xiongbaobao

GWD-7-Q5:
Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children.  Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years.  Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.
因对化学物质过敏而被送到小医院的学生增多----学生exposed to更多化学物质或更敏感。GAP
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
i
A.        The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years.
B.        Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances.
C.        Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago. NOT+他因削弱
D.        The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston.
E.        Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago.（只有表达成：被送去医务室就医的孩子人数没有明显下降才对。因为如果这样，而过敏学生人数就算没增，比例也是变大了）

xiongbaobao

GWD-7-Q27:
A significant number of complex repair jobs carried out by Ace Repairs have to be reworked under the company’s warranty.  The reworked jobs are invariably satisfactory.  When initial repairs are inadequate, therefore, it is not because the mechanics lack competence; rather, there is clearly a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs.
The argument above assumes which of the following?
A.        There is no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs. 排除他因。他因就是除了文中划线部分以外能导致满意度改变的。
B.        There is no company that successfully competes with Ace Repairs for complex repair jobs.
C.        Ace Repairs’ warranty is good on first-time jobs but does not cover rework jobs.
D.        Ace Repairs does not in any way penalize mechanics who have worked on complex repair jobs that later had to be reworked. 惩罚对满意度的关系不明。
E.        There is no category of repair jobs in which Ace Repairs invariably carries out first-time jobs satisfactorily. 反前提
If say, members of group A who do the first-time repair are mostly newbies, and members of group B who do the rework are more experienced, then the author's conclusion would be render false.
AR作的大多数维修工作必须重修，重修很令人满意。首次修理不太充分，不是修理人员没水平，而是要求的侧重点不同，而修要求高点。结论两个THAT并列修饰concentration
第二个THAT跳跃修饰不错，加and就错了，concentration在两个定从中地位不同，前者是做宾语，后者做主语，所以两个定从不是平行结构，可以将concentration that complexs repairs require中的定从和concentration之间的关系看成‘修饰词和核心词’的关系，作为一个短语，而后面的定从是修饰前面短语中的核心词。
A 答案的核心在no systematic difference XXX between 1 and 2. 所以difference 后面的东东尽可以随便变。Eg. Difference in experience, in age, in sex, in location, in money, in.. and so on. 对于假设题，反复强调ETS定义：取非削弱。
D错： 文章的结论排除了工人是导致满意度差别的原因,而是BALABALA的原因(那个句子太长了),对D取非,即公司有惩罚工人的措施,这个与结论是否由工人导致两次修理的满意度差别无关.
文中排除了一种原因，削弱可以说这种原因正是导致了结论。
E错：there IS a group of people that can finish complex jobs in One time without rework--->contradict to the original message

xiongbaobao

GWD-8-Q13:
With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia, and with previously established companies adding many new jobs, a record number of new jobs were created last year in the Derderian economy. This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year. Therefore, unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.
同时发生：新公司成立，旧公司提供更多工作----新工作数量创纪录
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

A. In a given year, new companies starting up create more new jobs on average than do previously established companies. 1 不确定性，2 反了，只说了削弱没有NOT
B. The number of people seeking employment is no larger this year than it was last year.
C. This year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs per company than did new companies last year. New jobs=company的数量*平均每company提供的工作岗位的数量
D. Previously established companies in Derderia will be less profitable this year than such companies were last year.
E. The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially larger than the number of jobs lost.[C]
A错：原文结论是新工作没去年多。新工作分两部分previously established companies 产生的新工作和new companies 产生的新工作。原文已知道previously established companies 产生的新工作没去年多，需要的假设是今年的new companies 产生的新工作和去年new companies 产生的新工作比较情况。对于A所说的new companies 产生的新工作比previously established companies 产生的新工作多和原文的结论没关系。比较对象错误。

xiongbaobao

GWD-8-Q22*:
When storing Renaissance oil paintings, museums conform to standards that call for careful control of the surrounding temperature and humidity, with variations confined within narrow margins. Maintaining this environment is very costly, and recent research shows that even old oil paint is unaffected by wide fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Therefore, museums could relax their standards and save money without endangering their Renaissance oil paintings.
Old oil paint在适度温度变化很大的情况向不受影响----无需控制适度温度来保存oil paintings
Oil paint 只是oil painting 的一部分。
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Renaissance paintings were created in conditions involving far greater fluctuations in temperature and humidity than those permitted by current standards.原文讲的是Storing
B. Under the current standards that museums use when storing Renaissance oil paintings, those paintings do not deteriorate at all.对NOT AT ALL取非是some
C. Museum collections typically do not contain items that are more likely to be vulnerable to fluctuations in temperature and humidity than Renaissance oil paintings. 无关
D. None of the materials in Renaissance oil paintings other than the paint are vulnerable enough to relatively wide fluctuations in temperature and humidity to cause damage to the paintings.排除他因
E. Most Renaissance oil paintings are stored in museums located in regions near the regions where the paintings were created.[D]无关
Answer is D.
B does not have to be true for this question. If the painting deteriorate somewhat with the standards, the standards can still be relaxed if the relaxation does not affect the restoration.
C is not correct either. It is clearly out of scope. We are talking about restoring this particular type of painting and the standards as well as the change are both for this kind of painting. Whether the museum has other kind of items is irrelevent. Please make sure you understand.
D is one typical answer. It simply points out that it might not be the oil that requires the standard, but something else.

