GMAT考试资料-语法菜鸟总结

bigpig

bigpig

二．部分倒装

1.一些表示频率的副词(如many a time, often等)位于句首时 ,句子部分倒装.

Often did we go for walks together.

Many a time have I told him about it.

2．用于“no sooner…than…, hardly…when…和not until等结构中”

No sooner had he arrived than someone called him.他一到就有人给他打电话

3.用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句(把were, had, should放在主语前构成倒装)

Were I you ( = If I were you ), I would not accept his present.

Had you ( = If you had ) studied hard, you might have passed the exam this time.

4. 用于“形容词/名词/动词+as (though)”引导的让步状语从句，例如：

•形容词：Pretty as she is（=As pretty as she is=though she is pretty）, she is not clever at all.

•动词：Try as he could, he might fail again.

•名词：Child as he was, he had to sell newspapers in the streets.

5. 否定副词（never, not…, seldom, hardly, neither, nor, scarcely, rarely, no longer, barely, little）

Barely did he have time to catch the bus.

Never have I been to Beijing.

6. So / Such 引导的倒装句

So kind is she that she deserves all my respect.(全倒装)

So loudly did he speak that everyone could hear him.

7. Only在句首强调状语Only when the meeting is over can we know the decision.

bigpig

•下面例句是动名词作主语：Teaching English is my job. / Visiting the Great wall is worthwhile.

1.3形容词短语放句首

Present at the meeting is our English teacher. (Present出席的，在场的)

Gone are the days when we had a good time at the mountain village. (Gone 离去的)

2.为了保持句子平衡或上下文的连接更紧密，也可以采用倒装.

They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.

•主语有过多修饰语亦可采用完全倒装

Noteworthy is the factthat he has talent for music.

bigpig

【倒装结构】大总结


一．完全倒装

1.表语在句首要倒装

•介词短语/分词短语/形容词短语+系动词+主语（主语与前面的动词主谓一致）

1.1介词短语在句首

Among the people was a man named Brown. 在这些人中有一个叫布朗的人。

On the top of the hill stands an old temple. 这山顶上有一座庙。

From the valley came a frightening sound with some cries.

North of the city lies/is a new airport.

1.2分词作表语

•过去分词（有时构成被动结构的过去分词）提前到句首，引起倒装

•构成进行时态的现在分词也可以提到前面来----张道真(正常语序看是进行时态)

Helping them raise their artistic level are various professorial organizations.

Visiting the Great Wall were 200 American college students.

Coinciding with the development of jazz in New Orleans in the 1920's was one of the greatest periods in blues music.  (toefl原句）【coinciding with…显然不是动名词而是现在分词倒装】

•现在分词提前到句首引起倒装要和动名词作主语区别开来

bigpig

大全571  Archaeologists have discovered that, （over five thousand years ）ago, Mesopotamian cooks were preparing chicken with coriander and tamarind, just as Egyptian cooks are still doing today. 这个句子里,over 是和 five thousand years一体的,over five thousand years ago,是说5000多年以前,而不是说持续了5000年.over不表示during

bigpig

Over +时间短语 过去时
新PREP--210. (GWD-12-Q31) Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber her letters to anyone else.

旧PREP1—167 It is possible that, like the Volkswagen, whose unchanging exterior over decades concealed many changes in its internal machinery, many prehistoric microbes evolved without significant modification of their sheaths.

新prep--208. (GWD-11-40) Scientists who studied the famous gold field known as Serra Pelada concluded that the rich lode was produced not by the accepted methods of ore formation but by swarms of microbes that over millions of years concentrated the gold from jungle soils and rivers and rocks.（that从句修饰microbes，over修饰concentrated）

（特例）旧PREP2--72.        Several educational research groups are denouncing the mayor's proposal of a system by which individual teachers would be given raises or bonuses if test scores show that their students' mastery of reading skills has improved over a nine-month period.（表during）

bigpig

大全976 Seeking to spur science education, the National Science Foundation will spend $25 million over the next ten years to promote science in elementary and secondary schools

大全726 The delinquency rates on mortgages for office buildings, hotels, shopping malls, and other commercial properties held by the nation’s insurance companies have increased sharply in recent months, leading to predictions that foreclosures on these types of loans could double over the next three years

大全886 Tiny quantities of more than thirty rare gases, most of them industrial by-products, threaten to warm the Earth’s atmosphere even more rapidly over the next fifty years than carbon dioxide will

旧PREP1—164 One automobile manufacturer has announced plans to increase the average fuel efficiency of its sport utility vehicles by 25 percent over the next five years, an increase that would amount to roughly five miles per gallon and would represent the first significant change in the fuel efficiency of any class of passenger vehicle in almost two decades.

bigpig

Over the next+时间短语 要用将来时，will/could/would
大全726 The delinquency rates on mortgages for office buildings, hotels, shopping malls, and other commercial properties held by the nation’s insurance companies have increased sharply in recent months, leading to predictions that foreclosures on these types of loans could double over the next three years

大全023 Tiny quantities of more than thirty rare gases, most of them industrial by-products, threaten to warm the Earth’s atmosphere even more rapidly over the next fifty years than carbon dioxide will

大全976 Seeking to spur science education, the National Science Foundation will spend $25 million over the next ten years to promote science in elementary and secondary schools

bigpig

“over the past/last +时间短语“修饰句子宾语，不影响动词的时态
旧PREP2--119.        After determining the levels of calcium carbonate and the types of fossilized algae present in core samples taken from the bottom of Lake Titicaca in the Andes, a group of scientists was able to reconstruct the history （of precipitation in tropical South America） over the past 25,000 years. 这个句子，over the past 25,000 years修饰的是the history，自然与reconstruct这个动作无关了。

大全775 The main reasons for the phenomenal growth （of agribusiness over the last fifteen years） are elevated land prices, retail marketing networks based on produce imported from other states, and decreased competition from developers. 这个也一样，over the last fifteen years 修饰的是growth，不影响后面的动词形态。

bigpig

大全986   Turkey’s economy has grown prodigiously over the past ten years, with an average annual increase of about eight percent—one of the highest growth rates in the world.

特例：新prep--220. (GWD-24-8) The results of the company's cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which have increased five percent during the first three months of this year after falling over the last two years.  

新PREP--257. (GWD6-Q30) Though subject to the same wild-animal control efforts that killed off almost all the wolves in North America over the past century, the coyote, because of its amazing ability to adapt to the presence of humans, has been able to expand its range into Alaska and Central America.

大全142 As U.S. nuclear attack submarines prowl their familiar haunts deep within the oceans of the world these days, they increasingly are engaged in missions far different from the tasks for which they were built and for which their crews were trained over the last forty years.