9月14日GMAT考试750，分享个人语法总结

sherrysu

1.3
Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.
(A)        Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
(B) In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
(C) In less than the 35 years since African honeybees had been released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
(D) It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, when
(E) It took less than the 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, and then


1.20
The hognose snake puts on an impressive bluff, hissing and rearing back, broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but, having no dangerous fangs and no venom, eventually, if its pursuer is not cowed by the performance, will fall over and play dead.
(A) broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but, having no dangerous fangs and no venom,
(B) broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigns repeated strikes, but with no dangerous fangs and no venom,
(C) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigning repeated strikes, but it has no dangerous fangs and no venom, and
(D) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigns repeated strikes, but with no dangerous fangs and no venom, and
(E) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but with no dangerous fangs and no venom, and


1.33
More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.
(A) More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.
(B) With 20 percent of the world's fresh water, that is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined, Siberia's Lake Baikal has more than 300 rivers that drain into it.
(C) Siberia's Lake Baikal, with more than 300 rivers draining into it, it holds more of the world's fresh water than all that of the North American Great Lakes combined, 20 percent.
(D) While more than 300 rivers drain into it, Siberia's Lake Baikal holds 20 percent of the world' fresh water, which is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.
(E) More than all the North American Great Lakes combined, Siberia's Lake Baikal, with more than 300 rivers draining into it, holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water.

sherrysu

语序
OG 3
Although various eighteenth-and nineteenth-century American poets had professed an interest in Native American poetry and had pretended to imitate Native American forms in their own works, it was not until almost 1900 that scholars and critics seriously began studying traditional native American poetry in native languages。

OG 12
Rising inventories, if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, can lead to production cutbacks that would hamper economic growth.

OG 70
His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of present-day glaciers, let Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas.

OG.93
Heating-oil prices are expected to be higher this year than last because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel more for crude oil than they were last year.

OG.103
Yellow jackets number among the 900 or so species of the world’s social wasps, wasps that live in a highly cooperative and organized society consisting almost entirely of females—the queen and her sterile female workers.

OG.121
Sales of wines declined in the late 1980s, but they began to grow again after the 1991 report that linked moderate consumption of alcohol, and particularly of red wine, with a reduced risk of heart disease.

sherrysu

Population后不跟amount
Enhance和preparation无法搭配
没有from when这种搭配
没有without A and no B这种搭配
不能用one of the league，league本来就是单数名词，不是集合名词
Accurate与ability无法搭配
Interact不与among搭配
Among不与each other搭配
形容number不能用more，只能用greater
density不与numerous或者more搭配，只与greater搭配
persuade不接从句
GMAT不承认so as to这个短语
and和so不连用

Redundancy：
simultaneously与while
require/mandate/demand/suggest与must/have to
could/may/possibly/perhaps与may
must与ensure
and与in addition
each year与annually
per person与per capita
rise与increase
regain与again
increase up to，去掉up
wanting to do，去掉wanting
and so，去掉so

While at the same time不算冗余

sherrysu

forbid to do
keep, stop, prevent, prohibit, inhibit, discourage from doing

be dated at … years old
estimated to be …years old

although是连词
(even) though既是连词也是副词
thereby, therefore, thus, then只是副词，th开头的词只有though特殊

When引导的时间状语通常时间较短，as引导的时间状语从句持续较长。

The more…, the more…句型：
当句子动词是be动词时，前后两个be都可以省略。特别是当主语为it时，常同时省略。如The more the better.
第二个the more后面的句子可以倒装，第一个不可以。

tell sb. (that); say(that); expect(that); think(that); predict(that); believe(that); prove(that); answer(that); suggest(that); inform sb (that); mention(that); note(that); notice(that); write(that); read(that)  这几个动词后面的that可以省略

Phenomena是复数形式
Citrus是单数可数名词
Dioxin单数可数名词
Limitation是单数可数名词

sherrysu

predict后接will不接would，后面不用动词原形表达强烈语气

不要混用when和if。when的翻译一定是当……的时候。
when不能用来举例，只能特指某个时间段。不能引导条件状语从句。

not only but also, also可以省略
not just, but also也对
but it also也是可以单独出现的，不是非要跟not only搭配

aggravate, make worse
aggravating, annoying

act like 举止像
act as  充当，担当，function

a means to X  为了达成X的方法
a means of X  X方法中的其中一种

One…the other  只有两个，不能单独使用，不能只说the other，看到the other要警惕
Some…the others  三个以上
One…another, another
Some…others, others
The others=the rest
The others有单独使用的情况，the other没有

