大豆

大全-11-8.        To reduce costs, a company is considering a drastic reduction in the number of middle-level managers. This reduction would be accomplished by first offering early retirement to those 50 years of age or older with 15 years of service, and then by firing enough of the others to bring the overall reduction to 50 percent.
Each of the following, assuming that it is a realistic possibility, is a possible disadvantage to the company of the plan EXCEPT:
(A) Loyalty to the company will be reduced among those surviving the reduction, because they will perceive the status of even good managers as uncertain.
(B) The restructuring of managerial jobs will allow business units to be adapted to fit a changing business environment.
(C) The company will have a smaller pool of managers from which to choose in selecting future senior managers.
(D) Some of the best managers, unsure of their security against being fired, will choose early retirement.
(E) The increased workload of managers remaining with the company will subject them to stress that will eventually affect their performance.

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大全-11-19.        It is widely assumed that a museum is helped financially when a generous patron donates a potential exhibit. In truth, however, donated objects require storage space, which is not free, and routine conservation, which is rather expensive. Therefore, such gifts exacerbate rather than lighten the demands made on a museum’s financial resources.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) To keep patrons well disposed, a museum will find it advisable to put at least some donated objects on exhibit rather than merely in storage.
(B) The people who are most likely to donate valuable objects to a museum are also the people who are most likely to make cash gifts to it.
(C) A museum cannot save money by resorting to cheap storage under less than adequate conditions, because so doing would drive up the cost of conservation.
(D) Patrons expect a museum to keep donated objects in its possession rather than to raise cash by selling them.
(E) Objects donated by a patron to a museum are often of such importance that the museum would be obliged to add them to its collection through purchase if necessary.

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大全-10-2.        A manufacturer of men’s dress socks sought to increase profits by increasing sales. The size of its customer pool was remaining steady, with the average customer buying twelve pairs of dress socks per year. The company’s plan was to increase the number of promotional discount-sale periods to one every six months.
Which of the following, if it is a realistic possibility, casts the most serious doubt on the viability of the company’s plan?
(A) New manufacturing capacity would not be required if the company were to increase the number of pairs of socks sold.
(B) Inventory stocks of merchandise ready for sale would be high preceding the increase in the number of discount-sale periods.
(C) The manufacturer’s competitors would match its discounts during sale periods, and its customers would learn to wait for those times to make their purchases.
(D) New styles and colors would increase customers’ consciousness of fashion in dress socks, but the customers’ requirements for older styles and colors would not be reduced.
(E) The cost of the manufacturer’s raw materials would remain steady, and its customers would have more disposable income.

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大全-10-9.        In the suburbs surrounding Middletown, there is an average of 2.4 automobiles per family, and thus very few suburban residents use public buses. The suburban communities, therefore, would derive little benefit from continuing to subsidize the portion of Middletown’s public bus system that serves the suburbs.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the conclusion drawn above?
(A) The real-estate tax rate in Middletown is higher than it is in the suburbs.
(B) Last year voters in the suburban communities defeated by a narrow margin a bill designed to increase subsidies for public bus routes.
(C) Many suburban shops can attract enough employees to remain in business only because subsidized public transportation from Middletown is available.
(D) Public buses operated with less than a 35 percent occupancy rate produce more pollution per passenger mile than would the operation of private automobiles for each passenger.
(E) Most voters in Middletown’s suburban communities are unwilling to continue subsidies for public buses next year if ridership on those buses drops below current levels.

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大全-10-11.        Less than 50 percent of a certain tropical country’s wildlands remains intact. Efforts are under way to restore biological diversity in that country by restoring some destroyed wild habitats and extending some relatively intact portions of forests. However, opponents argue that these efforts are not needed because there is still plenty of wildland left.
Which of the following, if true, most significantly weakens the argument of the opponents of conservation efforts?
(A) As much, if not more, effort is required to restore a wild habitat as to preserve an intact habitat.
(B) The opponents of restoration efforts are, for the most part, members of the wealthier classes in their own villages and cities.
(C) Existing conservation laws have been very effective in preserving biological diversity within the wildlands that remain intact.
(D) For many tropical species native to that country, the tropical wildlands that are still relatively intact do not provide appropriate habitats for reproduction.
(E) If a suitable population of plants and animals is introduced and is permitted to disperse and grow, tropical habitats can most certainly be restored.

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大全-10-12.        A study comparing a group of chronically depressed individuals with an otherwise matched group of individuals free from depression found significantly more disorders of the immune system among the depressed group. According to the researchers, these results strongly support the hypothesis that mental states influence the body’s vulnerability to infection.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the researchers’ interpretation of their findings?
(A) The researchers’ view does little more than echo a familiar theme in folklore and literature.
(B) Chronically depressed individuals are no less careful than others to avoid exposure to infections.
(C) Disorders of the immune system cause many of those individuals who have them to become chronically depressed.因果倒置
(D) Individuals who have previously been free from depression can become depressed quite suddenly.
(E) A high frequency of infections can stem from an unusually high level of exposure rather than from any disorder of the immune system.

