GMAT-GWD逻辑题推理过程-SUPPORT：支持

cecilialu

GWD-TN-14-39.
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

On the whole, scientists do their most creative work before age forty, a tendency that has been taken to show that aging carries with it a loss of creative capacity. An alternative explanation is that by age forty most scientists have worked in their field for fifteen or more years and that by then they have exhausted the opportunity for creative work in that field. Supporting this explanation is the finding that ______.

A.        the average age of recipients of scientific research grants is significantly greater than forty
B.        a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond age forty entered their field at an older age than is common
C.        many scientists temper their own expectations of what they can achieve in their research work by their belief that their creativity will decline as they age
D.        scientists who are older than forty tend to find more satisfaction in other activities, such as teaching and mentoring, than they do in pursuing their own research
E.        there is a similar diminution of creativity with age in nonscientific fields, such as poetry and musical composition

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模型或要素：创造力、年龄、从事时间

cecilialu

GWD-TN-15-3.
Highway Official: When resurfacing our concrete bridges, we should use electrically conductive concrete (ECC) rather than standard concrete. In the winter, ECC can be heated by passing an electric current through it, thereby preventing ice buildup. The cost of the electricity needed is substantially lower than the cost of the deicing salt we currently use.

Taxpayer: But construction costs for ECC are much higher than for standard concrete, so your proposal is probably not justifiable on economic grounds.

Which of the following, if true, could best be used to support the highway official’s proposal in the face of the taxpayer’s objection?

A.        The use of de-icing salt causes corrosion of the reinforcing steel in concrete bridge decks and damage to the concrete itself, thereby considerably shortening the useful life of concrete bridges.
B.        Severe icing conditions can cause power outages and slow down the work of emergency crews trying to get power restored.
C.        In weather conditions conducive to icing, ice generally forms on the concrete surfaces of bridges well before it forms on parts of the roadway that go over solid ground.
D.        Aside from its potential use for de-icing bridges, ECC might also be an effective means of keeping other concrete structures such as parking garages and airport runways ice free.
E.        If ECC were to be used for a bridge surface, the electric current would be turned on only at times at which ice was likely to form.

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模型或要素：新材料、运行成本、建筑成本、副作用、寿命

cecilialu

GWD-TN-15-21.
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Mastitis is an infection of the udder in cows that, although not dangerous, causes them to give poor-quality milk.  Most cases of mastitis are caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, against which antibiotics are ineffective. However, a related bacterium, Staphylococcus simulans, quickly clears up even severe infections of S. aureus simply by displacing the bacteria. S. simulans is nevertheless unlikely to become the preferred treatment for cases of mastitis, since ______.

A.        certain dangerous bacteria that normally cannot take hold can do so in the presence of S. simulans
B.        the current resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics derives in part from a past pattern of overuse of those antibiotics
C.        the milk from cows infected with S. aureus is generally not of such poor quality as to be entirely unusable
D.        careful farming practice can reduce the incidence of mastitis to a minimum
E.        the only symptom of mild cases of mastitis is the deterioration in the quality of the milk produced

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模型或要素：疾病、病菌、传染、抗体、作用、副作用

cecilialu

GWD-TN-15-33.
One of the limiting factors in human physical performance is the amount of oxygen that is absorbed by the muscles from the bloodstream. Accordingly, entrepreneurs have begun selling at gymnasiums and health clubs bottles of drinking water, labeled “SuperOXY,” that has extra oxygen dissolved in the water. Such water would be useless in improving physical performance, however, since the only way to get oxygen into the bloodstream so that it can be absorbed by the muscles is through the lungs.

Which of the following, if true, would serve the same function in the argument as the statement in boldface?

A.        the water lost in exercising can be replaced with ordinary tap water
B.        the amount of oxygen in the blood of people who are exercising is already more than the muscle cells can absorb
C.        world-class athletes turn in record performances without such water
D.        frequent physical exercise increases the body’s ability to take in and use oxygen
E.        lack of oxygen is not the only factor limiting human physical performance

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模型或要素：限制因素、氧气量、补充氧气、补充方式、效果

cecilialu

GWD-TN-16-19.
A major health insurance company in Lagolia pays for special procedures prescribed by physicians only if the procedure is first approved as “medically necessary” by a company-appointed review panel.  The rule is intended to save the company the money it might otherwise spend on medically unnecessary procedures.  The company has recently announced that in order to reduce its costs, it will abandon this rule.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the company’s decision?

A.        Patients often register dissatisfaction with physicians who prescribe nothing for their ailments.
B.        Physicians often prescribe special procedures that are helpful but not altogether necessary for the health of the patient.
C.        The review process is expensive and practically always results in approval of the prescribed procedure.
D.        The company’s review process does not interfere with the prerogative of physicians, in cases where more than one effective procedure is available, to select the one they personally prefer.
E.        The number of members of the company-appointed review panel who review a given procedure depends on the cost of the procedure.

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模型或要素：保险、内科医生、开药方、节省费用、防止浪费、费用高、效果差

cecilialu

GWD-TN-16-21.
Which of the following most logically completes the editorial below?

