GMAT语法总结

beckybear

语法总结：http://forum.topway.org/viewthread.php?tid=216596&extra=
考试技巧：
        with单独在句末一般都不对，容易造成修饰谓语或者近前名词的混淆
        Has the ability to 一般用be able to 或can代替
        没有excepting for，except in是对的
        In turn表明先后关系，都不用伴随状语，而用能表示先后关系的从句
        because of和on account of后只能跟名词,不能跟doing
        动词后面不能直接跟介词短语，会扭曲句意
Eg:120. A firm that specializes in the analysis of handwriting claims from a one-page writing sample that it can assess more than 300 personality traits, including enthusiasm, imagination, and ambition.
(A) from a one-page writing sample that it can assess
(D) to be able, from a one-page writing sample, to assess √
        现在分词做状语一般都不对，不好（as being中的being一定是多余的）
Eg:The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.
A.        include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is
B.        include the animal known as the killer whale, growing up to （up多余） 30 feet long and being （awkward）
        OG中给出的官方解释是:due to =contribute to; ≠because or because of;因此在GMAT中，due to 一般都不会出现在句首的
        be of the conviction of表达awkward，be convinced that…（确信）才是idiomatic的搭配(GWD3-Q29)
        as many as 7 passengers并不是表达“同样多的人”的意思，而是表达“多达7人”的意思
        Debate vi.争论，争辩；vt.仔细考虑，思考，盘算、
Eg:A little under a million years ago, the briny waters of the Baltic Sea began flooding into the cold North Atlantic: geologists are still debating whether the flood was gradual or created a cataclysm.
(C) about whether the flood was gradual or cataclysmic
(D) whether the flood was gradual or cataclysmic

beckybear

        Elect vt.选举；vi. Elect to...选择
Eg: A recent study has found that within the past few years, many doctors had elected early retirement rather than face the threats of lawsuits and the rising costs of malpractice insurance.
(C) have elected retiring early instead of facing
(D) have elected to retire early rather than facing
        disadvantage =不利      disadvantaged =生活条件差的
Eg:A President entering the final two years of a second term is likely to be at a severe disadvantage and is often unable to carry out a legislative program.
(A) likely to be at a severe disadvantage and is often unable to
(B) likely severely disadvantaged and often unable to
        好像ETS特别不喜欢用CONSIDER AS，或CONSIDER TO BE
Eg: A special Japanese green tea called genmai-cha contains brown rice and is considered as a delicacy fit for a gourmet by most Japanese, though it is virtually unavailable outside Yokohama.
(B) Considered to be a delicacy fit for a gourmet by most Japanese, genmai-cha is a special green tea that contains brown rice, virtually unavailable outside Yokohama.
(C) A special Japanese green tea called genmai-cha contains brown rice and is considered a gourmet delicacy by most Japanese, though it is virtually unavailable outside Yokohama.
(D) Most Japanese consider genmai-cha, a special green tea which contains brown rice, as a delicacy virtually unavailable outside Yokohama.
        Due to means"cause by". It shoud only be used if it can be substitued with "caused by".
It doed not mean the same thing as "because of ",
Incorrect: The game was postponed due to rain.
Correct: The game was postponed because of rain.
Correct: The game's postponement was due to rain.
        xxx do sth, as well as doing sth是固定结构    as well as+doing表示伴随状语
Eg: Diesel engines burn as much as 30% less fuel than gasoline engines of comparable size, as well as emitting far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gasses that have been implicated in global warming.

beckybear

定语从句与分词
        定语从句强调具体时间具体动作,以及动作的一次性;分词短语强调笼统不确定的时间,抽象/客观/重复性/多次性的行为
        都可以接受时,分词短语优于定语从句(更简洁),定语从句要尽量转换为分词短语(但不能引起歧义)
        定语从句包含情态动词时不能转化为分词短语
        ing分词的完成时态不能充当名词的定语,必须转化为定语从句n.+ having donen. that…
        非限制性定语从句一般不改成分词作定语，因为分词表重复动作，定语从句表示一次性，意思有偏颇

1.        原文语气、重心、句子原意要保持（除非有逻辑错误）
a)        密切关注词的位置的变化和添加省略
        情态动词不能随意添加和省略，不能互换（除might和may外）
        实义词(名词/动词/形容词/副词)不能随意省略,添加或互换(如加上occure/include,删除turned out to/come to[OG77]doors等)
        以下词不能随意省略和变换位置：only/any/first/often[OG70]
        以下词不能互换: only if和if /should和if /be not unlike和be like /if和on condition that /just like和like. Can和ability互换时也要仔细,看是否句子逻辑需要
b)        语态不能随意改变:主动被动不要随意互换(改变了句子的主语从而改变了句子强调对象)
c)        各个成份原本的句法功能不能改变:原句的主从句不能更改(主句不能变成从句,并列句不能变成主从复合句);宾语从句不能变成插入语等
d)        一些改变了词性就改变了句子原意的词:把状态改成了动作
        be in danger ofbe endangered[OG63]
        be at a severe disadvantagebe severely disadvantaged[OG70]注意词义也发生了变化
        a wide range of workwidely ranging work[v.]前者强调许多不同的工作,后者强调一件工作本身涉猎不同的范畴[OG77]

beckybear

1.        ETS的偏好:
        as well as:一般都改为both…and…来表达
        同位语结构
        with sth doing/being done一般都错
        有动作一般要有动作的执行者(因此主动优于被动因为被动往往只说明了动作没有说明动作的执行者),且动作的发出者必须符合逻辑

