2 questions

cliffca

18. People cannot be morally responsible for things over which they have no control. Therefore, they should not be held morally responsible for any inevitable consequences of such things, either. Determining whether adults have any control over the treatment they are receiving can be difficult. Hence in some cases it can be difficult to know whether adults bear any moral responsibility for the way they are treated. Everyone, however, sometimes acts in ways that are an inevitable consequently of treatment received as an infant and infants clearly cannot control, and so are not morally responsible for the treatment they receive.

Anyone making the claims above would be logically committed to which one of the following further claims.

(A) An infant should never be held morally responsible for an action that infant has performed.

(B) There are certain commonly performed actions for which no one performing those actions should ever be held morally responsible.

(C) Adults who claim that they have no control over the treatment they are receiving should often be held at least partially responsible for being so treated.

(D) If a given action is within a certain person’s control that person should be held morally.

(E) No adult should be held morally responsible for ever action he or she performs.

why choose e?


10. Decision makers tend to have distinctive styles. One such style is for the decision maker to seek the widest possible input from advisers and to explore alternatives while making up his or her mind. In fact, decision makers of this sort will often argue vigorously for a particular idea, emphasizing its strong points and downplaying its weaknesses, not because they actually believe in the idea but because they want to see if their real reservations about it are idiosyncratic or are held independently by their advisers.

Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the statement above?

(A) If certain decision makers’ statements are quoted accurately and at length; the content of the quote could nonetheless be greatly at variance with the decision eventually make.

(B) Certain decision makers do not know which ideas they do not really believe in until after they have presented a variety of ideas to their advisers

(C) If certain decision makers dismiss an idea out of hand, it must be because its weaknesses are more pronounced than any strong points it may have.

(D) Certain decision makers proceed in a way that makes it likely that they will frequently decide in favor of ideas in which they do not believe.

(E) If certain decision makers’ advisers know the actual beliefs of those they advise, those advisers will give better advice than they would if they did not know those beliefs.

how to understand "not because...but because..."?