GMAT准备过程及资料（GMAT 770分享）——Issue例子及一些自己的提纲

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第一段        观点
第二段        论点一 支持观点
第三段        论点二 支持观点
第四段        考虑对立面
第五段        结尾

例子：比尔盖茨 创业、捐款；
      甘地：印度独立 名人效应
      三菱隐藏信息、Apple的裁员——企业道德
      福特汽车——企业领袖的社会影响
      研究——不良信息对儿童的影响
Success
Bill Gates
When Bill Gates made his decision to drop out from Harvard, he did not care too much of the result. Gates entered Harvard in 1973, and dropped out two years later when he and Allen started the engine of Microsoft. Many people did not understand why Gates gave up such a good opportunity to study in the world’s No.1 University. However, with size comes power, Microsoft dominates the PC market with its operating systems, such as MS-DOS and Windows. Now, Microsoft becomes the biggest software company in the world and Bill Gates becomes the richest man in the world.
详见：http://forum.topway.org/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D1

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Thomas Alva Edison（维基上新找的）
(February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor, scientist and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
We can learn from the experience of the great inventor Thomas Alva Edison that sometimes a series of apparent failures is really a precursor to success. The voluminous personal papers of Edison reveal that his inventions typically did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly from previous woks.

Mother Teresa
Mother Teresa, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, dedicated the majority of her life to helping the poorest of the poor in India, thus gaining her the name "Saint of the Gutters." The devotion towards the poor won her respect throughout the world and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She founded an order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India dedicated to serving the poor. Almost 50 years later, the Missionaries of Charity have grown from 12 sisters in India to over 3,000 in 517 missions throughout 100 countries worldwide.
Lady Diana Spencer, Princess of Whales, is remembered and respected by people all over the world more for her beauty, kindness, humanity and charitable activities than for her technical skills.

Mandela
Mandela, the South African black political leader and former president, was awarded 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to antiracism and antiapartheid. Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. Since his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of imprisonment, Mandela has been at the centre of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. As president of the African National Congress and head of South Africa's antiapartheid movement, he was instrumental in moving the nation toward multiracial government and majority rule. He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality.

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Beethoven
Beethoven, the German Composer, began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was entirely deaf by 1819. However, this obstacle could not keep him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history. His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos,  and so on, formes a transition from classical to romantic composition.

Business Moral

Philip Morris, the largest tobacco company in the world, has been sued by government and many other groups for producing products that are harmful to health. The fines and legal fees that have resulted from the legal attacks against the company have costed the company substantial amounts of money.

Bayer, one of the largest pharmaceutic companies in the world, announced that the company would cease production of one of its major products, because of the hazardous ingredients it contained. By doing so, the company suffers great loss on profitability, but gains strong public support and understanding, which can contribute to the long-term success of the company.

Mitsubishi Motors had concealed significant defects in the break system of Pajero, one of the company’s major products, before apologized to public. Hundreds of car accidents were directly caused by the break error. Thus, the company suffered a great goods return, losing not only the market share but also the confidence of consumers.

Social responsibility:
Google, the fastest growing US technology company, can serve as the best example to demonstrate the importance of social responsibility. Based on its outstanding philosophy of social responsibility – “Do No Evil”, Google established and secured a distinct reputation in the
            Internet Service Provider industry and cultivated a large customer base that is unusually devoted to its products and service.
            Consequently, this reputation for social responsibility, as one of its most valuable assets, in turn, significantly benefits the company in long term.

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Business Strategy(个人认为可以用在“经验”的题上)
For example, SEGA, producer of Saturn, was the first company to develop home video game machine commercially, but Sony Entertainment INC., producer of Play Station, proved to be more successful at forming strategic alliance with other producers and distributors to manufacture and market its hardware and software. Because consumers had more choices on Play Station’s games, they seldom bought SEGA Saturn. By the end of the 1990’s, Play Station dominated the home video game market while SEGA Saturn was no longer in production.

自己新编的：Traditionally, the first firm to commercialize a technology have an advantage to win more market share and get more profits. Beta is the first company to produce VCR commercially. The company refuse to form strategy alliance with distributors and manufacturer to market the product the, believing the experience that being the first company to commercialize the VCR will give it enough benefit to win in the market. However, it lost grounds to other companies that are willing to market products through alliance.

