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d－抽n.>动名词
79－254－52 The rising of costs of data-processing operations at many financial institutions has created a growing opportunity for independent companies to provide these services more efficiently and at lower cost.

(A)   The rising of costs

(B)   Rising costs

(C)   The rising cost

(D)   Because the rising cost

(E)   Because of rising costs

80－296－32 In ancient times, Nubia was the principal corridor where there were cultural influences transmitted between Black Africa and the Mediterranean basin.

(A) where there were cultural influences transmitted

(B) through which cultural influences were transmitted

(C) where there was a transmission of cultural influences

(D) for the transmitting of cultural influences

(E) which was transmitting cultural influences


       f－过去分词 > 定从
           现在分词表重复性（政府行为）
           定从表一次性
81－270－121 Seismologists studying the earthquake that struck northern California in October 1989 are still investigating some of its mysteries: the unexpected power of the seismic waves, the upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and the strange electromagnetic signals detected hours before the temblor.  (A) the upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and the strange electromagnetic signals detected hours before the temblor  (B) the upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and strange electromagnetic signals were detected hours before the temblor  (C) the upward thrust threw one man straight into the air, and hours before the temblor strange electromagnetic signals were detected  (D) one man was thrown straight into the air by the upward thrust, and hours before the temblor strange electromagnetic signals were detected  (E) one man who was thrown straight into the air by the upward thrust, and strange electromagnetic signals that were detected hours before the temblor

82－295－25 The utility company has announced that it will permanently close its Unit I nuclear power plant, the first plant that had been built by private industry and the model for a generation of modern nuclear reactors.
　　(A) that had been built by private industry and
　　(B) built by private industry and which was
　　(C) to be built by private industry and which was
　　(D) built by private industry and
　　(E) to have been built by private industry and was

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三，XDF 规律总结

1.        错误的表达方式

（1）口语化的表达方式 X  
           hopefully X ----->  it is hoped                       when you    X
           maybe X -----> probably                              if you    X

（2）主观色彩 X
           be to do           X ----->        should
           be doing to

           avoid  X -----> keep sb. from doing
           have to    X ----->   must

（3）being反在adj，n前都 X
         例外，being done，被动语态进行时

（4）there be done X

（5）similar to 放在句首永远 X

（6） concerning X ----->  about  /  over

（7） be able to be done  X

（8） base, compare 只能用被动
          prove, double, triple, quadruple 只能用主动，被动永远 X

（9） whether..or not  永远 X

（10）if + n从句 X  ----->  whether + n从句

（11）把like改为seem 永远 X， 把as改为if 永远 X

（12）this, that, these, those单独出现 永远 X           like this 永远 X -----> such + n

（13）every one 永远 X ----->  整体概念 all， 个体概念each

（14）in comparison with 永远 X -----> compared with
           in isolation from 永远 X -----> isolated from
           in contrast with 永远 X -----> contrary to

（15）like举例 永远 X ----->such as

（16）do it 永远 X -----> do so

（17）seeming 永远 X ----->  seemingly

（18）’s 的省略结构， 单独出现 永远 X

（19） 双重所有格   A of B’s  永远 X

（20） all...not 永远 X ----->  not all
83－69－8 Although all the proceedings of the Communist party conference held in Moscow were not carried live, Soviet audiences have seen a great deal of coverage.

(A) all the proceedings of the Communist party conference held in Moscow were not carried live

(B) all the Communist party conference’s Moscow proceedings were not carried live

(C) all the Communist party conference Moscow proceedings have not been carried alive

(D) not all the Communist party conference Moscow proceedings have been carried alive

(E) not all the proceedings of the Communist party conference held in Moscow were carried live


（21） n1, doing, n2 永远 X 修饰语不能放中间，意思含糊，可修饰前面也可修饰后面
84－94－12 Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, capitalized on
her keen observation and love of the natural world.
(A) Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives,
(B) In her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, Beatrix Potter
(C) In her book illustrations, which she carefully coordinated with her narratives, Beatrix Potter
(D) Carefully coordinated with her narratives, Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations
(E) Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinated them with her narratives and

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2. 优先结构

（1）not...but   >   rather... that    >   instead of

2)        because/ since  >  due to / because of / owing to / as a result of / on account of
          even though / although / even if  >  despite  / in spite of