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大全-10-20.        In the United States, injuries to passengers involved in automobile accidents are typically more severe than in Europe, where laws require a different kind of safety belt. It is clear from this that the United States needs to adopt more stringent standards for safety belt design to protect automobile passengers better.
Each of the following, if true, weakens the argument above EXCEPT:
(A) Europeans are more likely to wear safety belts than are people in the United States.
(B) Unlike United States drivers, European drivers receive training in how best to react in the event of an accident to minimize injuries to themselves and to their passengers.
(C) Cars built for the European market tend to have more sturdy construction than do cars built for the United States market.
(D) Automobile passengers in the United States have a greater statistical chance of being involved in an accident than do passengers in Europe.原文谈的是事故的严重程度，与事故的数目多少无关。
(E) States that have recently begun requiring the European safety belt have experienced no reduction in the average severity of injuries suffered by passengers in automobile accidents.

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大全-10-19.        Industrialists from the country Distopia were accused of promoting the Distopian intervention in the Arcadian civil war merely to insure that the industrialists’ facilities in Arcadia made substantial profits during the war. Yet this cannot be the motive since, as the Distopians foresaw, Distopia’s federal expenses for the intervention were eight billion dollars, whereas, during the war, profits from the Distopian industrialists’ facilities in Arcadia totaled only four billion dollars.
Which of the following, if true, exposes a serious flaw in the argument made in the second sentence above?（没读得很明白，虽然选对了答案）
industrialist: capitalist资本家，商业巨头
D国的资本家被指控，因为他们为了发战争财而促使D政府干涉内战。然而这（发战争财）不是其动机，因为政府花费是8亿而战争期间资本家的利润才4亿。
文中指出国家的花费超过商人们的收入,因此,利润不是商人们的动机,政府也就更不可能被商人们鼓动因此干涉他国的内战.B说明商人的利润和国家的收入是不相关的,国家花费巨大而商人得利,因此,这个对动机的否定是站不住脚的.而C的不足在于,即使商人的动机在于此后的获利,它还是没有解释原文中用国家支出和企业获利来衡量得失的缺陷.
(A) During the Arcadian war, many Distopian industrialists with facilities located in Arcadia experienced a significant rise in productivity in their facilities located in Distopia.
(B) The largest proportion of Distopia’s federal expenses is borne by those who receive no significant industrial profits.
政府用掉的8亿中大多数是那些没有工业利润的人赚的（即付出代价和获得利益的是两帮人）。
(C) Most Distopian industrialists’ facilities located in Arcadia are expected to maintain the level of profits they achieved during the war.
(D) Distopian industrialists’ facilities in Arcadia made substantial profits before the events that triggered the civil war.(E) Many Distopians expressed concern over the suffering that Arcadians underwent during the civil war.

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大全-3-6.        Banning cigarette advertisements in the mass media will not reduce the number of young people who smoke. They know that cigarettes exist and they know how to get them. They do not need the advertisements to supply that information.
The above argument would be most weakened if which of the following were true?
(A) Seeing or hearing an advertisement for a product tends to increase people’s desire for that product.
(B) Banning cigarette advertisements in the mass media will cause an increase in advertisements in places where cigarettes are sold.
(C) Advertisements in the mass media have been an exceedingly large part of the expenditures of the tobacco companies.
(D) Those who oppose cigarette use have advertised against it in the mass media ever since cigarettes were found to be harmful.
(E) Older people tend to be less influenced by mass-media advertisements than younger people tend to be.
Questions 12-13 are based on the following.
Meteorologists say that if only（if only等于if，充分条件；only if是必要条件） they could design an accurate mathematical model of the atmosphere with all its complexities, they could forecast the weather with real precision. But this is an idle boast, immune to any evaluation, for any inadequate weather forecast would obviously be blamed on imperfections in the model.

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大全-3-12.        Which of the following, if true, could best be used as a basis for arguing against the author’s position that the meteorologists’ claim cannot be evaluated?
(A) Certain unusual configurations of data can serve as the basis for precise weather forecasts even though the exact causal mechanisms are not understood.
(B) Most significant gains in the accuracy of the relevant mathematical models are accompanied by clear gains in the precision of weather forecasts.
(C) Mathematical models of the meteorological aftermath of such catastrophic events as volcanic eruptions are beginning to be constructed.
(D) Modern weather forecasts for as much as a full day ahead are broadly correct about 80 percent of the time.
(E) Meteorologists readily concede that the accurate mathematical model they are talking about is not now in their power to construct.