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Globalization
The financial crash of October 1987 and the Asia Economic Crisis in 1998 demonstrate that the world’s capital markets are more closely integrated than ever before and that events in one part of the global village may be transmitted to the rest of the village—almost instantaneously.

For example, the US Subprime Mortgage financial crisis in July 2007, caused by a sharp rise in home foreclosures, rapidly affected every market in the world, reaching as far as England, Brazil, and even Hongkong overnight. Without exception, each financial institution in the global financial industry was affected to some extent, although some of these institutions may have no direct business with US Subprime Mortgage market. This can be explained by the process of globalization, which has so highly integrated the global economics that no business can be isolated from it.

Architecture

The Potala Palace is Tibet’s cardinal landmark and a structure that deserves a place as one of the wonders of eastern architecture. The Potala palace was built by Songtsen Gampo, the first king of Tibet, in the 7th century. The roof and many other parts of the Palace were decorated by pure gold, which was contributed by the Buddhist in Tibet. Since its construction, the Potala Palace has been the home of each successive Dalai Lamas, the religious leader of Tibet. This building dedicates not only to religious belief but also to the accommodation place—over a thousand Lamas live in it today. Shaped by the people of Tibet, the Potala Palace has a far-reaching influence on the Tibetan’s religion as well as every day lives.

Besides religious impact, buildings represent our intellectual and business behavior. Take Bank of China Tower as an example. It is located at No. 1 Garden Road, central Hong Kong. The tower itself is 315 meters high, and the unique style and spectacular appearance has made it one of the most distinguished buildings in the world. The BOC tower is a masterpiece of the world famous American-Chinese architect Mr. I.M.Pei. The inspiration of the design is derived from the elegant poise of bamboo. Now, the BOC tower is a symbolic of strength, vitality and growth, representing also the Bank’s commitment to the rapid development of Hong Kong and to servicing the community. The BOC tower has not only recorded a glorious page in the construction history of Hong Kong but also highlighted the new phases of expansion in Hong Kong.

Constructed in the Victory Age, the Big Bell is now the biggest bell in the world and is still one of the important parts of the English lives.

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Energy

OPEC is one of the best examples. OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, is an international organization of eleven developing countries that are heavily reliant on oil revenues as their main source of income. Since oil revenues are so vital for the economic development of these nations, they aim to bring stability and harmony to the oil market by adjusting their oil output to help ensure a balance between supply and demand. In the long run, the stabilized out-put help to cease the problem of over-refining and over utilization of oil energy.

Nowadays, developed countries already masters the technology of using more efficiency and economical energy resources, such as water and solar energy, while the traditional and wasted energy still dominates in the developing countries. International cooperation enables the technology transfer between developed countries and developing countries and devotes to the benefit of entire human beings. A worldwide leader can speed up the decision-making progress and enhance the solidarity among the member countries.

Children

From a social and psychological standpoint, violence xxx has the ability to influence xxx on both an implicit and an explicit level. For example, research on aggressive behavior as an effect of xxx has found that exposure to xxx may result in different level of undesirable behavior. Moreover, some scientific study suggests that an addiction can be formed from xx. This addiction could cause physical and mental health problems, spending problems, and time displacement leading to missed work or school days.

Others

It took Columbus, the Italian explorer in the service of Spain who determined that the earth is round, over 3 months to sail from Europe to America. However, we can do so by air within one day.

Rabbi Meir, a second-century scholar, admonished his disciples to look not at the pitcher but as its contents because, he stated “Many a new pitcher has been found to be full of old wine.” This was his way of emphasizing the importance of the distinction between form and idea, and of stressing that the integrity of an idea is more important than the form of its expression.

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Innovation:
Apple Inc., a fastest growing US consumer electronics company, can serve as the best example to demonstrate the importance of innovation. While most of its competitors concentrated on developing fastest processors or largest storages, Apple, based on its outstanding philosophy of comprehensive aesthetic design, established and secured a distinct reputation in the
            consumer electronics industry and has cultivated a customer base that is unusually devoted to the company and its brand.

