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Chapter 4 PARALLELISM
1、句子中具有可比性的部分需要在逻辑和语法结构上都平行;平行常常能够通过一些词的存在而找到。平行结构的存在并不意味着平行制造词一定存在,只要是以相同的方式表达两个或以上的事物,都要求平行。平行并不要求各个平行部分的每个词都平行,只需要中心词平行即可。
2、句子中几乎所有的成分都可以使用平行结构。其中,从句平行必须以同样的引导词开头。如:I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE the taxes are low.
3、平行结构虽然要求简洁,但是不能省略平行部分的要素。如: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.
4、And是平行结构中最常用的词,在句子中见到and时,一定要注意寻找平行结构的各个平行项目。And只出现在最后一个平行项目前面,其他的平行项目用逗号分割;在从句平行时,如果从句较长,可在and前面加上逗号。
5、句子中可能会出现多组平行或者多层的平行,此时要区分不同的逻辑层次,区分在不同逻辑层次下的平行。比如:She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property, AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.
在这个句子中,出现了多组并列的对象,有可能在SC的原句中这些对象的排列是错误的,此时必须分清楚逻辑层次,把不同逻辑层次的平行对象分别处理好。如:
She argues THAT the agency actsWITH reckless abandon
AND
WITH disregard for human life
AND
property,
AND
THAT it should therefore be abandoned.
6、一些必须使用平行结构的惯用语:
要求使用平行结构的惯用语
| X Acts As Y
| Distinguish X from Y
| X is the Same As Y
| As X, So Y
| Estimate X To Be Y
| X is good, and So Too is Y
| Between X And Y
| X Instead Of Y
| X, Such As Y(example)
| Compare To X, Y
| X is Known To Be Y
| Think Of X As Y
| Consider X Y
| X is Less Than Y
| X is Thought To Be Y
| In Contrast To X, Y
| Make X Y
| View X As Y
| Declare X Y
| Mistake X For Y
| Whether X Or Y
| X, Develops Into Y
| Not Only X(,) But Also Y
|
| X Differs From Y
| Regard X As Y
|
|
要求使用平行结构的惯用语
| X Acts As Y
| Distinguish X from Y
| X is the Same As Y
| As X, So Y
| Estimate X To Be Y
| X is good, and So Too is Y
| Between X And Y
| X Instead Of Y
| X, Such As Y(example)
| Compare To X, Y
| X is Known To Be Y
| Think Of X As Y
| Consider X Y
| X is Less Than Y
| X is Thought To Be Y
| In Contrast To X, Y
| Make X Y
| View X As Y
| Declare X Y
| Mistake X For Y
| Whether X Or Y
| X, Develops Into Y
| Not Only X(,) But Also Y
|
| X Differs From Y
| Regard X As Y
|
| 7、区分真平行还是假平行:在使一个句子语法结构上做到平行之前,必须首先确认句子的逻辑意思是否暗示了平行。不要假设句子里所有的动词、动词短语都是平行的。如:
Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, AND leaving late every night.
在这个句子中,apply是中心谓语,而arriving, skipping和leaving都是为了补充提供更多的信息来说明Sal如何apply himself,是从属性的。如果没有理解句子逻辑意思而使所有动词都平行,就会导致句子意思的改变。
8、注意主系表结构。除了表示实际动作的动词,还有一些动词是表示主语是什么,主语的状态怎么样的动词,也就是系动词。当使用系动词表达主语的一些特点时,主语和宾语(实际是表语)在句子结构上是平行的(也就是必须是同一词性、性质的事物),同时在逻辑意思上也必须是平行的。如:
The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.WRONG.Bouquet和giving不平行。
The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.RIGHT.
常见系动词
| To Be
| Other Linking Verbs
| is
| appear
| seem
| are
| become
| smell
| was
| feel
| sound
| were
| grow
| stay
| am
| look
| taste
| been
| remain
| turn
| been
| represent
|
| being
| resemble
|
|
常见系动词
| To Be
| Other Linking Verbs
| is
| appear
| seem
| are
| become
| smell
| was
| feel
| sound
| were
| grow
| stay
| am
| look
| taste
| been
| remain
| turn
| been
| represent
|
| being
| resemble
|
| 注意不要把进行时结构和被动结构中的BE动词看做暗示平行结构。
OG相关题目: 6.11.14,15,22,24,26,28,29,36,42,46,52,53,55,56,62,65,72,777,81,83,D36,D39,D46
OG VERBAL(2nd):1,2,3,4,6,15,16,24,26,27,45,46,49,52,53,58,60,61,63,67 |
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