(3)        B 介 A   >    AB.      sediments from Bsea   >   Bsea sediments
(4)        介＋which   >   where
(5)        unlike    >   differ  from
(6)        adj + n  >   n + that + be + adj
(7)        n more adj   >   more + adj + n
     n+ that + be + adj    >   more + adj  + n
(8)        其他完全相同的情况下       n > 代词
                                        同位语 > 定从
85－281－160 Teratomas are unusual forms of cancer because they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone not normally found in the organ in which the tumor appears.
(A) because they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone
(B) because they are composed of tissues like tooth and bone that are
(C) because they are composed of tissues, like tooth and bone, tissues
(D) in that their composition, tissues such as tooth and bone, is
(E) in that they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone, tissues
86－78－9 Floating in the waters of the equatorial Pacific, an array of buoys collects and transmits data on long-term interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, interactions that affect global climate.

(A)        atmosphere, interactions that affect

(B)        atmosphere, with interactions affecting

(C)        atmosphere that affects

(D)        atmosphere that is affecting

(E) atmosphere as affects

87－225－3 The state has proposed new rules that would set minimum staffing levels for nurses, rules intended to ensure that at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients put through triage in a hospital emergency room.

(A) rules intended to ensure that at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients put through triage in a hospital emergency room
(B) rules with the intent of ensuring one nurse at least to be assigned for every four patients to be put through triage in a hospital emergency room
(C) rules intending to ensure at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients in a hospital emergency room put through triage
(D) with the intent of ensuring that at least one nurse should be assigned for every four patients in a hospital emergency room that are put through triage
(E) and this is intended to ensure one nurse at least to be assigned for every four patients put through triage in a hospital emergency room

(9)        比...少， 用less， 修饰人用few       所以 less > few
(10)         be able to / can     >     ability of sb to do    >    capable of doing    >    capability
(11)         to do    >    of doing  / for doing
(12)         尽量使用书面语
        obituary   >   death
        ancient    >    older than
        once   >   one time
        increasing sth.   >   more sth
        at a low cost     >    cost less
88－95－14 The development of a new jumbo rocket that is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle and at a lower cost.  (A) The development of a new jumbo rocket that is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle and at a lower cost.  (B) The development of a new jumbo rocket is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration and be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit at a lower cost than the space shuttle.  (C) The new development of a jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit at a lower cost than the space shuttle.  (D) A newly developed jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle can, and at a lower cost.  (E) A newly developed jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle and to cost less.

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3.        有效性（错误级别由高到底）

（1）there be 抽n  X
（2）情态动词 添加／丢失 X    may ／can
（3）come / become / go / remain 要保持     去掉 X   改为be X
（4）介词或助动词的尽量补出原则 ：补出不一定对，不补出不一定错
89－189－6 Researchers are using computer images to help surgeons plan difficult operations and to develop programs that will work for doctors and nurses in the same way that flight simulators do for pilots, letting medical personnel practice their techniques and test their reflexes before they ever see a patient.

1.        plan difficult operations and to develop programs that will work for doctors and nurses in the same way that flight simulators do
2.        plan difficult operations and develop programs to work for doctors and nurses the same way as with flight simulators
3.        to plan difficult operations and to develop programs that will work for doctors and nurses like flight simulators
4.        plan difficult operations and in developing programs to work for doctors and nurses the same way as flight simulators
5.        to plan difficult operations and developing programs that will work for doctors and nurses like flight simulators do

90－285－176 Inuits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.
A.    in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than
B.    isolated from contact with Europeans longer than
C.    in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than were
D.    isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were
E.    in isolation and without contacts with Europeans longer than
91－301－47 The lawyer for the defense charged that she suspected the police of having illegally taped her confidential conversations with her client and then used the information obtained to find evidence supporting their murder charges.
(A) used the information obtained to find evidence supporting
(B) used such information as they obtained to find evidence supporting
(C) used the information they had obtained to find evidence that would support
(D) of using the information they had obtained to find evidence that would support
(E) of using such information as they obtained to find evidence that would be supportive of

