sherrysu

OG.74
A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump into the Great Lakes.
(A) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump
(B) reduced the phosphate amount that municipalities had been dumping
(C) reduces the phosphate amount municipalities have been allowed to dump
(D) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump
(E) reduces the amount of phosphates allowed for dumping by municipalities

法案的时态：法案是过去成立的，因此用一般过去时。法案在句子写下时依然生效，所以倾倒行为使用一般现在时。若法案在句子写下时已经无效了，则使用一般过去时。


OG.79
Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their clients’ misconduct stemmed from a reaction to something ingested, but in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions.
(A)        in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy,
(B)        if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food,
(C)        in attributing behavior that is criminal or delinquent to an allergy to some food,
(D)        if some food allergy is attributed as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior,
(E)        in attributing a food allergy as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior,


OG.85
Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.
(A) that flourished at the same time as the civilizations
(B) that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations
(C) that flourished at the same time those had
(D) flourishing at the same time as those did
(E) flourishing at the same time as those were


OG.87
In an effort to reduce their inventories, Italian vintners have cut prices; their wines have been priced to sell, and they are.
(A)        have been priced to sell, and they are
(B)        are priced to sell, and they have
(C)        are priced to sell, and they do
(D)        are being priced to sell, and have
(E)        had been priced to sell, and they have

they指代their wines, 但后半句动词并不从前，而是依据逻辑为sell

sherrysu

OG.93
Heating-oil prices are expected to be higher this year than last because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel more for crude oil than they were last year.
(A)        Heating-oil prices are expected to be higher this year than last because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel more for crude oil than they were
(B)        Heating-oil prices are expected to rise higher this year over last because refiners pay about $5 a barrel for crude oil more than they did
(C)        Expectations are for heating-oil prices to be higher this year than last year’s because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel for crude oil more than they did
(D)        It is the expectation that heating-oil prices will be higher for this year over last because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel more for crude oil now than what they were
(E)        It is expected that heating-oil prices will rise higher this year than last year’s because refiners pay about $5 a barrel for crude oil more than they did

More后面只接than，不接over。$5 a barrel紧接more，不能拆开


OG.107
Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.
(A)        Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
(B)        Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission
(C)        A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
(D)        A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying it,
(E)        A technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying the substance, called proton-induced X-ray emission,

a technique called…, which…如果called紧邻technique，则which可以跳过called直接修饰到technique，但如果是类似CD选项的情况，which只能被认为修饰了X-ray emission


OG.112
As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision.
(A)        As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision.
(B)        A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind as an adult.
(C)        As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision would be rated about 20/500; qualifying it to be legally blind if an adult.
(D)        A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500; an adult with such vision would be deemed legally blind.
(E)        As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision, which would deemed legally blind for an adult, would be rated about 20/500.

sherrysu

OG.113
Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands.
(A)        Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated
(B)        Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulated
(C)        Even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, already stimulating
(D)        Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, this has already stimulated
(E)        Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, which is already stimulating

C选项，under provisions of the new maritime code位置错误，变成修饰sea areas了。B选项，it指代new maritime code，没有歧义。


OG.131
Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power,            
(A)        whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany
(B)        whereas just over 33 percent of the energy comes from nuclear power in Germany

注意in Germany修饰的对象，一个是the energy整体，一个是nuclear power，而且会造成the energy是指法国的energy的歧义。


OG.133
Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp’s ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect adult sea turtles.
(A)        requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect
(B)        requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting
(C)        that require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets protect
(D)        to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets are protecting
(E)        to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting

sherrysu

OG.138
In no other historical sighting did Halley’s Comet cause such a worldwide sensation as did its return in 1910-1911.
(A)        did its return in 1910-1911
(B)        had its 1910-1911 return
(C)        in its return of 1910-1911
(D)        its return of 1910-1911 did
(E)        its return in 1910-1911


GWD.11-41
Some scientists contend that many species of dinosaur had a metabolism more like a warm-blooded mammal’s than a cold-blooded reptile’s.
A.        that many species of dinosaur had a metabolism more like
B.        that the metabolism of many dinosaur species were more like
C.        that the metabolisms of many species of dinosaurs were more like those of
D.        there were many species of dinosaurs that had metabolisms more like those of
E.        there were many dinosaur species that had a metabolism more like that of


GWD.12-39
Five hundred million different species of living creatures have appeared on Earth, nearly 99 percent of them vanishing.
A.        Five hundred million different species of living creatures have appeared on Earth, nearly 99 percent of them vanishing.
B.        Nearly 99 percent of five hundred million different species of living creatures that appeared on Earth have vanished.
C.        Vanished are nearly 99percent of the five hundred million different species of living creatures that appeared on Earth.
D.        Of five hundred million different species of living creatures that have appeared on Earth, nearly 99 percent of them have vanished.
E.        Of the five hundred million different species of living creatures that have appeared on Earth, nearly 99 percent have vanished.

