GMAT考试-语法总结

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基本方法 : 每题5个选项，相对正确，排除法，挑错

宏观策略 :

1. 每题的错误类型都在划线部分的前三和后三个单词，先读原文，竖着看选项前3跟后3个单词，找出选项差别，从选项差异看错误类型。一但发现选项错误，立即在其他选项找同样的错误。

1－228－9 The first trenches that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq.

A. that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the
下载链接：http://forum.topway.org/viewthread.php?tid=220443&extra=

Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but

B. that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously with but also

C. having been cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously but

D. cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence of centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arising simultaneously but also

E. cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose simultaneously with but

2. 如果划线部分内部，划线部分紧跟前和后如出现并列关系的词（and...）必然考平行对称结构。

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一，CORRECTNESS 正确性错误

1.        逻辑关系的正确性

    (1) 事物的本身是不能说明问题的，变化方能说明问题。

2－292－15 Florida will gain another quarter-million jobs this year alone, many of them in high-paying fields like electronics and banking, making the state’s economy far more diversified than ten years ago.
(A) high-paying fields like electronics and banking, making the state’s economy far more diversified than
(B) high-paying fields like electronics and banking, and making the state’s economy far more diversified than its economy
(C) high-paying fields such as electronics and banking, to make the state’s economy far more diversified than
(D) such high-paying fields as electronics and banking, making the state’s economy far more diversified than it was
(E) such high-paying fields as electronics and banking, and make the state’s economy far more diversified than it was

3－298 - 37 As the price of gasoline rises, which makes substituting alcohol distilled from cereal grain attractive, the prices of bread and livestock feed are sure to increase.

　　(A) which makes substituting alcohol distilled from cereal grain attractive

　　(B) which makes substituting the distillation of alcohol from cereal grain attractive

　　(C) which makes distilling alcohol from cereal grain an attractive substitute

　　(D) making an attractive substitution of alcohol distilled from cereal grain

　　(E) making alcohol distilled from cereal grain an attractive substitute


4－308 - 74 Some of the tenth-century stave churches of Norway are still standing, demonstrating that with sound design and maintenance, wooden buildings can last indefinitely.
(A) standing, demonstrating that with sound design and maintenance, wooden buildings can last indefinitely
(B) standing, demonstrating how wooden buildings, when they have sound design and maintenance, can last indefinitely
(C) standing; they demonstrate if a wooden building has sound design and maintenance it can last indefinitely
(D) standing, and they demonstrate wooden buildings can last indefinitely when there is sound design and maintenance
(E) standing, and they demonstrate how a wooden building can last indefinitely when it has sound design and maintenance

    (2) 词与词之间的逻辑搭配
          a-1 射线本身可以说看的见，看不见，波长不行。

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5－288-186 The physical structure of the human eye enables it to sense light of wavelengths up to 0.0005 millimeters; infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long to be registered by the eye.

(A)infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long to be registered by the eye

(B)however, the wavelength of infrared radiation--0.1 millimeters--is top long to be registered by the eye making it invisible

(C)infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long for the eye to register it

(D)however, because the wavelength of infrared radiation is 0.1 millimeters, it is too long for the eye to register and thus invisible

(E)however, infrared radiation has a wavelength of 0.1 millimeters that is too long for the eye to register, thus making it invisible

     a- 2 人本身可以说瞎不瞎，视力不行

6－253－50 As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated about 20/250, or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision.

(A)        As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated about 20/250, or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision.

(B)        A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind as an adult.

(C)        As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision would be rated about 20/500; qualifying it to be legally blind if an adult.

(D)        A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500; an adult with such vision would be deemed legally blind.

(E)        As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision, which would deemed legally blind for an adult, would be rated about 20/500.

      b- 1 术语指的是人，而本身不是人

7－283－166 Although the term "psychopath" is popularly applied to an especially brutal criminal, in psychology it is someone who is apparently incapable of feeling compassion or the pangs of conscience.

(A)  it is someone who is   

(B)   it is a person   

(C)  they are people who are   

(D)  it refers to someone who is   

(E)   it is in reference to people

      b- 2 城市发展区代表原则，而本身不是原则
8－319－121 The proposed urban development zones do not represent a new principle; it was employed in “Operation Bootstrap” in Puerto Rico.