The extent of sth或to…extent，表范围
The degree to sth或to…degree，表程度

Conforming to 与……保持一致，主动语态
Compared to/with 与……比较，被动语态
Combined with  被动语态

immune to 免疫，不受影响
immune from 免于，豁免=exempt

suffer from 后接结果，多跟名词或过去分词
result from 后接原因，是已经发生的事，不用现在分词

attribute x to y=x is attributed to y  x(effect) y(cause)

Divide over 强烈分歧
The scientific community remains divided over whether…

Even as 正当，恰好……的时候
As to 关于、对于、为了、有关、就……而论

sherrysu

惯用搭配：
1998 saw…
Just as A do, so B do
As be (often)the case (with) 不需要考虑对等，因此当比较双方对等会使句子不简洁时，常用这个短语
A did one thing, as well as doing another thing.
not so much that…as that… 与其说，不如说  要求形式对等
by sth/doing sth=through sth/doing sth
risk of doing sth, risk of sth(risk为不可数名词)，risk doing sth
entail sth, entail doing sth  使……成为需要
proof for sth, proof that
dedicate sth to sht/doing sth
talent for sth
restriction on sth.
on the ground(s) of sth/that 表原因，相当于because
as much 表强调，可以无视
one chance in a million 表程度
jump to/at，如果jump表示数量或水准的进步到一定程度，常跟to
Three out of every four automobile owners also own a bicycle.
so that表结果目的，such that表程度
in that表原因(太过正式不常用)，inasmuch as表原因（也不常用），now that表原因，直接用because和for最好
and then, and thus经常连用
vulnerable to sth
cite A as B，有时会倒装，cite as B A
(a)blow to sth，爆炸性消息
光看到claims要考虑两种情况，可能是claims to be担任句子谓语成分，也可能是it claims作插入语。
assistance of sb/sth
require sb to do sth
weigh in 过磅  weigh in at+重量
grains of sugar/sand/salt 专用于形容细小颗粒状的东西
be descended from
x is to y what a is to b
Weather rots the fruit.
a 55% increase in delays更清楚，不要说成55% more delays
distinction +between and，没有其他搭配
x substitute for y as…
conceive of x as y
aid in doing sth
take turns doing/at doing/to do
consider A B
burning of fossil fuels by humans=human beings’ burning of fossil fuels
on condition that 后面可以接虚拟语气，也可以不接，用一般现在时或一般过去时，注意与整个句子时态搭配。 on condition that they not be named 固定搭配
support for doing sth，不用to do
provide sth for doing sth

sherrysu

句子成分：定语、状语、同位语等
        定语应该紧邻其修饰的名词或代词，如果前面有逗号隔开的插入语或者后置介词短语存在，可以跳过插入语或介词短语修饰前面的名词或代词
        状语置于主谓语之前，表示修饰整个句子，尤其是动词。
        副词改变词性或位置，通常会造成句意改变或者离修饰对象太远，多半为错误答案
        appear可以做系动词，后接表语
        主系表结构应注意逻辑判断，sth is sth，前后sth在词性、意义上保持一致
        用了形式主语it be/appear…that…后面不可能再跟it is，因为前一个it是形式主语，后一个指代具体事物
        同位语若用一个抽象概念来概括，前面不会是一个具体事物，应该是一大堆话。如果是具体事物，则不能用抽象概念来概括
        倒装句，如果后面是两个并列动词，注意两个动词都要使用原型。经常会第一个是原型第二个不是。
        A选项的句子重心也不是绝对判断标准，必须有其他证据相辅助

