GMAT考试语法大汇总-prep语法笔记归纳出来的知识点（语法）

myice

一、同位语
同位语由unrestricted adjectival phrase而来，同位语的修饰对象：名词或名词短语或代词
1.同位结构的特征
1)起修饰语的作用,一般用于修饰名词或名词短语；同位语解释的是整个名词，不是名短中某个词，故同位语不是核心词修饰。
2)必须对其修饰对象具有解释力；
3)位置：名词前或名词后，一般在修饰对象的后面；
4)不影响主谓一致（谓语应该和主语保持一致，而不是和同位语）；
5)同位结构中名词的数可以和其修饰对象的数不一致。

myice

十七、定语从句作定语与分词短语作定语的区别
(1)定语从句强调具体的时间，具体的行为，以及动作的一次性；分词短语强调笼统的、不确定的时间，抽象的、客观的、重复性的、多次性的行为。
(2)分词短语比定语从句更简洁; 都可接受时, 分词短语比定语从句优先使用; 如有可能, 定语从句要尽可能简化为分词短语。
(3)有情态动词的定语从句不能转换为分词短语。
(4)如果定语从句转换为分词短语后产生歧义，则不能转换。

myice

十六、目的状语从句和结果状语从句
1) so/such...that...表示结果，可以用在单一主谓结构中，也可以用在复杂主谓结构中，不用考虑逻辑主语。such 后一般不加抽象名词.
特别说明：so/such...as to...表示结果，用于单一主谓结构中，逻辑主语等于句子主语，即句子主语可以执行as to 后动词的动作。such后一般不加抽象名词.
2) so that状语从句: 从句中出现情态动词, so that表示目的；从句中没有出现情态动词，so that表示结果。such that状语从句；表示结果。so / such that 从句不用考虑逻辑主语. So that 不能修饰名词短语
Such...that such 后加被修饰的名次
特别说明：so as to 可以表示目的也可以表示结果，用于单一主谓结构中，逻辑主语等于句子主语，即句子主语可以执行as to后动词的动作。so as to 修饰动词
so...as的搭配只用在否定句中, So…as to 后一般不加被动语态

myice

十五、不定式做状语的含义
1.不定式常常作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。
2.不定式作状语时，要注意不定式的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。
3.不定式做定语的含义：
(1) 不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：
The next train to arrive is from Washington.
Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
Do you have anything to say on the question?
Would you please give me some paper to write on?
My wish to visit France has come true at last.
(2) 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：
1)表示将来的动作（例①）。
2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。
与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而与句中其它词无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）

myice

十四、分词短语逻辑主语的判断
1.分词短语在句首作状语:逻辑主语=主句主语
2.ing分词短语在句尾:
(1)表伴随动作/状态/功能,与句子谓语动作同时发生,逻辑主语=句子主语
(2)表伴随结果,整个句子是原因,导致分词动作产生,无逻辑主语.可以在分词前加thus/thereby/in effect/in fact等,也可以不加  (现在分词做状语表结果，OG154和259。)
3.ed分词短语在句尾,一般优先就近作定语,修饰名词[OG127]
4.ing分词和ed分词在句中：优先作定语修饰就近的名词[OG191]
5.介词或介词短语+ing分词: in addition to/in/by/without/besides+doing…,句子
(1)在句首,逻辑主语=句子主语
(2)在句尾,逻辑主语可能是句子主语也可能不是

myice

十三、现在分词伴随状语的正反向考法
GMAT语法中常常考查前一个分句的整体对后面一个对象的作用结果，一般认可的正确答案是使用现在分词做伴随状语。另外还有一种应用情况是，两个动作同时发生。在平时的语法中，我们常常使用连词and来连接两个动作，可是在GMAT语法中常常使用伴随状语。老鱼在它的讲座里举的一个例子就是：
She is sitting on the tree and reading a book. (一般语法)
She is sitting on the tree, reading a book.(GMAT语法)
所以我们在以下两个情况下要使用伴随状语
(1)前一个分句的整体对后面某一个对象的作用
(2)两个同时发生的动作 ，补充主语的动作
1.正向考法
正向考法就是要你识别出前一个分句是从整体上对后一个分句的宾语发生作用。例如：
He scored 100, making him the best student.
这里的making动作的逻辑主语就是前一个分句的整体。既不是前分句的主语也不是前分句的宾语，所以只可以使用伴随状语。
2.反向考法
既然一个考点可以正向考，如果不反向也考一考就没有难度了。反向的考法是，当前一个分句本来没有对后一个分句的宾语造成任何作用，题目却不断地引诱你去这样做。例如：
He went into the classroom and sit on the chair.(逻辑上很合理，只有进了教室才可以坐在椅子上)
ETS的干扰选项：He went into the classroom, sitting on the chair.(逻辑上就很荒谬了，在进教室这个动作发生的时候，他一直坐在椅子上)
He scored 100 in the 1st test and scored 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很合理)
ETS的干扰选项：He scored 100 in the 1st test, scoring 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很荒谬，第一次考了100导致第二次考99)
来一个实际中的例子，新东方补充教材新版本204题：
Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs, merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in nuclear reactors.
(A)merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in nuclear reactors
(B)merging the nuclei of atoms instead of splitting them apart, like nuclear reactors
(C)merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do
(D)and merges the nuclei of atoms but does not split them apart, as is done in unclear reactors
(E)and merges the nuclei of atoms, unlike atomic reactors that split them apart
很明显，is这个动作和merge这个动作不可能是同时发生的，也不可能是前一个句子的整体导致后面动作的发生，所以使用merge就错了。大家可以注意到，ABC三个选项都在引诱你使用伴随状语，这就是ETS的险恶用心。所以答案必须在DE中筛选。答案是D。