92－310－83 At the time of the Mexican agrarian revolution, the most radical faction, that of Zapata and his followers, proposed a return to communal ownership of land, to what had been a pre-Columbian form of ownership respected by the Spaniards.
    (A) land, to what had been a pre-Columbian form of ownership respected by the Spaniards
    (B) land, a form of ownership of the pre-Columbians and respected by the Spaniards
    (C) land, respected by the Spaniards and a pre-Columbian form of ownership
    (D) land in which a pre-Columbian form of ownership was respected by the Spaniards
    (E) land that had been a pre-Columbian form of ownership respected by the Spaniards

（5）定从和分词省落结构的就近修饰原则 （全划线题）
93－81－16 Imported into Massachusetts form Europe in 1869, the gypsy moth was used by a French scientist in an attempt at developing a strong strain of silk-producing insects, crossing gypsy moths with adult silkworms.

A. Imported into Massachusetts from Europe in 1869, the gypsy moth was used by a French scientist in an attempt at developing a strong strain of silk-producing insects, crossing gypsy moths with adult silkworms.

B. Imported into Massachusetts form Europe in 1869, a French scientist was attempting to develop a strong strain of silk-producing insects by crossing gypsy moths with adult silkworms.

C. To cross gypsy moths with adult silkworms, in attempting the development of a strong strain of silk-producing insects, a French scientist in 1869 imported the gypsy moth into Massachusetts from Europe.

D. The gypsy moth was imported into Massachusetts from Europe in 1869 by a French scientist attempting to develop a strong strain of silk-producing insects by crossing gypsy moths with adult silkworms.

E. In an attempt at the development of a strong strain of silk-producing insects, a French scientist, importing the gypsy moth from Europe into Massachusetts in 1869 in order to cross gypsy moths and adult silkworms.

94－98－2 Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.

(A)Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,

(B)Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission

(0A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,

(D)A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying it,

(E)A technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying the substance, called proton-induced X-ray emission,

95－102－13 Selling several hundred thousand copies in six months, the publication of “Maple Leaf Rag” in 1899 was an instant hit, helping to establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer.
(A) Selling several hundred thousand copies in six months, the publication of “Maple Leaf Rag” in 1899 was an instant hit, helping to establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer.
(B) The publication in 1899 of “Maple Leaf Rag” was an instant hit: in six months they sold several hundred thousand copies and it helped establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer.
(C) Helping to establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer was the publication of “Maple Leaf Rag” in 1899, which was an instant hit: it sold several hundred thousand copies in six months.
(D) “Maple Leaf Rag” was an instant hit: it helped establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer, published in 1899 and selling several hundred thousand copies in six months.
(E) Published in 1899, “Maple Leaf Rag” was an instant hit, selling several hundred thousand copies in six months: it helped establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer.

96－305－65 Reared apart from each other,  a recent united states study showed striking similarities in identical twins including many idiosyncrasies of  behavior.
　　A Reared apart from each other,  a recent united states study showed striking similarities in identical twins including many idiosyncrasies of  behavior.
　　B  Reared apart from each other , striking similarities between identical twins that include many idiosyncrasies of behavior  were shown in a recent United states study.
　　C A recent United states study showed striking similarities in identical twins reared apart from each other that include many idiosyncrasies  of  behavior
　　D According to a recent United states study , identical twins reared apart from each other showed striking similarities , including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.
　　E According to a recent united states study, identical twins showed striking similarities reared apart from each other, including many idiosyncrasies behavior.

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（6）定从的 that做宾语尽量省略
97－83－18 In 1713, Alexander Pope began his translation of the Iliad, a work that, taking him seven years until completion, and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced the greatest translation in any language.
(A) his translation of the Iliad, a work that, taking him seven years until completion, and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced
(B) his translation of the Iliad, a work that took him seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced
(C) his translation of the Iliad, a work that had taken seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced it as
(D) translating the Iliad, a work that took seven years until completion and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced it as

(E) translating the Iliad, a work that had taken seven years to complete and literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced it
98－296－30 During the nineteenth century Emily Eden and Fanny Parks journeyed throughout India, sketching and keeing journals forming the basisi of news report about the princely states where they had visited.
A. forming the basis of news reports about the princely states where they had
B. that were forming the basis of news reports about the princely states
C. to form the basis of news reports about the princely states which they have
D. which had formed the basis of news reports about the princely states where they had
E. that formed the basis of news reports about the princely states they

99－298－38 Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, using it to help build a modern industrial system.