xiongbaobao

GWD-9-Q24:
For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont. Clearly, therefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.
G的汽车保险费比F高
G的撞车比F少
----G的保险公司利润比F高。
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont.
B. There are no more motorists in Greatport than in Fairmont.
C. Greatport residents who have been in a collision are more likely to report it to their insurance company than Fairmont residents are.还是赚得多。
D. Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates.
E. The insurance companies were already aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions before the publication of the police reports.[A]

xiongbaobao

GWD-9-Q40:
Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.（如果西非人在引进rice和yam之前已种植未被记录的staple crops，那引进它们的时间就不能作为那里农业社会开始的时间了）
B. There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops. 没有涉及关键问题：时间
C. Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa.
D. Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are.
E. Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there.
Answer:A
B 取非为There are some plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops
因为即使这样，你不知这些PLANTS domesticated是在rice and yams were introduced into western Africa 之前还是之后，如果之后，则结论仍能成立。即B取非不一定使结论不成立。而A取非是结论一定不成立

xiongbaobao

GWD-12-Q29:
The Earth’s rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans.  Clearly, therefore, by taking the resulting increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years and then determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels from a hypothetical initial salt-free state, the maximum age of the Earth’s oceans can be accurately estimated.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.        The quantities of dissolved salts deposited by rivers in the Earth’s oceans have not been unusually large during the past hundred years.
B.        At any given time, all the Earth’s rivers have about the same salt levels.
C.        There are salts that leach into the Earth’s oceans directly from the ocean floor.
D.        There is no method superior to that based on salt levels for estimating the maximum age of the Earth’s oceans.
E.        None of the salts carried into the Earth’s oceans by rivers are used up by biological activity in the oceans. 没有状语
过去100年中盐增加总量 /  100年 =  每年恒定的进入海的盐量
   现在总的海中的盐量（默认初始为0） /  每年恒定的进入海的盐量（上面求得）=  海形成的最大年龄（暗示可能盐有消耗，因此是最大年龄）
   A说：过去100年中进入海中的盐量不能异常的高（暗示如果异常高的话，每年恒定的进入海的盐量这个数值就不能作为第二个等式的分母）所以是assumption
   B说：在一个特定的时间，所有的河里盐量一致——》无关，不能从原文信息中衍生
   E说：海中的盐没有被生物活动所消耗——》文章说了求的是最大年龄，因此有消耗也属于范围之内
Lawyer开始选E：
这道题已作过2个多月了，现在再回来想一想，其实理解了该题的主要词的含义和严格遵循所有推理信息来之原文，就明白为何E是正确答案，A不是。
1。必要型假设题有两类：DEFENDER（排除其他可能性，排除削弱或攻击结论成立的可能性因素）和SUPPORTER（GAP），显然该题属于DEFENER类
1。resulting increase 。由于河流的SALT流入海洋导致的盐分的增加，用这增加去计算海洋的年龄，实际就是指海洋盐分增加的速率，即每个单位年度的盐分增加量，这个单位年度可以是100年，也可以使50年，原文没说，我们不知道，反正是个速率。这个速率的最大特点是原文没告诉怎末计算出来，任何关于他如何计算出来的说法都是典型的加入自己的想象，这个最大特点是我们很难攻击它，因为不知如何算出速率，不知用那一年的数据，不知如何加权以消除偏差。等等。反正这是个最难攻击的词。只有一个原因，原文没给其它任何信息。
2。原文计算海洋最大年数的方法：current salt levels （即现在海洋的盐的浓度或水平）除以resulting increase 。因为起点是salt-free state，即零。所以，该题可攻击的因素只剩下current salt levels （即现在海洋的盐的浓度或水平），即current salt levels 是否能反映真实的现在应该有的浓度，即在该速率下，花多少年所能达到的浓度。如果如E取非所说，即有些河流流入的盐没了，则目前的salt levels 低估了，算出的年度偏小，结论不能成立。
3。A选项攻击的是速率，但是，它只能可能性的攻击它，就是说，如果用的数据恰好是不正常的数据，则能影响它，但也有可能取的数据正好。其实产生这些情况的原因在于原文没给任何有关计算速率的信息。所以它不能使结论不能成立，只能使结论可能不成立。所以不是答案。
后来他意识到E错误，应该选A：
答案应该是A。
原来的错误来之于对原文的错误理解： over the past hundred years 是指过去的一百年。如果是过去几百年，应该为over the past hundreds of years。一个hundred有加“S”，一个没有。所以原文的resulting increase 是指过去一百年的盐分增加量，而不是简单的过去某个时间段的盐度增加量。后者的理解导致了我以前的错误分析和结论。SORRY。
原文的主题意思：先算出过去一百年的盐度增加，再算出海洋从盐度为零到目前盐度需要花多少个世纪（一个世纪正好一百年）的这种增加量。
算法为：目前盐度/过去100年的盐度增加量=多少个世纪从零盐度到目前盐度。
该算法的假设：过去100年的盐度增加量可以当作速率，即每个100年的盐度增加量是一样的或低估了（因为低估，算出的时间比实际大）。
结论。这种算法可以精确算出海洋最大年龄
A。将A取非，则过去一百年的盐度增加量作为速率是高估了，则算出年龄比实际小。结论不成立。故为答案
E。取非。有些盐被消耗掉。如果消耗掉的盐发生在过去的一百年，则过去一百年的盐度增加量作为速率是低估了。这样反而支持结论，所以不是假设。如果消耗掉的盐发生在过去一百年以外，则无关。因为不在计算范围内。
再次为给我误导的朋友道歉。