myice

十三、现在分词伴随状语的正反向考法
GMAT语法中常常考查前一个分句的整体对后面一个对象的作用结果，一般认可的正确答案是使用现在分词做伴随状语。另外还有一种应用情况是，两个动作同时发生。在平时的语法中，我们常常使用连词and来连接两个动作，可是在GMAT语法中常常使用伴随状语。老鱼在它的讲座里举的一个例子就是：
She is sitting on the tree and reading a book. (一般语法)
She is sitting on the tree, reading a book.(GMAT语法)
所以我们在以下两个情况下要使用伴随状语
(1)前一个分句的整体对后面某一个对象的作用
(2)两个同时发生的动作 ，补充主语的动作
1.正向考法
正向考法就是要你识别出前一个分句是从整体上对后一个分句的宾语发生作用。例如：
He scored 100, making him the best student.
这里的making动作的逻辑主语就是前一个分句的整体。既不是前分句的主语也不是前分句的宾语，所以只可以使用伴随状语。
2.反向考法
既然一个考点可以正向考，如果不反向也考一考就没有难度了。反向的考法是，当前一个分句本来没有对后一个分句的宾语造成任何作用，题目却不断地引诱你去这样做。例如：
He went into the classroom and sit on the chair.(逻辑上很合理，只有进了教室才可以坐在椅子上)
ETS的干扰选项：He went into the classroom, sitting on the chair.(逻辑上就很荒谬了，在进教室这个动作发生的时候，他一直坐在椅子上)
He scored 100 in the 1st test and scored 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很合理)
ETS的干扰选项：He scored 100 in the 1st test, scoring 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很荒谬，第一次考了100导致第二次考99)
来一个实际中的例子，新东方补充教材新版本204题：
Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs, merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in nuclear reactors.
(A)merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in nuclear reactors
(B)merging the nuclei of atoms instead of splitting them apart, like nuclear reactors
(C)merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do
(D)and merges the nuclei of atoms but does not split them apart, as is done in unclear reactors
(E)and merges the nuclei of atoms, unlike atomic reactors that split them apart
很明显，is这个动作和merge这个动作不可能是同时发生的，也不可能是前一个句子的整体导致后面动作的发生，所以使用merge就错了。大家可以注意到，ABC三个选项都在引诱你使用伴随状语，这就是ETS的险恶用心。所以答案必须在DE中筛选。答案是D。

myice

2.部分倒装
(1)一些表示频率的副词(如many a time, often等)位于句首时 ,句子部分倒装.
Often did we go for walks together.
Many a time have I told him about it.
(2)用于“no sooner…than…, hardly…when…和not until等结构中”
No sooner had he arrived than someone called him.他一到就有人给他打电话
(3)用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句(把were, had, should放在主语前构成倒装)
Were I you ( = If I were you ), I would not accept his present.
Had you ( = If you had ) studied hard, you might have passed the exam this time.
(4)用于“形容词/名词/动词+as (though)”引导的让步状语从句，例如：
•形容词：Pretty as she is（=As pretty as she is=though she is pretty）, she is not clever at all.
•动词：Try as he could, he might fail again.
•名词：Child as he was, he had to sell newspapers in the streets.
(5)否定副词（never, not…, seldom, hardly, neither, nor, scarcely, rarely, no longer, barely, little）
Barely did he have time to catch the bus.
Never have I been to Beijing.
(6)So / Such 引导的倒装句
So kind is she that she deserves all my respect.(全倒装)
So loudly did he speak that everyone could hear him.
(7)Only在句首强调状语
Only when the meeting is over can we know the decision.

myice

十二、高级【倒装结构】大总结
1.完全倒装
(1)表语在句首要倒装
介词短语/分词短语/形容词短语+系动词+主语（主语与前面的动词主谓一致）
1)介词短语在句首
Among the people was a man named Brown. 在这些人中有一个叫布朗的人。
On the top of the hill stands an old temple. 这山顶上有一座庙。
From the valley came a frightening sound with some cries.
North of the city lies/is a new airport.
2)分词作表语
•过去分词（有时构成被动结构的过去分词）提前到句首，引起倒装
•构成进行时态的现在分词也可以提到前面来----张道真(正常语序看是进行时态)
Helping them raise their artistic level are various professorial organizations.
Visiting the Great Wall were 200 American college students.
Coinciding with the development of jazz in New Orleans in the 1920's was one of the greatest periods in blues music.  (toefl原句）【coinciding with…显然不是动名词而是现在分词倒装】
•现在分词提前到句首引起倒装要和动名词作主语区别开来
•下面例句是动名词作主语：Teaching English is my job. / Visiting the Great wall is worthwhile.
(2)形容词短语放句首
Present at the meeting is our English teacher. (Present出席的，在场的)
Gone are the days when we had a good time at the mountain village. (Gone 离去的)
(3)为了保持句子平行或上下文的连接更紧密，也可以采用倒装.
They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.
•主语有过多修饰语亦可采用完全倒装
Noteworthy is the fact that he has talent for music.

myice

十一、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1.限制性定语从句：
限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用，关系代词有that, which, whom, who, whose以及关系副词when, where等，没有明显的逗号把从句与主语分开，表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定语。
例句：
Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?
Where is the book which I bought this morning?
2.非限制性定语从句：
作用相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释，和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系，文字中常常用逗号将其与主句分开，用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似，只是不能用that做修饰词。
例句：
This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet.
Englishi is an important subject, which every students should study well.
The building, in front of which sat a boy, was a school.