myice

七、关于嵌入式关系分句
OG12-118. The world wildlife fund has declared that global warming, a phenomenon most scientsts agree to be caused by human begings in burning fossil fuels, will create havoc among migratory birds by altering the enviroment in ways harmful to their habitats.
a) A phenomenon most scientists agree to be caused by human beings in burning fossil fuels,
b) a phenomenon most scientists agree that is caused by fossil fuels burned by human beings,
c) a phenomenon that most scientists agree is caused by human beings' burning of fossil fuels
d) which most scientists agree on as phenomenon caused by human beings who burn fossil fuels,
e) which most scientsts agree to be a phenomenon caused by fossil fuels burned by human beings
查了很多贴（国内和国外），对C选项的解释都是半斤八两，看得我一头雾水！（为什么一个定语从句里有两个动词agree和is）
一个普遍的误读是：说most scientists agree 是插入语，虽然是没加逗号！（此解释绝对是误人子弟！！！）
今天我翻遍章振邦的《新编英语语法》（Topway上有下载），在1193—1395页赫然发现一个语法词条——嵌入式关系分句，详解如下：
“有一种关系分句（即定语从句），它既是先行项的后置修饰语（即定语），同时又是另外一个分句结构的宾语（即宾语从句）”此分句结构就被嵌入在定语从句中，即嵌入式关系分句。
该书举例：In his breast-pocket he had a patch of scarlet, which i suppose was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief.
注意两点：
1）从句which was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 首先是 patch of scarlet的定语从句。         
2）从句which（patch of scarlet） was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 也是i suppose 的宾语从句，即I suppose （that）the patch of scarlet was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 。
综上所述，但一个定语从句同时是另一个主谓结构的宾语从句是，就可以写为嵌入式关系分句。

myice

八、比较-主语比较
1.对主谓宾全的句型主语比较
A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）。时态要据后定。There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型。
主语若相同，可省，但助动词不能省。如：
As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate, [fewer people] will enter the labor force [in the 1980’s] than (few people省略)did [in the 1960’s and 1970’s], a twenty-year period during which people born after the war swelled the ranks of workers.
1)主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）
2)介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）
3)宾语比较 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词）
4)状语比较 A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected(直接加状语）
ETS就这几下子，原则就是清楚地指示什么跟什么比。
There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as there were four years ago(主语比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American  four time as many as  DVD player(宾语比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as for school teachers.(介宾比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as  in china(介宾比较)
以上的纲领代入EST的OG几乎都成立，在我这次实战中也成立，但GWD中有一题是例外的，也就是说并没有放之四海而皆准的真理，清楚，简洁，合理才是ETS的最高宗旨。

myice

2.对只有主谓（如果主语有定语成分，必须要that/those来指代），没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：
I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别 I eat apple faster than you do 如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按GMAC的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。
按照这个原理，对下一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：
I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别
I eat apple faster than you do
如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。
AS族的比较大同小异，as 可单独引导比较，也可以复合成as many as, as hard as 等形式，但ETS宗旨不变，如
Sand road costs twice as many to build as to manintain(类似于介宾比较）
Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主语比较,）
Sand road costs the govement twice as many to build as the residents.(宾语比较）
ETS考过AS比较的习惯用法（不受上述限制，如下）
AS poor as they are, they can ont afford a car.
They have 800million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.
(注意以上都是用逗号隔开的句子，AS在这里的作用更类似连词，连接一个主句和一个从句）
注意AS有时不表比较的如as you word hard, you will pass the exam.表原因了。
3.主系表结构的比较与主谓结构相同。如果时态不一致，则需补出助词，如：
The economy of Florida is more diversified than it was ten years ago