凡是已经被修饰的名词，就一定要加the。主谓语间隔太大，造成句意不好理解。

sherrysu

GWD.12-41
Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.
A.        fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves
B.        fund, the intention of which is to sustain the state’s economy after they have exhausted their oil reserves
C.        fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted
D.        fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves
E.        fund that they intend to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted

注意intended用法，逻辑主语基本都是人，所以常用被动语态。与compare类似。


GWD.4-2
According to its proponents, a proposed new style of aircraft could, by skimming along the top of the atmosphere, fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.
A.        According to its proponents, a proposed new style of aircraft could, by skimming along the top of the atmosphere, fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.
B.        By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, proponents of a proposed new style of aircraft say it could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.
C.        A proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents, with it skimming along the top of the atmosphere.
D.        A proposed new style of aircraft, say its proponents, could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because of its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.
E.        According to its proponents, skimming along the top of the atmosphere makes it possible that a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

according to也不是一直错误的，还是要具体案例具体分析

GWD.4-17
Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems to serve metropolitan Boston.
A.        Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems to serve
B.        Concerns about public health have led to the construction of three separate sewer systems between 1876 and 1904 to serve
C.        Concerns about public health have led between 1876 and 1904 to the construction of three separate sewer systems for serving
D.        There were concerns about public health leading to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems serving
E.        There were concerns leading between 1876 and 1904 to the construction of three separate sewer systems for serving

现在完成时一定要有明确标志，或者逻辑意思表示从过去发生一直持续到现在

sherrysu

比较
凡是比较，一定要对等，逻辑正确是首要条件。
在比较属性时，光用be动词是不正确的，应该用as…as…，因为A长度不能“就是”B长度，但A长度可以“等于”B长度。
若比较的点有两处且比较长，要把than B提到前面去，否则逻辑意思不完整

考虑比较对等的标志词：
In contrast to/with, compared with/to, like, unlike, than, rather than, similar to, besides, differ, different from

like/unlike后面只加简单名词，as后面接句子
Such as才能用来举例，like不能
Unlike/like一般不置于句中，容易产生对比歧义
Similar to放在句首永远错
Compare不用主动语态
half the chance…as  不能跟less等一起使用，因为出现less就要用than

In addition to A, B…  不要求AB同类
Whereas表对比时前后句子在形式上不需要完全对等
Contrary to在句首，后面必须加上idea, belief等抽象名词，作状语修饰主句，不存在比较对等问题。

比较级形式：
As…as… 和more than不可混用，at least as great at或as great as or great than或greater than

倍数比较的常见表达方式
①
…times（或數字）+as+形容詞或副詞原型+as…   The earth is six times as large as the moon.
…times +比较级+than (倍数可换成X%)    The earth is six times larger than the moon.
…times +形容词对应的表示量的名词+of   The earth is six times the size of the moon.
times前还可以加more than，more so than。
②
Double, triple, quadruple
作形容词，The earnings in this quarter are (more than) double the earnings in the previous quarter.
作动词，double in size/number/value或者double the size/number/value of sth
③
Twofold, threefold, fourfold, tenfold，多作形容词，不用于两者的比较

sherrysu

代词指代：
同一个句子里，they和their的指代要成套
用了形式主语的句子前后不能再出现it，否则it使用混乱，警惕it be adj. that it这种句子肯定错
用it/they表示前面提到的精确的特指的某样物品，these/that/those指跟前面提到物品有相似性质的别的物品。注意用that of/those of XX时，要考虑主谓一致。
This不会单独作主词或指代他物，后面必须加名词，比如this summer, this project之类
一个代词可以指代多个名词的时候，优先指代最接近它的且与它单复数一致的那个名词，如果最接近的名词逻辑不对，说明代词指代不明。
有2~3个平行句时，第2个或第3个句子中的代词，优先指代第一个句子中的主语
如果代词是在从句中，则优先指代从句的主语，再看主句的主语，不用管主句中的各种修饰成分中的名词
One/ones不指代抽象名词

