feiya

9.        This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. （3+）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
译文：古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。
解释：本句有两个插入语，第一个插入语Gutman suggests割裂了主句的主语和谓语。West African rules后跟着两个修饰成分，第一个是分词修饰(governing marriage), 第二个是以which引导的非限定性定语从句，从句中出现了第二个插入语though they differed from one tribal group to another，又割裂了从句引导词与谓语之间的联系。
意群训练：This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

feiya

10.        His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews　in medieval Europe. （4+）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
译文：该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种族偏见所下的定义——即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族”——可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。
解释：本句长度惊人，插入部分比较长，再加上不乏抽象词，所以较为难懂，在表示转折的后半个分钟中，长长的插入语as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition作为主语his definition of racial prejudice的同位语，使分句中的主谓相隔千山万水。除此之外，本句用词抽象，语义难以理解，对读者的词汇功底要求较高。考试现场如无法读懂，宜用合理化原则中的取非读法，but之前的分句说的是其论点对美国黑人的种族歧视是较为管用，转折后的内容就应该说其理论对华人和犹太人相对无用。
意群训练：His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews　in medieval Europe.

feiya

11.        Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any　　possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.（5）
难免类型：复杂修饰
译文：类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似的方面上所发生变化，当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时候，他们在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。
解释：即使是初练难免的人其实也很熟悉such thing as something这样的语言方式，可是当中间的小东西thing居然变成了一个长达十二个单词的大东西的时候，实在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底为哪方神圣。再加上以such as 为中心的长主语距离系动词remain太远，更增加了本句的难度。请读者反复阅读，直到读出这样的感觉：顺序阅读原文时，原文似乎就是几大块，就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.
意群训练：Such variations         in size, shape, chemistry,         conduction speed,         excitation threshold,         and the like         as had been         deomnstrated in nerve cells         remained negligible         in significance         for any possible         correlation with         the manifld dimensions         of mental experience.

feiya

12.        It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5)  有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异；可是，这样的证据是缺乏的，即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的，而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。
难免类型：复杂修饰、倒装
解释：与很多人的印象相反，lack从来就不能作形容词，它只有动词或名词的词性。其形容词的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。
本句的在however 之前和之后的两个分句，是两个倒装结构，前一个是小倒装，正常语序是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however后面是个大倒装，lacking之后的that引导的同位语人名是修饰主语proof的，但是因为它太长，所以为了避免头重脚轻，被放到lacking之后，正常的语序应该是proof that the quality of ..was lacking

意群训练：It was         possible         to demonstrate         by other methods         refined structural differences         among neuron types;        however,         proof was lacking         that the quality of the impulse         or its condition         was influenced by         these differences,         which seemed instead to influence         the developmental patterning         of the neural circuits.

feiya

13.        Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. （4）  
尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉，而转向相反的观点，即：神经冲动从根本上本质相同，而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。
难句类型：复杂修饰、双重否定

解释：前半个分句中有一个双重否定，was never rigidly disproved,这种表示法用中文说出来还是比较好懂的，原因是我们熟悉中文的这种表示法，但在英文中出现，因为在以前的学习中见得少，所以感觉上很别扭。因此，同学们的任务，就是通过反复阅读此类句子来熟悉这样的英语。其实在英文表达中，很多双重否定与中文表达是一样的，表示肯定；如not unlimited就等于limited。但是值得读者注意的是在GRE和GMAT这两种对考生的逻辑有苛刻要求的考试中，如果这种双重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的词汇，比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited)，则双重否定不一定表示肯定；比如本例中的not disprove, 不能理解为agree， 不反对者中，的确有人会同意，但通常心存疑虑，随大流者居多。不但如此，大双重否定中加上限定词以后，在否定的范围上也有所变化，如本句的be never rigidly disproved，没有完全被反对，不能理解为从来都被严格支持的，而应该理解成从来都可能有人支持的。综上所述，对双重否定的句子，简单的把其置换为肯定，不是最精确的理解。而最好的办法，就是通过多读、多练来熟悉其语言表达及其逻辑方式，按照其字面的表达理解成没有完全否定，然后大脑中反应出其目前的生存状态是一个仍未消失的状态；这种理解才是在考试现场既快速又精确的理解。
运用前面所说的用合理化原则中的取非读法，可以很容易的读出作者在后半个分句中想说前面的那种观点被反对了。但是，初学者会对这个分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else这种语言表达感到突然，如果理解成因为喜后者而抛弃了前者，虽然也能说得通，但是其实原文从来没有这种因果关系，in favor of强调的是这两种动作的同时性；抛弃了前者，而转向后者，namely之后的内容是前面的opposing view的同位语。