(A) Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, using it to help build
(B) Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War and used it to help in building
(C) Japan used the huge sums of capital it received from the United States after the Second World War to help build

(D) Japan’s huge sums of capital received from the United States after the Second World War were used to help it in building

(E) Receiving huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, Japan used it to help build

100－92－5 A recent study of ancient clay deposits has provided new evidence supporting the theory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact that contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other creatures some 65 million years ago.

(A) supporting the theory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact that

(B) supporting the theory that global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact

(C) that supports the theory of global forest fires that were ignited by a meteorite impact and that

(D) in support of the theory that global forest fires were ignited by a meteorite impact and that
(E) of support for the theory of a meteorite impact that ignited global forest fires and

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（7）逻辑关系的改变，加强或丢失： if条件，when时间，because因果，although转折
101－194－16 Elk now live almost solely in the Rocky Mountains, which would make it seem that elk are mountain dwellers, while they once ranged over virtually all of the continental United States except for a small strip in the extreme Southwest.

1.        Elk now live almost solely in the Rocky Mountains, which would make it seem that elk are mountain dwellers, while
2.        The fact that elk now live almost solely in the Rocky Mountains would make it seem that they are mountain dwellers, but
3.        It would seem that elk would be mountain dwellers because of their living now solely almost in the Rocky Mountains, but still
4.        Now living almost solely in the Rocky Mountains, it would seem that elk were mountain dwellers, although
5.        It seems that elk would be mountain dwellers from the fact that they now live solely almost in the Rocky Mountains, since

102－311－87 Although it claims to delve into political isssues, television can be superficial such as when each of the three major networks broadcast exactly the same statement from a political candidate.

A.superficial such as when each of the three major networks
B.superficial, as can sometines occur if all of the three major networks
C.superficial if the three major networks all
D.superficial whenever each of the three major networks
E.superficial, as when the three major networks each

（8）代词指代要清晰明朗，不能ambiguous
103－274－134 Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be hazardous substances, but many of them can be harmful to health, especially if they are used improperly.
A.    Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be
B.    Consumers may not think of household cleaning products being
C.    A consumer may not think of their household cleaning products being
D.    A consumer may not think of household cleaning products as
E.    Household cleaning products may not be thought of, by consumers, as

（9）A of B用于无生命事物， B’s A用于有生命的

104－317－114 Poor management, outdated technology, competition from overseas, and steel’s replacement to materials like aluminum and fiber-reinforced plastics have all been cited as causes for the decline of the United States steel industry.
(A) steel’s replacement to materials like  (B) the replacement of steel by such materials as  (C) the replacing of steel with materials of  (D) the replacing of steel by means of materials like  (E) to replace steel by materials such as

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四，题型总结  （从高到低）

1.        宾语从句和定语从句

    (1) 宾语从句
          a－宾语从句一定要有that引导，that不能省
105－296－29 Sartre believed each individual is responsible to choose one course of action over another one, that it is the choice that gives value to the act, and that nothing that is not acted upon has value.

(A) each individual is responsible to choose one course of action over another one

(B) that each individual is responsible for choosing one course of action over another

(C) that each individual is responsible, choosing one course of action over another

(D) that each individual is responsible to choose one course of action over the other

(E) each individual is responsible for choosing one course of action over other ones

          b－v + n + that 宾从 永远 X
106－256－61 The Gorton-Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks.
(A) that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks
(B) a bank to disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from a deposited check
(C) that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from deposited checks
(D) a bank that it should disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from a deposited check
(E) that banks disclose to customers how long access to funds from their deposited check is to be delayed
          c－v + that + and + (that) 宾从 并列中的第2个that能有尽量有，没有也不错。
107－265－98 The financial crash of October 1987 demonstrated that the world's capital markets are integrated more closely than never before and events in one part of the global village may be transmitted to the rest of the village--almost instantaneously.