sherrysu

零碎语法点：

and的用法，句子平行对称：
        出现“逗号+and”后面必然是一个跟主句平行的句子
        在一个复杂句子中找一个语法结构的对应平行部分，如果有多种可能性则一定遵守就近原则。
        and与that有两种情况：一、That引导从句中如果包含两个动词成分，需要用and连结。形式为that…and… 二、如果是两个that引导的从句，则后面那个从句必须以and that开头，and不能省略，形式为that…and that…。要具体情况具体分析。
        表转折关系的副词前面不能用and，不合逻辑
        判断出and到底是并列哪几个语法结构后，要判断这几个是在句子的哪一层，属于从句还是属于主句，进而检查逻辑主语是否正确
        功能对称和逻辑对称的层次高于结构对称，前两者是原则问题而后者不是。光依据结构对称判断选项错误证据不足。、

sherrysu

所有格：
        That of him和his own不能混用，GMAT里没有双重所有格
        所有格XX’s 后面不能再接who，因为实际上是XX’s是一个物品了
省略：
        在比较的考点中常见，根据经验GMAT不偏好省略，鼓励将助动词、动词都补出来。总之，补出来不能算错，不能单凭这个原因否定选项。
        偶尔有题目是省略动词，极少数省略主语。出现省略了主谓语的句子时，要将句子还原看省略是否正确。
        be likely to do，一定要注意be动词没有掉，后面如果重复使用该短语，be也尽量补出。除了极个别情况，如prep1.142。
        可以确定省略的情况：一、定语从句结构出现that/who/which be，去掉后对句子结构不产生任何影响的，应去掉以保持简洁。二、but作连词，前后句子主谓语相同
时态：
        过去完成时不要轻易使用，一定是句意显示出：一、该动作发生于某个句子中已经提到的过去的时间点之前，而且作者想强调这一点；二、连续两三个动作，用过去完成时能够清楚表明动作发生的先后顺序。否则都用一般过去时。
        During XX(time)，用一般过去时；Over XX(time)，用完成时
        条件从句为一般现在时，主句为一般将来时是最普遍搭配，但主句也用一般现在时也可能是正确的。条件从句为过去时，主句用would很常见，不是虚拟语气。
        时态正确比主动被动语态更重要
从句：
        同位语从句碰到逗号就结束了，逗号之后部分是与主句一个级别的，要单独考虑。
        When引导的是状语从句，因此不管位置在哪里都是修饰主句，除非明显出现在从句中。
        That和which引导的是定语从句或同位语从句，就近修饰。
        在n.+that/which的结构中如果出现插入语，不能放在n.和that/which之间
        除非为了保持平行，否则不要随便在which/that这些引导词之前加and或but，如果加了and前面必须有同样的从句保持平行
        While引导子句时，如主子句的主词一致，且子句动词又含有be，则子句主词和be可省略。
        While后可直接跟现在分词、名词、形容词或介词短语。while引导状语从句，因此没有平行要求。
        although, because这些词引导的从句一旦完成后，后面应该紧跟主句，否则逻辑关系就发生在了从句1和从句2之间了。
        判断what子句充当比较物件之一是否正确，需要判断what指代的物件有没有把比较的范围扩大化
        不要让同一个句子里主语也是从句，宾语也是从句。

sherrysu

现在分词、过去分子、不定式、介词短语
        分词置于句首时，一般不用there be句型和形式主语，往往逻辑主语错误
        Based on, according to开头的句子通常逻辑主语都有问题，最好是使用动词来替换based on表达的意思，但不绝对
        分词在句末，优先考虑修饰紧邻的名词，然后再考虑修饰整个句子。
        分词在句中，修饰紧邻的前一个名词
        现在分词要表示完成，需用完成时态，否则只表伴随
        过去分词要表示过去或完成的意思，必须用完成时态，否则只表被动
        不定式置于句末，除了表目的，还表将来
        不定式修饰名词时绝不能用逗号隔开
        动名词可以用作名词，但经常awkward，尤其是还加上所有格的话
        Due to是介词短语，如果置于句首，则修饰的是主语而非整个句子。Due to多用作表语解释原因。Due to开头的选项多半错。
        介词短语的修饰对象严格遵守就近原则，注意看逻辑意思是否正确
        With不接to do，但可以接被分词或从句修饰的简单名词
主谓一致：
        A, as well as B，B是对A的补充，主语核心仅仅是A，动词的人称和数由A决定
        A, B, and C, as well as D，D为附属，ABC同一层次
        主谓语间隔远时，一定要检查是否主谓一致
        看到less fewer等词语立马反应名词是否可数或不可数