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GWD-6-Q15:
Capuchin monkeys often rub their bodies with a certain type of millipede.  Laboratory tests show that secretions from the bodies of these millipedes are rich in two chemicals that are potent mosquito repellents, and mosquitoes carry parasites that debilitate capuchins.  Some scientists hypothesize that the monkeys rub their bodies with the millipedes because doing so helps protect them from mosquitoes.

Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the scientists’ hypothesis?

A.        A single millipede often gets passed around among several capuchins, all of whom rub their bodies with it.
B.        The two chemicals that repel mosquitoes also repel several other varieties of insects.
C.        The capuchins rarely rub their bodies with the millipedes except during the rainy season, when mosquito populations are at their peak.
D.        Although the capuchins eat several species of insects, they do not eat the type of millipede they use to rub their bodies.
E.        The two insect-repelling chemicals in the secretions of the millipedes are carcinogenic for humans but do not appear to be carcinogenic for capuchins.

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GWD-6-Q33**:
Crowding on Mooreville’s subway frequently leads to delays, because it is difficult for passengers to exit from the trains.  Subway ridership is projected to increase by 20 percent over the next 10 years.  The Metroville Transit Authority plans to increase the number of daily train trips by only 5 percent over the same period.  Officials predict that this increase is sufficient to ensure that the incidence of delays due to crowding does not increase.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest grounds for the officials’ prediction?

A.        By changing maintenance schedules, the Transit Authority can achieve the 5 percent increase in train trips without purchasing any new subway cars.
B.        The Transit Authority also plans a 5 percent increase in the number of bus trips on routes that connect to subways.
C.        For most commuters who use the subway system, there is no practical alternative public transportation available.
D.        Most of the projected increase in ridership is expected to occur in off-peak hours when trains are now sparsely used.
E.        The 5 percent increase in the number of train trips can be achieved without an equal increase in Transit Authority operational costs.

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GWD-7-Q14:
Certain politicians in the country of Birangi argue that a 50 percent tax on new automobiles would halt the rapid increase of automobiles on Birangi’s roads and thereby slow the deterioration of Birangi’s air quality.  Although most experts agree that such a tax would result in fewer Birangians buying new vehicles and gradually reduce the number of automobiles on Birangi’s roads, they contend that it would have little impact on Birangi’s air-quality problem.
征对新车增加50%的税可以减少路上车辆但不会减少空气污染。
Which of the following, if true in Birangi, would most strongly support the experts’ contention about the effect of the proposed automobile tax on Birangi’s air-quality problem?

A.        Automobile emissions are the largest single source of air pollution.
B.        Some of the proceeds from the new tax would go toward expanding the nonpolluting commuter rail system.
C.        Currently, the sales tax on new automobiles is considerably lower than 50 percent.
D.        Automobiles become less fuel efficient and therefore contribute more to air pollution as they age.
E.        The scrapping of automobiles causes insignificant amounts of air pollution.

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GWD-9-Q14:
The Eurasian ruffe, a fish species inadvertently introduced into North America’s Great Lakes in recent years, feeds on the eggs of lake whitefish, a native species, thus threatening the lakes’ natural ecosystem. To help track the ruffe’s spread, government agencies have produced wallet-sized cards about the ruffe. The cards contain pictures of the ruffe and explain the danger they pose; the cards also request anglers to report any ruffe they catch.
R吃当地的白鱼----威胁生态
Which of the following, if true, would provide most support for the prediction that the agencies’ action will have its intended effect? 措施有效性。

A. The ruffe has spiny fins that make it unattractive as prey.
B. Ruffe generally feed at night, but most recreational fishing on the Great Lakes is done during daytime hours.
C. Most people who fish recreationally on the Great Lakes are interested in the preservation of the lake whitefish because it is a highly prized game fish.
D. The ruffe is one of several nonnative species in the Great Lakes whose existence threatens the survival of lake whitefish populations there.
E. The bait that most people use when fishing for whitefish on the Great Lakes is not attractive to ruffe.[C]
A的意思为RUFFE不是好猎物。和原文预测无关。C说在G湖的钓鱼的多数人喜欢钓WHITEFISH。又因为RUFFE以WHITEFISH的蛋为食，所以WHITEFISH多的地方RUFFE也一定多，这样钓到RUFFE的可能性就很大，跟踪RUFFE的行踪的目标更易达到，所以支持预测。C：多数在G湖钓鱼娱乐的人喜欢保存W鱼，因为这种鱼可用于奖金很高的鱼游戏。B说R鱼晚上才FEED，而钓鱼者在白天钓鱼，而R鱼FEED时会在W鱼附近。那钓鱼者岂不更不知其踪影。

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GWD-9-Q37:
Researchers took a group of teenagers who had never smoked and for one year tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed. Those who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were four times as likely to be depressed at the study’s end than those who did not begin smoking. Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers.抽烟引起情绪低落

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A.        Participants who were depressed at the study’s start were no more likely to be smokers at the study’s end than those who were not depressed. 排除他因，因果倒置：沮丧的人不比不沮丧的人更容易吸烟,也就是说，大家吸烟的机会是平等的,在平等的情况下，可以推出吸烟让人沮丧.如果沮丧的人更愿意吸烟,那他们做比较的前提就不相等了.
B.        Participants who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were no more likely than those who began midway through to have quit smoking by the study’s end.（无关项）
C.        Few, if any, of the participants in the study were friends or relatives of other participants. （无关项）
D.        Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depression within the year of the study. （无关项）
E.        The researchers did not track use of alcohol by the teenagers. （无关项）

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GWD-9-Q38:
In January of last year the Moviemania chain of movie theaters started propping its popcorn in canola oil, instead of the less healthful coconut oil that it had been using until then. Now Moviemania is planning to switch back, saying that the change has hurt popcorn sales. That claim is false, however, since according to Moviemania’s own sales figures, Moviemania sold 5 percent more popcorn last year than in the previous year.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument against Moviemania’s claim?