Editorial in Golbindian Newspaper:
For almost three months, opposition parties have been mounting daily street demonstrations in the capital in an effort to pressure the ruling party into calling an election. Though the demonstrations were well attended at first, attendance has declined steadily in recent weeks. However, the decline in attendance does not indicate that popular support for the opposition’s demands is dropping, since           

A.        the opposition’s demands have not changed during the period when the street demonstrations have been mounted.
B.        No foreign governments have expressed any support for the opposition’s demands.
C.        The state-controlled media have ceased any mention of the demonstrations, leaving many citizens outside the capital with no way of knowing that demonstrations continue.
D.        There have not recently been any antigovernment demonstrations in cities other than the capital.
E.        A recent sharp decrease in unemployment has led to increased popular support for the government.

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找答案： 有其他原因
TEST：
模型或要素： 反对党、演说、上座率、下降、媒体管制

cecilialu

GWD-TN-16-22.
Springfield Fire Commissioner: the vast majority of false fire alarms are prank calls made anonymously from fire alarm boxes on street corners. Since virtually everyone has access to a private telephone, these alarm boxes have outlived their usefulness. Therefore, we propose to remove the boxes. Removing the boxes will reduce the number of prank calls without hampering people’s ability to report a fire.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the claim that the proposal, if carried out, will have the announced effect?

A.        The fire department traces all alarm calls made from private telephones and records where they came from.
B.        Maintaining the fire alarm boxes costs Springfield approximately five million dollars annually.
C.        A telephone call can provide the fire department with more information about the nature and size of a fire than can an alarm placed from an alarm box.
D.        Responding to false alarms significantly reduces the fire department’s capacity for responding to fires.
E.        On any given day, a significant percentage of the public telephones in Springfield are out of service.

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找答案：有效果
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模型或要素：自动报警、虚假报警、电话报警、效果

cecilialu

GWD-TN-16-36.
The chemical adenosine is released by brain cells when those cells are active. Adenosine then binds to more and more sites on cells in certain areas of the brain, as the total amount released gradually increases during wakefulness. During sleep, the number of sites to which adenosine is bound decreases. Some researchers have hypothesized that it is the cumulative binding of adenosine to a large number of sites that causes the onset of sleep.

Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the researchers’ hypothesis?

A.        Even after long periods of sleep when adenosine is at its lowest concentration in the brain, the number of brain cells bound with adenosine remains very large.
B.        Caffeine, which has the effect of making people remain wakeful, is known to interfere with the binding of adenosine to sites on brain cells.
C.        Besides binding to sites in the brain, adenosine is known to be involved in biochemical reactions throughout the body.
D.        Some areas of the brain that are relatively inactive nonetheless release some adenosine.
E.        Stress resulting from a dangerous situation can preserve wakefulness even when brain levels of bound adenosine are high.

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找答案：举例
TEST：
模型或要素：脑细胞、释放物质、失眠该物质增加、睡眠该物质减少

cecilialu

GWD-TN-17-4.
Consumers planning to buy recreational equipment tend to buy higher quality, more expensive equipment when the economy is strong than when it is weak. Hill and Dale is a business that sells high-quality, expensive camping and hiking equipment in Boravia. Although all the signs are that Boravia’s economy is now entering a period of sustained strength, the managers of the business do not expect a substantial increase in sales.

Which of the following, if true, would provide the strongest justification for the managers’ judgment?

A.        A significant proportion of Hill and Dale’s sales are made to customers who enter the store in order to buy one particular item but, once there, find other items to buy as well.
B.        In Boravia when the economy is strong, those who might otherwise go camping tend to take vacations overseas.
C.        The economic upturn is likely to allow Boravia’s national parks, where most of the camping and hiking is done, to receive extra funding to improve their visitor facilities.
D.        Advances in materials technology have led to the development of hiking and camping equipment that is more comfortable and lightweight than before.
E.        Many people in Boravia not only are committed to preserving the country’s wilderness areas but also are interested in spending some time in them.

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模型或要素：消费者、娱乐设备、高质高价、经济强弱、销售增长

cecilialu

GWD-TN-17-22.
People who have spent a lot of time in contact with animals often develop animal-induced allergies, some of them quite serious. In a survey of current employees in major zoos, about 30 percent had animal-induced allergies. Based on this sample, experts conclude that among members of the general population who have spent a similarly large amount of time in close contact with animals, the percentage with animal-induced allergies is not 30 percent but substantially more.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest grounds for the experts’ conclusion?

A.        A zoo employee who develops a serious animal-induced allergy is very likely to switch to some other occupation.
B.        A zoo employee is more likely than a person in the general population to keep one or more animal pets at home
C.        The percentage of the general population whose level of exposure to animals matches that of a zoo employee is quite small.
D.        Exposure to domestic pets is, on the whole, less likely to cause animal-induced allergy than exposure to many of the animals kept in zoos.
E.        Zoo employees seldom wear protective gear when they handle animals in their care.

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模型或要素：时间、员工、人群、发病率