    (A) do not represent a new principle; it

    (B) represent not a new principle, but one that

    (C) are not a new principle; the same one

    (D) are not a new principle, but one that

    (E) are not new in principle; it

9－322 - 133 Promotions, retirements, deaths, and other actions approved by the board of directors at its May meeting will be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(A) Promotions, retirements, deaths, and other actions approved by the board of directors at its May meeting will be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(B) Promotions, retirements, and other actions which have been approved at the May meeting of the board of directors along with deaths, with be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(C) To be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper are the promotions, retirements, deaths, and other actions which were approved at the board of directors’ May meeting.
(D) Meeting in May, the promotions, retirements, and other actions approved by the board of directors, including obituaries, will be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(E) The July 15 issue of the company paper will report on promotions, retirements, and other actions approved by the board of directors at its May meeting; the paper will also include obituaries.

    (3) 事物不能和自身进行比较，要把本身排除在外。（要加other）

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10－291－11 Los Angeles has a higher number of family dwellings per capita than any large city.  (A) a higher number of family dwellings per capita than any large city  (B) higher numbers of family dwellings per capita than any other large city  (C) a higher number of family dwellings per capita than does any other large city  (D) higher numbers of family dwellings per capita than do other large cities  (E) a high per capita number of family dwellings, more than does any other large city

11－321－130 It is not likely that the competitive imbalance that now exists between Japan with all major industrial nations will be redressed during the foreseeable future.  (A) with all major industrial nations will be redressed during  (B) with all other major industrial nations will be redressed within  (C) with all other major industrial nations will be redressed during  (D) and all major industrial nations will be redressed during  (E) and all other major industrial nations will be redressed within

12－323－137 Water and resource management problems will be at the head of the legislature’s list of concerns for the coming session.  (A) Water and resource management problems  (B) Problems of managing water and resources  (C) Problems in the management of water and other resources  (D) Problems of water and other resource management  (E) Resource management problems, including water

    (4) 逻辑主语和谓语动词的搭配问题。
          a－分词的省略结构。 分词，主句（主谓一致）
               －置换主语。
13－297－35 Upset by the recent downturn in production numbers during the first half of the year, the possibility of adding worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting.
(A) the possibility of adding worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting
(B) the addition of worker incentives was raised as a possibility by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting
(C) added worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting as a possibility
(D) the board of directors raised at its quarterly meeting the possibility of worker incentives being added
(E) the board of directors, at its quarterly meeting, raised the possibility of adding worker incentives

14－308－77 By installing special electric pumps, farmers’ houses could be heated by the warmth from cows’ milk, according to one agricultural engineer.
(A) farmers’ houses could be heated by the warmth from cows’ milk, according to one agricultural engineer
(B) the warmth from cows’ milk could be used by farmers to heat their houses, according to one agricultural engineer
(C) one agricultural engineer reports that farmers could use the warmth from cows’ milk to heat their houses
(D) farmers, according to one agricultural engineer, could use the warmth from cows’ milk to heat their houses
(E) one agricultural engineer reports that farmers’ houses could be heated by the warmth from cows’ milk

               －分词结构名词化。

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15－299－42 In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.
(A) In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.
(B) The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant in assessing the problems that they face.
(C) A question that is irrelevant in assessing the problems that rural migrant workers face is whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor.
(D) In an assessment of the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.
(E) The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant in an assessment of the problems that they face.

        b－不定式要有明确的动作发出者。（to do结构）
16－276－141 Proponents of artificial intelligence say they will be able to make computers that can understand English and other human languages, recognize objects, and reason as an expert does---computers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these.  (A) as an expert does---computers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these.  (B) as an expert does, which may be used for purposes such as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan.  (C) like an expert---computers that will be used for such purposes as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize loan.  (D) like an expert, the use of which would be for purposes like the diagnosis of equipment breakdowns or the decision whether or not a loan should be authorized.  (E) like an expert, to be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan or not, or the like.