A. Total sales of all refreshments at Moviemania’s movie theaters increased by less than 5 percent last year. 总销售增加不到5%，而P的销售增加了5%说明P的销售特别好。
B. Moviemania makes more money on food and beverages sold at its theaters than it does on sales of movie tickets.
C. Moviemania’s customers prefer the taste of popcorn popped in coconut oil to that of popcorn popped in canola oil.
D. Total attendance at Moviemania’s movie theaters was more than 20 percent higher last year than the year before.
E. The year before last, Moviemania experienced a 10 percent increase in popcorn sales over the previous year.削弱。前几年的销售增额大于去年的

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GWD-10-Q9:
Although exposure to asbestos is the primary cause of mesothelioma, a slow-developing cancer, researchers believe that infection by the SV40 virus is a contributing cause, since in the United States 60 percent of tissue samples from mesotheliomas, but none from healthy tissue, contain SV40. SV40 is a monkey virus; however, in 1960 some polio vaccine was contaminated with the virus（SV40）. Researchers hypothesize that this vaccine was the source of the virus found in mesotheliomas decades later.
SV40----Polio vaccine----mesothelioma
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the researchers’ hypothesis?

A. SV40 is widely used as a research tool in cancer laboratories.
B. Changes in the technique of manufacturing the vaccine now prevent contamination with SV40.
C. Recently discovered samples of the vaccine dating from 1960 still show traces of the virus.
D. In a small percentage of cases of mesothelioma, there is no history of exposure to asbestos.
E. In Finland, where the polio vaccine was never contaminated, samples from mesotheliomas do not contain SV40. 异因异果加强
Answer:E

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GWD-10-Q14***:
Yeasts capable of leavening发酵 bread are widespread, and in the many centuries during which the ancient Egyptians made only unleavened bread, such yeasts must frequently have been mixed into bread doughs生面团 accidentally. The Egyptians, however, did not discover leavened bread until about 3000 B.C. That discovery roughly coincided with the introduction of a wheat variety that was preferable to previous varieties because its edible可食用的 kernel could be removed from the husk 壳without first toasting烤 the grain.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence that the two developments were causally related? 证明因果关系

A. Even after the ancient Egyptians discovered leavened bread and the techniques for reliably producing it were well known, unleavened bread continued to be widely consumed.
B. Only when the Egyptians stopped the practice of toasting grain were their stonelined grain-toasting pits available for baking bread.
C. Heating a wheat kernel destroys its gluten, a protein that must be present in order for yeast to leaven bread dough.加热使酵母失效。过去toast----破坏gluten----不能发酵。现在由于新引进Wheat----不用toast----不破坏gluten----可以发酵了。
D. The new variety of wheat, which had a more delicate flavor because it was not toasted, was reserved for the consumption of high officials when it first began to be grown.
E. Because the husk of the new variety of wheat was more easily removed, flour made from it required less effort to produce.
Answer: B C
古埃及人制作面包方法的变更，原来是先烤谷物，去掉内核，制作成面包，（要不然的话，面包里面有很多硬壳，就不好吃了），后来发现了用酵母发酵的方法制作面包。题干问能够支持这种变化是因果关系的论据？
小麦烤了后，它里面含有一种在发酵过程中必须起作用的蛋白质的面筋也被破坏掉了。也就是说，新的小麦品种，因为不用烤就去了壳，这种面筋含有的蛋白质在发酵过程中开始发挥作用，所以面团可以发酵了，也不是以前死面dough那样了。所以C建立了这样一种causally related的关系。

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GWD-12-Q11***（排除法）
In general, jobs are harder to get in times of economic recession because many businesses cut back operations.  However, any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools.  This is because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A.        The current student-teacher ratio at Vargonia’s government-funded schools is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession.（无关猜测）
B.        During recent periods when the Vargonian economy has been strong, almost 25 percent of Vargonian children have attended privately funded schools, many of which charge substantial fees.（异因异果： 经济好的时候，25%学生去私立学校，经济不好的时候，这些学生更可能去公立学校。造成学生--教师ratio更大，因此需要的老师也更多）
C.        Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed in those schools in the period before the last economic recession. （无关猜测）
D.        Teachers in Vargonia’s government-funded schools are well paid relative to teachers in most privately funded schools in Vargonia, many of which rely heavily on part-time teachers.（无关比较）
E.        During the last economic recession in Vargonia, the government permanently closed a number of the schools that it had funded.（反前提）

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GWD-13-Q31:
By competing with rodents for seeds, black ants help control rodent populations that pose a public health risk.  However, a very aggressive species of blank ant, the Loma ant, which has recently invaded a certain region, has a venomous sting that is often fatal to humans.  Therefore, the planned introduction into that region of ant flies, which prey on Loma ants, would benefit public health.
对公众健康好的：Black Ants
对公众健康不好的：Rodent， Loma ant
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A.        Ant flies do not attack black ants other than Loma ants.（因为两种都是蚁类，所以一定要立下这个假设，如果不成立会weaken）
B.        Loma ants are less effective than many bird species in competing with rodents for seeds.（weaken）
C.        Certain other species of black ants are more effective than Loma ants in competing with rodents for seeds.（无关）
D.        The sting of Loma ants can also be fatal to rodents.（看似支持，但非必要，因为就算假设不成立，也不影响原命题，这只是个附加条件）
E.        The use of pesticides to control Loma ants could have harmful effects on the environment.（无关）