xiongbaobao

GWD-13-Q22:
In a certain wildlife park, park rangers are able to track the movements of many rhinoceroses because those animals wear radio collars.  When, as often happens, a collar slips off, it is put back on.  Putting a collar on a rhinoceros involves immobilizing the animal by shooting it with a tranquilizer dart. 注射镇静剂后才能把雷达全重新套上  Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently recollared have significantly lower fertility rates than uncollared females.  Probably, therefore, some substance in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility.
结论：镇静剂导致低怀孕率

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.        The dose of tranquilizer delivered by a tranquilizer dart is large enough to give the rangers putting collars on rhinoceroses a generous margin of safety.
B.        The fertility rate of uncollared female rhinoceroses in the park has been increasing in the past few decades.
C.        Any stress that female rhinoceroses may suffer as a result of being immobilized and handled has little or no negative effect on their fertility. 排出他因
D.        The male rhinoceroses in the wildlife park do net lose their collars as often as the park’s female rhinoceroses do.
E.        The tranquilizer used in immobilizing rhinoceroses is the same as the tranquilizer used in working with other large mammals.

xiongbaobao

GWD-13-Q38: Frobisher, a sixteenth-century English explorer, had soil samples from Canada’s Kodlunarn Island examined for gold content.  Because high gold content was reported, Elizabeth I funded two mining expeditions.  Neither expedition found any gold there.  Modern analysis of the island’s soil indicates a very low gold content.  Thus the methods used to determine the gold content of Frobisher’s samples must have been inaccurate.
F金矿检测法不准确。

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.        The gold content of the soil on Kodlunarn Island is much lower today than it was in the sixteenth century. F检测法用于过去，不应该以现在的标准衡量。另外A再说其实过去的含金量很高，反文中所提到的Neither expedition found any gold there. 此外，还应该是削弱结论。说这个检测法是正确的。
B.        The two mining expeditions funded by Elizabeth I did not mine the same part of Kodlunarn Island.
C.        The methods used to assess gold content of the soil samples provided by Frobisher were different from those generally used in the sixteenth century.
D.        Frobisher did not have soil samples from any other Canadian island examined for gold content. 反文中前提：Frobisher had soil samples from Canada’s Kodlunarn Island examined for gold content.  
E.        Gold was not added to the soil samples collected by Frobisher before the samples were examined.
If E can stands the point, it is the content itself not the method is inaccurate   样本本身有问题而不是方法有问题
将E取非，在样品检验前F放金在样品中。这样F的样品含金高而实际不高的原因就不是方法不对了。结论说方法不对就不成立。故为假设。
易混的是D。好像也是排除他因。但原文说的是检验K岛的金含量。其他岛的情况无关。选D的原因在于认为F用其它岛的样品充当K岛样品。但原文没这层意思。

xiongbaobao

GWD24
35
The milk of many mammals contains cannabinoids, substances that are known to stimulate certain receptors in the brain. To investigate the function of cannabinoids, researchers injected newborn mice with a chemical that is known to block cannabinoides from reaching their receptors in the brain. The injected mice showed far less interest in feeding than normal newborn mice do. Therefore, cannabinoids probably function to stimulate the appetite.
牛奶里面有小C能够刺激大脑中的Receptor。
在新生老鼠里面注入抑制小C的化学物质不让他接触大脑中的Receptor
实验结果：被注射的老鼠食欲不振
结论：小C刺激食欲。
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.        Newborn mice do not normally ingest any substance other than their
mothers’ milk.
B.        Cannabinoids are the only substances in mammals’ milk that stimulate the appetite. 取非，牛奶中还有其它物质刺激食欲。不能削弱小C刺激食欲的可能性：就算还有其他成分刺激食欲，抑制了C，还是会使整体食欲下降
C.        The mothers of newborn mice do not normally make any effort to encourage their babies to feed.
D.        The milk of mammals would be less nutritious if it did not contain cannabinoids.
E.        The chemical that blocks cannabinoids from stimulating their brain receptors does not independently inhibit the appetite. 排除他因。他因：是化学物质而不是小C抑制了食欲。