17－280－156 In recent years cattle breeders have increasingly used crossbreeding, in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics and partly because crossbreeding is said to provide hybrid vigor.   A. in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics   B. in part for the acquisition of certain characteristics in their steers   C. partly because of their steers acquiring certain characteristic   D. partly because certain characteristic should be acquired by their steers   E. partly to acquire certain characteristic in their steers

       c－adj的省略结构。（adj，主句）｜ Very clever, I was accepted by Harvard U.

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18－323－138 Once common throughout the Western plains, black-footed ferrets are thought to have declined in number as a result of the poisoning of prairie dogs, their prey.
(A) black-footed ferrets are thought to have declined in number as
(B) it is thought that the decline in number of black-footed ferrets is
(C) the decline in the number of black-footed ferrets is thought of as
(D) that black-footed ferrets have declined in their numbers is thought to be
(E) the numbers of the black-footed ferret are thought to have declined as

19－74－2 Charles Lindbergh, for his attempt at a solo transatlantic flight, was very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he therefore refused to carry even a pound of mail, despite being offered $1,000 to do so.
A. Charles Lindbergh, for his attempt at a solo transatlantic flight, was very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he therefore
B. When Charles Lindbergh was attempting his solo transatlantic flight, being very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he
C. Since he was very reluctant to carry any extra weight on his plane when he was attempting his solo transatlantic flight, so Charles Lindbergh
D. Being very reluctant to carry any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo transatlantic flight was the reason that Charles Lindbergh
E. Very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo transatlantic flight, Charles Lindbergh

      d－当这个句子的逻辑主语未出现时，可将主语时态改被动。
20－319－124 Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.
(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves
(B) fund, the intention of which is to sustain the state’s economy after they have exhausted their oil reserves
(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted
(D) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves
(E) fund that they intend to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted

   (5) 转折关系中，事物的分类标准必须要统一。
21－271－123 Although dozens of New York’s small museums are either devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, there are many one-of-a-kind museums from Manhattan to the Bronx that are open for exploration on summer weekends.
(A) Although dozens of New York’s small museums are either devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, there are
(B) Although dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to local history or various ethnic groups,
(C) Dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, but there are
(D) Dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, and there are also
(E) Devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, dozens of New York’s small museums and also

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2.        主谓搭配

   （1）主语和谓语搭配
            －Students each have a computer.
            －Each of the students has a computer.
22－282－165 The Federalist papers, a strong defense of the United States Constitution and important as a body of work in political science as well, represents the handiwork of three different authors.  (A) and important as a body of work in political science as well, represents  (B) as well as an important body of work in political science, represent  (C) and also a body of work of importance in political science is representing  (D) an important body of work in political science and has been representative of  (E) and as political science an important body of work too, represent

23－311－87 Although it claims to delve into political isssues, television can be superficial such as when each of the three major networks broadcast exactly the same statement from a political candidate.

A.superficial such as when each of the three major networks
B.superficial, as can sometines occur if all of the three major networks
C.superficial if the three major networks all
D.superficial whenever each of the three major networks
E.superficial, as when the three major networks each

  （2）倒装
            a－there be + n.  
24－263－89 A recent national study of the public schools shows that there are now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many than there were four years ago.

　　(A) there are now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many than there were

　　(B) there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many than there were

　　(C) there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many as there were

　　(D) every thirty-two pupils now have one microcomputer, four times as many than there were(C)

　　(E) every thirty-two pupils now has one microcomputer, four times as many as

            b－adj短语或prep.介词短语作表语放句首，主系表完全倒装。
                  主 系 表（adj／介短）-----> 表 系 主
25－262－85 Out of America’s fascination with all things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing back the chaise lounge, the overstuffed sofa, and the claw-footed bathtub.
A) all things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing
B) things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing
C) things that are antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that bring
D) antique things have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fix tures that are bringing
E) antique things has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixt ures that bring

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26－306－66 Developing nations in various parts of the world have amassed $700 billi on in debts; at stake, should a significant number of these debts be repudia ted, is the solvency of some of the world's largest multinational banks.
　　A） should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is  　　B） should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, are  　　C） should they repudiate a significant number of these debts, are  　　D） if there is a repudiation of a significant number of these debts, would be  　　E） if a significant number of these debts will be repudiated, is
（3）定于从句内部的主谓搭配问题
          －n. + that + 谓
27－314－102 With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land， Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.
　　（A） is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract
　　（B） is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract
　　（C） are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract
　　（D） are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting
　　（E） are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract

          － n.3 , n.2 , n.1 , which 谓
28－78－10 For the first time in the modern era, non-Hispanic Whites are officially a minority in California, which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters only a decade ago.