myice

九、倍数表达法
1.twice的用法：
twice as many…as;   twice as much…as;   
twice + n.(可以是代词，比如that);    twice + what从句;  
（twice只能用在数量上的双倍，例如 twice as much as , 但是不可以用在其它形容词或是副词的翻倍，例如twice as rapidly as是错的。）
The farm has more than twice as many cows as it has pigs.: 农场有多于猪两倍多的牛的数量。Twice是修饰as it has pigs的，所以把as many as分开看，应该是as many + as. 前面的as many是
2.用动词表达倍数：
double/triple/quadruple/quintuple/sextuple  ----》这些动词可以做形容词(double还能做adv, predeterminer)
sth. double sth.;        sth. is doubled;       sth. double(adj.);
几个永远错误的形式：
(1)produce double； a doubling of;   produce a doubling
(2)as much as twice the apples(much与apples矛盾)（要改为twice as many apples as; sth. double sth.）
*：这几个动词可以用主动也可以用被动，但是不能和as搭配;（差不多记住这句话就可以）
3.…times(或数字) as + 形容词或副词+as;
4.sb. be + 百分数 + more likely (to do sth.) than to do sth.(前面的to do 能省，后面的不能省)
如：at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack
5.表达倍数用“… times + more +adj.+than，… time as +adj.+than”都正确
6.三类表示倍数的形容词为：twofold, threefold, fourfold, tenfold等。
以twofold为例，其意思为two times as much or as many of something。该类词为形容词，多用于构成形容词＋名词的词组，如：a threefold increase in revenue，少用于比较两个事物之间的倍数关系。

myice

章振邦语法中介绍的倍数表达法：
i. x times(twice) + the + n.     (twice还能做determiner)
ii. x times adj. (比较形式) than
iii. x times as adj. as 注意里面的adj.要和前面的名词匹配
A do x times as adj. … x as B do
iv. x times + what 分句 (名词性从句相当于名词)
v. x-fold
vi. double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, sextuple

myice

十、虚拟语气
1.虚拟条件句的四种形式：
But for N, S + should/would/cold/might + V / (have Vpp.) 若不是N, S应该….
= If it were not / (had not been) for N
= Were it not for N / (Had it not been for N)
= Without N（介词只有without可表虚拟语气）
2.虚拟语气的时态：
时间        从句谓语形式        主句谓语形式

将来        动词过去式(be用were)
should + 动词原形
were to + 动词原形       
would / should / might / could + 动词原形
现在        动词过去式(be 用 were)        would / should / might / could + 动词原形
过去        had +动词过去分词        would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词
（From Manhattan）if a possessive pronoun PRECEDES a possessive noun, then the assumption is that it DOESN'T stand for that noun.
simple example:  his mother talked with joe's father.
in this sentence, the implication is that someone else's mother - i.e., NOT joe's mother - talked to joe's father. if it were joe's mother, then the sentence would be written, much more naturally, as joe's mother talked with his father.

myice

十一、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1.限制性定语从句：
限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用，关系代词有that, which, whom, who, whose以及关系副词when, where等，没有明显的逗号把从句与主语分开，表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定语。
例句：
Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?
Where is the book which I bought this morning?
2.非限制性定语从句：
作用相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释，和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系，文字中常常用逗号将其与主句分开，用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似，只是不能用that做修饰词。
例句：
This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet.
Englishi is an important subject, which every students should study well.
The building, in front of which sat a boy, was a school.

myice

十二、高级【倒装结构】大总结
1.完全倒装
(1)表语在句首要倒装
介词短语/分词短语/形容词短语+系动词+主语（主语与前面的动词主谓一致）
1)介词短语在句首
Among the people was a man named Brown. 在这些人中有一个叫布朗的人。
On the top of the hill stands an old temple. 这山顶上有一座庙。
From the valley came a frightening sound with some cries.
North of the city lies/is a new airport.
2)分词作表语
•过去分词（有时构成被动结构的过去分词）提前到句首，引起倒装
•构成进行时态的现在分词也可以提到前面来----张道真(正常语序看是进行时态)
Helping them raise their artistic level are various professorial organizations.
Visiting the Great Wall were 200 American college students.
Coinciding with the development of jazz in New Orleans in the 1920's was one of the greatest periods in blues music.  (toefl原句）【coinciding with…显然不是动名词而是现在分词倒装】
•现在分词提前到句首引起倒装要和动名词作主语区别开来
•下面例句是动名词作主语：Teaching English is my job. / Visiting the Great wall is worthwhile.
(2)形容词短语放句首
Present at the meeting is our English teacher. (Present出席的，在场的)
Gone are the days when we had a good time at the mountain village. (Gone 离去的)
(3)为了保持句子平行或上下文的连接更紧密，也可以采用倒装.
They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.
•主语有过多修饰语亦可采用完全倒装
Noteworthy is the fact that he has talent for music.