分词短语逻辑主语的判断
a)        分词短语在句首作状语:逻辑主语=主句主语
b)        ing分词短语在句尾:
        表伴随动作/状态/功能,与句子谓语动作同时发生,逻辑主语=句子主语
        表伴随结果,整个句子是原因,导致分词动作产生,无逻辑主语.可以在分词前加thus/thereby/in effect等,也可以不加
c)        ed分词短语在句尾,一般优先就近作定语,修饰名词[OG127]
d)        ing分词和ed分词在句中：优先作定语修饰就近的名词[OG191]
e)        介词或介词短语+ing分词: in addition to/in/by/without/besides+doing…,句子
        在句首,逻辑主语=句子主语
在句尾,逻辑主语可能是句子主语也可能不是

固定搭配：
        Model...after...
        the same to x as to y,
        x is to y what a is to b
        aid in...而不是to
        persuade x to do y, 而不是 persuade x in doing y.
        Distinction between a and b，而不是distinction of a to that of b
        Be dated at...而不是be dated to be...或be dated as...
Eg:Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of the 6-mile-wide asteroid that eradicated the dinosaurs has been dated to be 3.47 billion years old and thus is evidence of the earliest known asteroid impact on Earth.
(A) has been dated to be 3.47 billion years old and thus is
(B) has been dated at 3.47 billion years old and thus
(C) have been dated to be 3.47 billion years old and thus are
(D) have been dated as being 3.47 billion years old and thus
(E) have been dated at 3.47 billion years old and thus are
        View a as b而不是view a to be b,
eg:Many financial experts believe that policy makers at the Federal Reserve, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are almost certain to leave interest rates unchanged for the foreseeable future.
        Apprenticeship as...而不是apprenticeship to be...
Eg:Friedrich  Müller’s career began in an unpromising apprenticeship as a Sanskrit scholar
(C) Müller’s career began with the unpromising apprenticeship of being 错
(E) the career of Müller has begun with an unpromising apprenticeship of 错

beckybear

时态：
完成时态:since; within/during/over/in+the past/last/recent+时间短语(注意in the last year用完成时,last year用过去时,不要混淆!)
过去完成时一般两种情况用，一个是原题用的过完，还有一种就是有明显的时间状语表明过去的过去

Like和As的混合考题
特点：选项中同时存在As结构和Like结构。（注意：只有like或者只有as的不属于此类）

两种结构都有可能成为正确答案，一般情况下As结构和Like结构同时在选项中出现的时候只有一个结构是符合下面的语法规则的。不过在高难度的题中也会出现两个结构都符合语法规则，后面会讲到。

一、让As结构成为正确答案
在这样的情况下，as是作为连词出现的。既然是连词就只能带一个句子。但是由于as所带的句子与主句有很多相同的地方，所以可以使用加助动词省略的形式成为正确答案。比如：
A do ***, as B do
A can *** as B can
A is *** as B and C are
补出助动词的原则是必须和主句的类型一致，而且要时态一致。
但是如果某个as结构自己就带了时间状语，那么该as结构的时态和自己带的状语保持一致，而类型和主句保持一致。
A do *** as B did ten years ago.

二、让Like结构成为正确答案
在这样的情况下，Like是作为介词出现的。既然是介词，就只能带宾语。而且宾语的类型和主句主语的类型必须保持一致。
Like A’s Book, B’s Book is red.
典型的错误为：Like A, B’s book is red.（人和人比，书和书比）

三、典型的干扰选项
看到下面的选项一定不要被它们所迷惑：
similar to
contrary to（但在like/unlike题型中有可能成为正确答案）

四、高级考法
新东方补充教材，新版本93题属于as结构和like结构都符合语法规则的，难度超高。As或者like结构出现在两个逻辑分句的中间。这个时候就会产生歧义，到底这个结构是应该和前一个分句构成整体还是跟后一个分句构成整体。

Because young children do not organize their attention or perceptions systematically, like adults, they may notice and remember details that their elders ignore.
(A) like adults
(B) unlike an adult
(C) as adults
(D) as adults do
(E) as an adult
我们注意到A选项和D选项都符合语法规则，也都和前面的children保持数的一致性，从纯语法规则上讲是都正确的。但是A存在歧义。我们不清楚like adults是和前一个分句构成整体还是和后一个分句构成整体。也就是不知道大人是在“do not organize”这个动作上和小孩一样还是在“may notice and remember”这个动作上和小孩一样。所以有歧义。好在前后两个分句的助动词不一样，所以可以使用as结构区分。因为as结构的助动词和前一个分句一致的话，就应该和前一个分句构成整体；同样，和后一个分句的助动词一致的话，就应该和后一个分句构成整体。

The preposition like must be used for a comparison of two nouns; the subordinating conjunction as would need to introduce a subordinate clause.