sherrysu

现在分词、过去分子、不定式、介词短语
        分词置于句首时，一般不用there be句型和形式主语，往往逻辑主语错误
        Based on, according to开头的句子通常逻辑主语都有问题，最好是使用动词来替换based on表达的意思，但不绝对
        分词在句末，优先考虑修饰紧邻的名词，然后再考虑修饰整个句子。
        分词在句中，修饰紧邻的前一个名词
        现在分词要表示完成，需用完成时态，否则只表伴随
        过去分词要表示过去或完成的意思，必须用完成时态，否则只表被动
        不定式置于句末，除了表目的，还表将来
        不定式修饰名词时绝不能用逗号隔开
        动名词可以用作名词，但经常awkward，尤其是还加上所有格的话
        Due to是介词短语，如果置于句首，则修饰的是主语而非整个句子。Due to多用作表语解释原因。Due to开头的选项多半错。
        介词短语的修饰对象严格遵守就近原则，注意看逻辑意思是否正确
        With不接to do，但可以接被分词或从句修饰的简单名词
主谓一致：
        A, as well as B，B是对A的补充，主语核心仅仅是A，动词的人称和数由A决定
        A, B, and C, as well as D，D为附属，ABC同一层次
        主谓语间隔远时，一定要检查是否主谓一致
        看到less fewer等词语立马反应名词是否可数或不可数

sherrysu

所有格：
        That of him和his own不能混用，GMAT里没有双重所有格
        所有格XX’s 后面不能再接who，因为实际上是XX’s是一个物品了
省略：
        在比较的考点中常见，根据经验GMAT不偏好省略，鼓励将助动词、动词都补出来。总之，补出来不能算错，不能单凭这个原因否定选项。
        偶尔有题目是省略动词，极少数省略主语。出现省略了主谓语的句子时，要将句子还原看省略是否正确。
        be likely to do，一定要注意be动词没有掉，后面如果重复使用该短语，be也尽量补出。除了极个别情况，如prep1.142。
        可以确定省略的情况：一、定语从句结构出现that/who/which be，去掉后对句子结构不产生任何影响的，应去掉以保持简洁。二、but作连词，前后句子主谓语相同
时态：
        过去完成时不要轻易使用，一定是句意显示出：一、该动作发生于某个句子中已经提到的过去的时间点之前，而且作者想强调这一点；二、连续两三个动作，用过去完成时能够清楚表明动作发生的先后顺序。否则都用一般过去时。
        During XX(time)，用一般过去时；Over XX(time)，用完成时
        条件从句为一般现在时，主句为一般将来时是最普遍搭配，但主句也用一般现在时也可能是正确的。条件从句为过去时，主句用would很常见，不是虚拟语气。
        时态正确比主动被动语态更重要
从句：
        同位语从句碰到逗号就结束了，逗号之后部分是与主句一个级别的，要单独考虑。
        When引导的是状语从句，因此不管位置在哪里都是修饰主句，除非明显出现在从句中。
        That和which引导的是定语从句或同位语从句，就近修饰。
        在n.+that/which的结构中如果出现插入语，不能放在n.和that/which之间
        除非为了保持平行，否则不要随便在which/that这些引导词之前加and或but，如果加了and前面必须有同样的从句保持平行
        While引导子句时，如主子句的主词一致，且子句动词又含有be，则子句主词和be可省略。
        While后可直接跟现在分词、名词、形容词或介词短语。while引导状语从句，因此没有平行要求。
        although, because这些词引导的从句一旦完成后，后面应该紧跟主句，否则逻辑关系就发生在了从句1和从句2之间了。
        判断what子句充当比较物件之一是否正确，需要判断what指代的物件有没有把比较的范围扩大化
        不要让同一个句子里主语也是从句，宾语也是从句。

sherrysu

零碎语法点：

and的用法，句子平行对称：
        出现“逗号+and”后面必然是一个跟主句平行的句子
        在一个复杂句子中找一个语法结构的对应平行部分，如果有多种可能性则一定遵守就近原则。
        and与that有两种情况：一、That引导从句中如果包含两个动词成分，需要用and连结。形式为that…and… 二、如果是两个that引导的从句，则后面那个从句必须以and that开头，and不能省略，形式为that…and that…。要具体情况具体分析。
        表转折关系的副词前面不能用and，不合逻辑
        判断出and到底是并列哪几个语法结构后，要判断这几个是在句子的哪一层，属于从句还是属于主句，进而检查逻辑主语是否正确
        功能对称和逻辑对称的层次高于结构对称，前两者是原则问题而后者不是。光依据结构对称判断选项错误证据不足。、