myice

2.部分倒装
(1)一些表示频率的副词(如many a time, often等)位于句首时 ,句子部分倒装.
Often did we go for walks together.
Many a time have I told him about it.
(2)用于“no sooner…than…, hardly…when…和not until等结构中”
No sooner had he arrived than someone called him.他一到就有人给他打电话
(3)用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句(把were, had, should放在主语前构成倒装)
Were I you ( = If I were you ), I would not accept his present.
Had you ( = If you had ) studied hard, you might have passed the exam this time.
(4)用于“形容词/名词/动词+as (though)”引导的让步状语从句，例如：
•形容词：Pretty as she is（=As pretty as she is=though she is pretty）, she is not clever at all.
•动词：Try as he could, he might fail again.
•名词：Child as he was, he had to sell newspapers in the streets.
(5)否定副词（never, not…, seldom, hardly, neither, nor, scarcely, rarely, no longer, barely, little）
Barely did he have time to catch the bus.
Never have I been to Beijing.
(6)So / Such 引导的倒装句
So kind is she that she deserves all my respect.(全倒装)
So loudly did he speak that everyone could hear him.
(7)Only在句首强调状语
Only when the meeting is over can we know the decision.

myice

十三、现在分词伴随状语的正反向考法
GMAT语法中常常考查前一个分句的整体对后面一个对象的作用结果，一般认可的正确答案是使用现在分词做伴随状语。另外还有一种应用情况是，两个动作同时发生。在平时的语法中，我们常常使用连词and来连接两个动作，可是在GMAT语法中常常使用伴随状语。老鱼在它的讲座里举的一个例子就是：
She is sitting on the tree and reading a book. (一般语法)
She is sitting on the tree, reading a book.(GMAT语法)
所以我们在以下两个情况下要使用伴随状语
(1)前一个分句的整体对后面某一个对象的作用
(2)两个同时发生的动作 ，补充主语的动作
1.正向考法
正向考法就是要你识别出前一个分句是从整体上对后一个分句的宾语发生作用。例如：
He scored 100, making him the best student.
这里的making动作的逻辑主语就是前一个分句的整体。既不是前分句的主语也不是前分句的宾语，所以只可以使用伴随状语。
2.反向考法
既然一个考点可以正向考，如果不反向也考一考就没有难度了。反向的考法是，当前一个分句本来没有对后一个分句的宾语造成任何作用，题目却不断地引诱你去这样做。例如：
He went into the classroom and sit on the chair.(逻辑上很合理，只有进了教室才可以坐在椅子上)
ETS的干扰选项：He went into the classroom, sitting on the chair.(逻辑上就很荒谬了，在进教室这个动作发生的时候，他一直坐在椅子上)
He scored 100 in the 1st test and scored 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很合理)
ETS的干扰选项：He scored 100 in the 1st test, scoring 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很荒谬，第一次考了100导致第二次考99)
来一个实际中的例子，新东方补充教材新版本204题：
Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs, merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in nuclear reactors.
(A)merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in nuclear reactors
(B)merging the nuclei of atoms instead of splitting them apart, like nuclear reactors
(C)merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do
(D)and merges the nuclei of atoms but does not split them apart, as is done in unclear reactors
(E)and merges the nuclei of atoms, unlike atomic reactors that split them apart
很明显，is这个动作和merge这个动作不可能是同时发生的，也不可能是前一个句子的整体导致后面动作的发生，所以使用merge就错了。大家可以注意到，ABC三个选项都在引诱你使用伴随状语，这就是ETS的险恶用心。所以答案必须在DE中筛选。答案是D。