Global Warming
For example, the Kyoto Protocol, an agreement aimed to reduce global emission of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases that cause global warming, was ratified by more than one hundred and fifty countries. Because all the counties participated in Kyoto Protocol are aware of the adverse effects of global warming on natural environment, human life, and global economy, they cooperate closely and actively to protect their own, as well as the shared, interest. Like greenhouse gases, xxx also has comparable, if not worse, influence on the future of people’s daily life. Therefore, it is necessary for all counties to work closely to xxx.


Life Expectancy
World wide life expectancy, the average length of survival of a given population, has been greatly improved in the past century, although the improvement varies in different areas. Advances in sanitation, nutrition and medical knowledge, and dramatically decreased infant mortality rate, made incredible changes in life expectancy possible, especially in developed countries and regions. In developing and relatively poor countries, governments also are taking great efforts to improve the life expectance. All countries, including developed and developed ones, are serious about the life span of their population, because it represents most of the population’s wishes

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Public Figure（两个维基上新找的例子）

We can see this point from the In the development movement of India in which Gandhi, credited with Father of the Nation, played a very important role. During the movement, many people followed him and his principles of non-cooperation, non-violence and peaceful resistance. He led his followers to practice many movements with his reputation, such as Dandi Salt March, Quit India civil disobedience.


Bill Gates can donate 10 billion dollars to help the most poorest countries to develop and use vaccines, the action has saving millions of people in developing countries. Bill has far more wealth than common people and thus has unique power to address such social problem as public health.

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广告类（商业广告、公益广告）
32 广告——国家理念
广告传达了关于这个国家的思想观念， 同意
广告能告知传统、审美（aesthetics）、文化……举例，广告中可以拿领导人开玩笑，美国表现出对自由言论；美国广告中出现比基尼泳装（bikini），阿拉伯少见妇女手臂，不同国家对的开放程度；中国喜庆用红色，西方白色，不同的审美。
但，广告传递的理念取决于什么广告，我们能否得到想要的理念取决于理念的内容。举例，公益广告比商业广告更能告知国家理念，商业更多传递的是企业理念；永远无法得知国家机密，例如军事理念。
总而言之，可以得到信息，但无法得到全部想知道的信息。

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科技与生活质量
112 科技——生活质量特别好
生活质量 取决于物质和精神（spiritual）. 进步可能带来物质上的丰富，但很难说或带来精神上的欢愉。不能简单得出结论
物质层面，大多数地区确实提高。衣食住行。eg，衣服、礼物天天可，不用圣诞/新年。食物丰富。住，人均居住面积提升（中国，80年代，4平方米，现在20多平方米），行。
精神层面。大多数地区压力更大，eg，小孩学习提早；越来越多的人面临失眠的困扰（isomnia）
简而言之，虽然带来物质的提高，但生活质量不但仅看物质层面，无法得出结论

113 科技让人疏离
Technology ultimately seperates and alienate people more than it severs to bring them together.

Whether the technology brings people together or separates people apart? The author believe that the technology contribute more to alienate us. While technology bring us a lot of benefits, after viewing the issue in several aspects and taking some compelling factors into account, I concur with the author. My agreement with the author involves fundamental and deep analyses discussed as follows.
In the first place, technology makes today' society a more competitive one with increasing pressure on people. People have to spend more time to work and study to keep up with the innovation and progress brought by technology, resulting that the time for family members, colleagues and friends is becoming less and less. In consulting industry, the average working time is 80 hours per week. With such heavy work load, no other things but tiredness can remain after a day's work.
In the second place, technology also make people depart from the real world. The popularity of internet evidence is the best evidence. More and more people, especially young, are addicted to conversation and interaction on the internet .The lack of real communication in the real world will definitely separate and alienate people. And with addiction to internet, more people prefer to spent leisure time on Internet rather than with friends.
Some advocators of technology might argue that the technology is bringing us together. They often use the example that the advanced transportation can let us reach almost any place in the world in just one day to get together with people who will be difficult to see without the benefit of technology. However, with no time for people around us , how can we spend a day to gather with people in the distance? It’s true that technology also contribute the convenience for people’s communication, but more people won’t take this convenience due to the changes bring by technology.
In summary, taking all the mentioned considerations into accounts, I feel comfortable to arrive the conclusion that technology alienates people more than it serves to bring them together.