意群训练：Although qualitative variance         among nerve energies         was never rigidly disproved,         the doctrine         was generally abandoned         in favor of         the oppsiting view,         namely,         that nerve impulses                 are essentially homogeneous         in quality         and are transmitted         as "common currency"        throught the nervous system

feiya

14.        Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number，　　arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. （4 -）
尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异，但是就心理-神经的关系而言，这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相似性看起来比起微小的差异更为令人注目。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：在前后两个分句之间有一个插入语as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned。在后面的分句中，主语the obvious similarities之后的、修饰主语的成分较长、以至于有很多读者看到相隔很远的more remarkable than时一下子反应不过来是什么比后者更明显。其简化形式应为：similarities seemed more remarkable than differences。
意群训练：Other experiments revealed         slight variations         in the size, number, arrangement,         and interconnection         of the nerve cells,         but as far as psychoneural correlations         were concerned,         the obvious similarities of         these sensory fileds         to each other         seemed much more         remarkable than         any of the         minute differences.

feiya

15.        Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal　representation becomes more holistic and　the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence　seems to support the serial hypothesis，　　at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. （4+）
虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于平行，但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设（serial hypothesis），至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略
解释：在Although引导的分句中，谓语shows后面跟着一个长长的宾语从句，从句中先出现一个插入语as an object becomes familiar,之后的内容是由and 连接的两套并列的主谓宾。其实and前后就是两个句子，只不过作者省略了后面的句子中与前面相同的引导词that和谓语become。
句子中有一个生词holistic，其实即使不认识，也能用合理化原则猜出它是后面serial的反义词、parallel的同义词，大约是统一、完整或同时的意思；其实只要能理解到其是与serial相反的意思即可。
意群训练：Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal　representation becomes more holistic and　the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence　seems to support the serial hypothesis，　　at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.

feiya

16.        In large part as a consequence of　the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in　various periods. （3+）
在很大程度上，由于女权主义运动（feminist movement）的缘故，史学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力，来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。 Focus A on B;
难句类型：倒装
解释：focus A on B指把A集中于B，本句中介词on的宾语determining/more accurately the status of women invarious periods中有一个小倒装，正常语序应该是determining the status of women in various periods more accurately。
意群训练：In large part         as a consequence of         the feminist movement,                 historians have focused         a great deal of         attention         in recent years         on determining                 more accurately the status of women                 in various periods.

feiya

17.        If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact –real Amazonian societies – but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society . (4)  
如果我们先研究一下为什么古人会提到亚马逊人，下面的一点就变得清晰了，那就是古希腊对于这种社会的庙睡不是太多的被用来表达观察的历史事实——真正的亚麻逊社会的——而是为了对于妇女在其社会中的统治的预期后果提供一种“道德教导”。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释：有两个词汇需要先解释一下：something be meant to represent是use something to mean的被动语态。mean在这里不是常用的"……的意思是"的意思，而是表示做某事所表达的目的、意图，其英文释义为：to serve or intend to convey, show, or indicate。句中的结构为：something be meant not so much to,,, but rather to, 实际上是把be meant to和not rather 的两个固定搭配套在一起，意思是：不是为了...而是为了...
另外，suppose的意思很抽象，不容易理解。此词既有据信、被认为的意思，也有预期的意思，还有表示贬义的假想的被想当然的意思。
本句的supposed用法极其特殊，在此处的意思，用以上任何一个释义来理解居然都可以成立，既是在说一个预期的社会状态，又是在说一个虚构出来的、本来不存在的社会状态，其用法类似于中文中的一语双关，是文章作者自以为文笔精妙之处。
意群训练：If one begins         by examining why         ancients refer to Amazons,         it becomes clear that         ancient Greek descriptions         of such societies         were meant         not so much         to represent         observed historical fact-        real Amazonian societies-        but rather to         offer"moral lessons"         on the supposed outcome         of women's rule         in their own society.

feiya

18.        Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects；and that this corrected　equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of　quantum field-theoretical equations. （5）
因此，举例来说，对数学家而言，了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已，即薛定谔（Schrodinger）的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述，而仅仅是个近似值，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式；而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值，趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略
解释：读到此句时，数学家不见得震惊，晕倒的考生恐怕不在少数。不但句子结构复杂，而且罗列了大量的专有名词。对于不是理科的同学来讲，在阅读这篇文章的现场清楚地明白应该读到什么程度远比研究这些生僻的专有名词更重要。其实是否知道薛定鄂方程对读者来说并不见得重要，GRE考试的出题者也不见得知道它；关键是要读懂句子的主要意思；数学家不能理解不精确和近似值的伟大意义。不过在本书中，出现的句子均以阅读训练为目的，所以读者仍要把句子的结构读清楚。
主句中的主语it是一个开工主语，其具体的内容应该是从to learn开始一直到句子结束的长达八行的不定式，但是此不定式实在太长，如果放在句首则句子无法平衡。Learn后面带着两个以that引导的宾语从句，中间以分号和and分开，可以把分号以后的句子看成是and it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that的省略形式。
意群训练：Thus, for instance,         it may come         as a shock to         mathematiians to learn                 that the Schrodinger equation         for the hydrogen atom                 is not a literally         correct description         of this atom,         but only         an approximation to         a somewhat more correct equation         taking account of         spin, magnetic dipole,         and relativistic effects; and that         this corrected equation         is itself         only an imperfect         approximation to         an infinite set of         quantum field-theoretical equations.