A.        which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters only a decade ago
B.        which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from a decade ago, when it was nearly three-quarters
C.        and that amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from a decade ago, when they were nearly three-quarters
D.        amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters a decade ago
E.        amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from what it was a decade ago by nearly three-quarters

（4）n性从句和分词短语（现在分词可做主语）作主语，谓语用单数
29－282－163 The period when the great painted caves at Lascaux and Altamira were occupied by Upper Paleolithic people has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine are the reason for their decoration, the use to which primitive people put the caves, and the meaning of the magnificently depicted animals.
(A) has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine are
(B) has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine is
(C) have been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine is
(D) have been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine are
(E) are established by carbon-14 dating, but that which is much more difficult to determine is

（5）名词A  ＋ 介／连 ＋ 名词B   +   谓
           a－随后一致： not only...but also , not...but , either...or , neither...nor , or , nor
           b－整体一致：A and B +谓复 （adj1 and adj2 n）(n1, and n2 n3)
           c－随前一致：（除以上两种情况外都随前一致）
30－313－96 Many psychologists and sociologists now contend that the deliberate and even brutal aggression integral to some forms of competitive athletics increase the likelihood of imitative violence that erupts among crowds of spectators dominated by young adult males.  (A) increase the likelihood of imitative violence that erupts  (B) increase the likelihood that there will be an eruption of imitative violence
(C) increase the likelihood of imitative violence erupting
(D) increases the likelihood for imitative violence to erupt   (E) increases the likelihood that imitative violence will erupt


31－307－73 In the most common procedure for harvesting forage crops such as alfalfa, as much as 20 percent of the leaf and small-stem material, which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell to the ground.  (A) which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell  (B) the most nutritious of all parts of the plant, shatter and fall  (C) the parts of the plant which were most nutritious, will shatter and fall  (D) the most nutritious parts of the plant, shatters and falls   (E) parts of the plant which are the most nutritious, have shattered and fallen

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3.        代词指代
  
  （1）单复数n的指代问题
32－305－64 In England the well-dressed gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wig powdered by poking their head through a device that resembled the stocks.  (A) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wig powdered by poking their head  (B) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected his clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head  (C) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wigs powdered by poking their heads  (D) gentlemen of the eighteenth century protected his clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head   (E) gentlemen of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head

33－76－6 Analyzing campaign expenditures, the media has had as a focus the high costs and low ethics of campaign finance, but they have generally overlooked the cost of actually administering elections, which includes facilities, transport, printing, staffing, and technology.

A.    Analyzing campaign expenditures, the media has had as a focus
B.    Analyses of campaign expenditures by the media has been focus on
C.    In analyzing campaign expenditures, the media have focused on
D.    Media analyses of campaign expenditures have had as a focus
E.    In their analysis of campaign expenditures, the media has been focusing on

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（2）人和物的指代错误
           人： he, she, who, whom
           物： it, that, which
           人and物：whose
34－278－146 Presenters at the seminar, one who is blind, will demonstrate adaptive equipment that allows visually impaired people to use computers.

(A)            one who

(B)           one of them who

(C)           and one of them who

(D)           one of whom

(E)           one of which

  （3）同一句话中代词和不定代词（one, once）不能同时出现
35－261－83 Any medical test will sometimes fail to detect a condition when it is present and indicate that there is one when it is not.      
(A) a condition when it is present and indicate that there is one
(B) when a condition is present and indicate that there is one     
(C) a condition when it is present and indicate that it is present     
(D) when a condition is present and indicate its presence     
(E) the presence of a condition when it is there and indicate its presence