(A)            integrated more closely than never before and

(B)            closely integrated more than ever before so

(C)            more closely integrated as never before while
(D)            more closely integrated than ever before and that

(E)            more than ever before closely integrated as  108－284－170 Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be published.  (A) the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be  
(B) that seawater at popular beaches should be measured for their levels of bacteria, with the results being
(C) the measure of levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches and the results to be
(D) seawater measured at popular beaches for levels of bacteria, with their results
(E) that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results

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(2) 定语从句
          a－that 和 which的区别
that        引导限定性定从        不加介词，除(in that)        紧跟n后        不能跳跃修饰
which        引导非限定性定从        可加介词         不能紧跟n，逗号,或介词隔开        可以跳跃修饰
         b－  that 和 which 指代物                  who, whom指代人                  whose 指代 人 或 物
109－309－81 India is a country with at least fifty major regional languages , of whom fourteen have offical recognition.
(A) of whom fourteen have official recognition
(B)fourteen that have official recognition
(C) fourteen of which are officially recognized
(D) fourteen that are officially recognized.
(E)        among whom fourteen have official recognition.          c－    time  +   when                   2010 + when                   age  + in which                   date  +  at which 110－297－33 In a period of time when women typically have had a narrow range of choices, Mary Baker Eddy became a distinguished writer and the founder, architect, and builder of a growing church. A. In a period of time when women typically have
B. During a time in which typically women have
C.Typically, during a time when women
D.At a time when women typically
E.Typically in a time in which women  111－96－17 His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine home-land， far outside the range of present-day glaciers， led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas.
　　（A） in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas
　　（B） in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas
　　（C） when great ice sheets existed where there were areas now temperate
　　（D） when great ice sheets had existed in current temperate areas
　　（E） when great ice sheets existed in areas now that are temperate         d－前面一整段话对后面造成的影响， 用  doing                                       which  X                                                                  新n概括前面的证据话                 to do   X
112－250－38 Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.
(A) Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there
(B) Baltic Sea sediments, where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings
(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity
(D) Sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area
(E) Sediments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of industrial activity there  113－250－39 For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.
(A) a method to protect
(B) as a method protecting
(C) protecting
(D) as a protection of
(E) to protect 114－76－7 In the mid-1970’s, since birds were overcome by pollution, and routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, this prompted officials in California to devise a plan that reduced automobile emissions.

A  since birds were overcome by pollution, and routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, this prompted officials in California to devise a plan that reduced

B  since birds that had been overcome by pollution were routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, it prompted officials in California to devise a plan that reduced

C  birds had been overcome by pollution and routinely fell from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, prompting officials in California to devise a plan that reduced

D  birds overcome by pollution routinely fell from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, prompting officials in California to devise a plan to reduce

E  birds overcome by pollution and routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, were prompting officials in California to devise a plan to reduce  115－233－3 In the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for about four cents an acre, which more than doubled the country's size and that brought its western border within reach of the Pacific Ocean.

(A) In the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for about four cents an acre, which more than doubled the country's size and that brought
(B) For about four cents an acre the United States acquired, in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, 828,000 square miles, more than doubling the country's size and it brought
(C) With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for about four cents an acre, more than doubling its size and bringing
(D) The United States, in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, for about four cents an acre, acquired 828,000 square miles, more than doubling the country's size, bringing
(E) Acquiring 828,000 square miles in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the United States bought it for about four cents an acre, more than doubling the country's size and bringing

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2. 时态

    (1) 同一句话中现在时和过去式不能混用     (2) 单一时态
          a－一般现在时                @ 客观规律和真理用一般现在时  116－250－36 Bufo marinus toads, fierce predators that will eat frogs, lizards, and even small birds, are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to control pests in the state's vast sugarcane fields.  
A. are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to control  
B. are native in South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's as attempts to control  
C. are natives of South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt at controlling  
D. had been native to South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as an attempt at controlling  
E. had been natives of South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as attempts at controlling  117－307－73 In the most common procedure for harvesting forage crops such as alfalfa, as much as 20 percent of the leaf and small-stem material, which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell to the ground.
(A) which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell
(B) the most nutritious of all parts of the plant, shatter and fall
(C) the parts of the plant which were most nutritious, will shatter and fall
(D) the most nutritious parts of the plant, shatters and falls
(E) parts of the plant which are the most nutritious, have shattered and fallen
               @ 政府行为决定，法令，法规 118－294－22 At a recent session, the French government has decided that paris needs a second, larger opera house to complement the famous Paris Opera.
A. has decided that paris needs
B. decided that paris needs
C. has decided that paris will need
D. decided that paris has a need of
E. has decided that paris needed.  119－99－5 A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump into the Great Lakes.

