to Smithtown University from people who had previously donated to it were made without the university’s fund-raisers having made any contact with the donors.
D.        The majority of the donations that fund-raisers succeeded in getting for Smithtown University this year were from donors who had never given to the university before.
E.        More than half of the money raised by Smithtown University’s fund-raisers came from donors who had never previously donated to the university.

imjar

GWD-10-Q30:GWD-2-17
The quality of unrefined olive oil is not actually defined in terms of acidity, yet extensive tests have shown that the less free oleic acid an unrefined olive oil contains per liter, the higher its quality.  The proportion of free oleic acid that an olive oil contains is an accurate measure of the oil’s acidity.
If the statements above are all true, which of the following conclusions is best supported by them?
A.        When an olive oil is refined, the concentration of oleic acid in the oil is reduced.
B.        The quality of an unrefined olive oil can be determined only by accurately measuring its acidity.
C.        If an unrefined olive oil is intermediate in acidity between two other unrefined olive oils, it will also be intermediate between them in quality.
D.        Free oleic acid is the only acid that unrefined olive oil contains.
E.        People who judge the quality of unrefined olive oils actually judge those oils by their acidity, which the judges can taste.
GWD-10-Q40
Insect infestations in certain cotton-growing regions of the world have caused dramatic increase in the price of cotton on the world market. By contrast, the price of soybeans has long remained stable. Knowing that cotton plants mature quickly, many soybean growers in Ortovia plan to cease growing soybeans and being raising cotton instead, thereby taking advantage of the high price of cotton to increase their income significantly, at least over the next several years.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the plan’s chances for success?
A.        The cost of raising soybeans has increased significantly over the past several year and is expected to continue to climb.
B.        Tests of a newly developed, inexpensive pesticide have shown it to be both environmentally safe and effective against the insects that have infested cotton crops.
C.        In the past several years, there has been no sharp increase in the demand for cotton and for goods made out of cotton.
D.        Few consumers would be willing to pay significantly higher prices for cotton goods than they are now paying.
E.        The species of insect that has infested cotton plants has never been known to attack soybean plants.

imjar

GWD-12
Q2:
Scientists are discussing ways to remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by increasing the amount that is absorbed by plant life.  One plan to accomplish this is to establish giant floating seaweed farms in the oceans.  When the seaweed plants die, they will be disposed of by being burned for fuel.
Which of the following, if true, would indicate the most serious weakness in the plan above?
U.        Some areas of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere do not contain sufficient nutrients to support large seaweed farms.
V.        When a seaweed plant is burned, it releases an amount of carbon dioxide comparable to the amount it has absorbed in its lifetime.
W.        Even if seaweed farms prove effective, some people will be reluctant to switch to this new fuel.
X.        Each year about seven billion tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere but only about five billion tons are absorbed by plant life.
Y.        Seaweed farms would make more money by farming seaweed to sell as nutritional supplements than by farming seaweed to sell as fuel.
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Q11:
In general, jobs are harder to get in times of economic recession because many businesses cut back operations.  However, any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools.  This is because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A.        The current student-teacher ratio at Vargonia’s government-funded schools is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession.
B.        During recent periods when the Vargonian economy has been strong, almost 25 percent of Vargonian children have attended privately funded schools, many of which charge substantial fees.
C.        Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed in those schools in the period before the last economic recession.
D.        Teachers in Vargonia’s government-funded schools are well paid relative to teachers in most privately funded schools in Vargonia, many of which rely heavily on part-time teachers.
E.        During the last economic recession in Vargonia, the government permanently closed a number of the schools that it had funded.
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Q12: GWD-13-27
Which if the following, if true, most logically completes the argument?
Aroca County’s public schools are supported primarily by taxes on property.  The county plans to eliminate the property tax and support schools with a new three percent sales tax on all retail items sold in the county.  Three percent of current retail sales is less than the amount collected through property taxes, but implementation of the plan would not necessarily reduce the amount of money going to Aroca County public schools, because ______.
A.        many Aroca County residents have already left the county because of its high property taxes
B.        a shopping mall likely to draw shoppers from neighboring counties is about to open in Aroca County
C.        at least some Aroca County parents are likely to use the money they will save on property taxes to send their children to private schools not funded by the county
D.        a significant proportion of parents of Aroca County public school students do not own their homes and consequently do not pay property taxes
E.        retailers in Aroca County are not likely to absorb the sales tax by reducing the pretax price of their goods

imjar

- Q15:
FastMart, a convenience store chain, is planning to add pancake syrup to the items it sells.  FastMart stores do not have shelf space to stock more than one variety of syrup.  Surveys of FastMart customers indicate that one-fourth of them prefer low-calorie syrup, while three-fourths prefer regular syrup.  Since FastMart’s highest priority is to maximize sales, the obvious strategy for it is to stock regular syrup.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A:        People buying pancake syrup at convenience stores, unlike those buying it at supermarkets, generally buy it only a few times.
B.        People who prefer low-calorie syrup generally use about the same amount of syrup on their pancakes as those who prefer regular syrup.
C.        Regular syrup does not sell for a higher price per unit than low-calorie syrup.
D.        In general, customers who prefer regular syrup will buy low-calorie syrup if regular is unavailable, but those who prefer low-calorie will not buy regular syrup.
E.        Sales of syrup are not expected to account for a large proportion of total dollar sales at the average FastMart store.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Q16:
Certain genetically modified strains of maize produce a natural insecticide that protects against maize-eating insects.  The insecticide occurs throughout the plant, including its pollen.  Maize pollen is dispersed by the wind and often blows onto milkweed plants that grow near maize fields.  Caterpillars of monarch butterflies feed exclusively on milkweed leaves.  When, in experiments, these caterpillars were fed milkweed leaves dusted with pollen from modified maize plants, they died.  Therefore, use of the modified maize inadvertently imperils monarch butterflies.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A.        Per unit of volume, the natural insecticide produced by the genetically modified maize plants is less toxic to insects than are many commercial insecticides commonly used on maize plants.
B.        Standard weed-control practices that have been used by farmers for decades have largely eliminated milkweed plants from certain areas where monarch-butterfly caterpillars were once common.
C.        The experiments showed that the caterpillars were not harmed by contact with the pollen from the genetically modified plants unless they ingested it.
D.        The maize-eating insects that the natural insecticide protects against do not feed on the pollen of the maize plant.
E.        Airborne maize pollen tends to collect on the middle leaves of milkweed plants and monarch caterpillars feed only on the plant’s tender upper leaves.