(A) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump

(B) reduced the phosphate amount that municipalities had been dumping

(C) reduces the phosphate amount municipalities have been allowed to dump

(D) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump

(E) reduces the amount of phosphates allowed for dumping by municipalities
               @ 科研成果和统计资料  120－293－16 One of every two new businesses fail within two years.
(A) fail
(B) fails
(C) should fail
(D) may have failed
(E) has failed

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b－现在完成时                @ since 出现  121－275－136 As measured by the Commerce Department, corporate profits peaked in the fourth quarter of 1988 and have slipped since then, as many companies have been unable to pass on higher costs.

(A) and have slipped since then, as many companies have been unable to pass on higher costs

(B) and have slipped since then, the reason being because many companies have been unable to pass on higher costs

(C) and slipped since then, many companies being unable to pass on higher costs

(D) but, many companies unable to pass on higher costs, they have slipped since then

(E) yet are slipping since then, because many companies were unable to pass on higher costs  122－309－80 Since 1970 the number of Blacks elected to state and federal offices in the United States has multiplied nearly four times.  (A) has multiplied nearly four times  (B) has almost quadrupled  (C) has almost multiplied by four  (D) is almost four times as great   (E) is nearly fourfold what it was
               @ 大段时间 123－119－14 Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of a dry riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago, pushing back by more than 150,000 years the earliest date when it is known that humans made stone tools.

A.        when it is known that humans made
B.        at which it is known that humans had made
C.        at which humans are known to have made
D.        that humans are known to be making
E.        of humans who were known to make  124－215－3 In the last ten years, the dropout rate among Black high school students fell substantially over the past decade, while the number of Blacks who attend college is more than twice what it was.

a. fell substantially over the past decade, while the number of Blacks who attend college is more than twice what it was

b.fell substantially, while the number of Blacks attending college is more than double what it was at that time

c.has fallen substantially, while the number of Blacks attending college has more than doubled

d.has fallen substantially over the past decade,while the number of Blacks attending college is more than twice what it was at that time

e.has fallen substantially over the past decade, while the number of Blacks who are attending college are more than double what they were  125－294－20 Even though its per capita food supply hardly increased during two decades, stringent rationing and planned distribution have allowed the People’s Republic of China to ensure nutritional levels of 2,000 calories per person per day for its population.  (A) Even though its per capita food supply hardly increased during  (B) Even though its per capita food supply has hardly increased in  (C) Despite its per capita food supply hardly increasing over  (D) Despite there being hardly any increase in its per capita food supply during  (E) Although there is hardly any increase in per capita food supply for  126－303－57 Although the Supreme Court ruled as long ago as 1880 that Blacks could not be excluded outright from jury service, nearly a century of case-by-case adjudication has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be drawn from“a fair cross section of the community.”    (A) has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be  (B) was necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being  (C) was to be necessary in developing and enforcing the principle of all juries to be   (D) is necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be   (E) will be necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being

               @ 短语提示：the world has ever seen.                                       than ever before possible.
    (3) continue 不用复合时态，不用进行时。
127－259－75 If the proposed expenditures for gathering information abroad are reduced even further, international news reports have been and will continue to diminish in number and quality.  (A) have been and will continue to diminish  (B) have and will continue to diminish  (C) will continue to diminish, as they already did,  (D) will continue to diminish, as they have already,  (E) will continue to diminish  128－73－16 The bank acknowledged that they are and will continue to experience difficulties as it attempts to deal with the precipitous fall of the dollar against the yen and the dislocations reflected in the stock market decline.
　　（A） they are and will continue to experience difficulties as it attempts
　　（B） they are and will continue to experience difficulties as they attempt
　　（C） it is and will continue to experience difficulties as it attempts
　　（D） it is experiencing and will continue to experien
         (E)    its difficulties are likely to continue as it attempts