[语法资料] GMAT语法-句子练习

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001. The airline industry is cutting its lowest discount fares more widely, more substantially, and earlier this year than it normally does at the end of the summer, a time when travel usually decreases and the industry uses some lower fares to attract passengers.

分析：The airline industry/ is cutting its lowest discount fares/ more widely, more substantially, and earlier this year than it normally does at the end of the summer/, a time/ when travel usually decreases/ and the industry/ uses some lower fares/ to attract passengers.

内容：航空业/正在减少最低折扣所需的费用/今年比通常夏季结束时更广，更多，更早/这是一个时间/旅行通常减少/航空业用更低的费用/来吸引乘客。

解释：按照中文语序，我们习惯说，“航空业今年比通常夏季结束时更广，更多，更早地减少最低折扣所需的费用”，颠倒句序并没有影响句意的理解。

002. The aristocratic values expressed in the writings of Marguerite Yourcenar place her within the French classical tradition, as does her passionate interest in history, particularly Roman history.

分析：The aristocratic values/ expressed in the writings of Marguerite Yourcenar/ place her within the French classical tradition/, as does her passionate interest/ in history, particularly Roman history.

内容：贵族的价值观/在Marguerite Yourcenar的作品中表达出来的/让她置身于法国的古典传统/她的激情让她置身于历史中，尤其是罗马历史。

解释：这句话中最应该注意的是as does，虽然它不是实词，但是它提醒我们后面的句子和前面的是并列的关系，所以把后面句子中省略的部分补上，句意自然就清楚了。

003. Because paper of all kinds is the biggest single component of municipal trash, many municipalities have tried recycling to reduce the cost of trash disposal.

分析：Because paper of all kinds/ is the biggest single component of municipal trash/, many municipalities/ have tried recycling/ to reduce the cost of trash disposal.

内容：因为各种各样的纸/是城市垃圾中最主要的成分，所以很多城市试着回收利用它以便减少处理垃圾的费用。

解释：本句将原因提前，强调原因，这样符合中文语序很容易理解。

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099.The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system， whose source，most　geologists contend，is the upper mantle.

= The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis/ is the well-established fact/ that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands/，islands/ believed to result from mantle plumes/ arising from the lower mantle/，are composed of material/ fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system/， whose source/，most geologists contend/，is the upper mantle.

#最好的证据/对于地幔分层论来说/是这样一个确凿的事实/即火山岩石在海洋岛屿上发现的/，这些岛屿被认为是mantle plume（形成的）/从下层地幔升上来的/，是由物质构成/与中部海脊的物质根本不同的/，其成因/，大多数地质学家认为/，是上部地幔。

*这个句子融入了地理方面的专业知识，对于这样的句子，我们要重点理解大意，而不要强求找到每个专业词汇的确切意思，有些单词认识就反映不认识就过去。

100.Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle　xenoliths， argue that the mantle is　not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward　liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming　portions of the upper mantle　irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.
但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体（xenolith）所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。

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096.Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter　into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if　the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible.

=Unless they succeed/，the yield gains of the Green Revolution/ will be largely lost/ even if the genes in legumes/ that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers/ are identified and isolated/，and even if　the transfer of those gene complexes/，once they are found， becomes possible.

#除非他们成功/，否则产量收入绿色革命的/将在很大程度上损失/，即使豆科植物中的基因/它为植物创造条件进入共生系统和固氮细菌（共生）/可被辨识出来和分离开来/，即使转移这些基因综合体，一旦被发现之后，成为可能。

*这个句子融入了有关基因方面的专业知识，读起来有点困难，但是句子的顺序减小了句子的难度，句子开句明意，even if的内容有补充说明的作用，所以句子的大意还是很容易理解的。

097.Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is　"life-as-spectacle，" for readers，diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers　are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.

=Its subject/（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）/is　"life-as-spectacle"/， for readers/，diverted by its various incidents/，observe its hero Odysseus/ primarily from without；the tragic Iliad/，however/，presents "life-as-experience"/：readers　are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles/，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.

#其主题（若借鉴Maynard Mack的分类）/是“人生如景象”，对读者来说/被种种事件所分散/，观察其主人公Odyssus/主要是从外部/；悲剧《伊利亚特》/，然而/，表现的却是“人生如经历”/：读者需要与Achilles产生共鸣/，其动机使他成为一个不是特别惹人喜爱的主人公。

*这个句子讲的是文学方面的内容，相信很多同学会感到要真正理解句子意思要了解相关的文学作品，所以读起来有点困难，但是只理解句子的大意还是不难的，有一处要特别注意，即identify with 是与……相联系的意思，类似的短语要注意积累。

098.Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.

=Most striking/ among the many asymmetries/ evident in an adult flatfish/ is eye placement/： before maturity one eye migrates/，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.

#最令人惊奇的/在很多不对称特征中/成年比目鱼身上明显的/，是眼睛的位置/：在成年前一只眼睛移动/，因此成年比目鱼两只眼睛均位于头部的同一侧。

*这个句子的结构有点乱，严格的说应该是两个句子，但我们只看内容不看语法，所以不用管它的结构。

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093.Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination　from a religious angle，of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic/ Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples/ of the conquered territories.

= Islam/，on the other hand/，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism/ that preceded it/；Islamic law/ is the result of an examination/　from a religious angle/，of legal subject matter/ that was far from uniform/，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic　Arabia/ and numerous legal elements/　taken over from the non-Arab peoples/ of the conquered territories.

#伊斯兰教/，另一方面/，代表着完全决裂/与阿拉伯异教/此前存在的的/；伊斯兰法律/是考察的结果/从宗教的角度/，对法律内容/极不规范的/，内容来自各种各样的组成部分前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家法律的/和无数法律特色/借鉴过来/从非阿拉伯民族/被征服的土地上的。

*这个句子比较长，还融入了法律方面的知识，但并不难理解，有些词认识就反映不认识就过去，如：Arab paganism阿拉伯异教等。相反有些多义词要仔细理解，如：legal elements 法律特色等。

094.One such novel idea is　that of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，the intensified research on legumes.

= One such novel idea/ is　that of inserting into the chromosomes of plants/ discrete genes/ that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution/：specifically/，the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants/ the genes/，if they can be identified and isolated/，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts/ for nitrogen-fixing bacteria./ Hence，the intensified research on legumes.

#一个新奇的想法/就是插入在植物的染色体中/不相关联的因基/不是该植物自然组成部分的/：具体而言/，这个想法就是/插入在非豆科植物内/这样一些基因/，如果他们能被辨识出来并被分离开来/，他们使豆科植物适合充当寄主/那些具备固氮作用的细菌的/。因此，研究深入对豆科植物的。

*这个句子很难理解，因为融入了太多的专业知识，但是知识要求并不高，如果以前对基因方面以及豆类植物固氮作用略知一二，理解大意还是不成问题的。

095.It is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves　are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.

=It is one of nature’s great ironies/ that the availability of nitrogen/ in the soil/ frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth/ even though the plants’ leaves　are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.

*自然界最大的矛盾之一/就是氮供给/土壤中的/通常限定了一个上限植物生长的/，尽管植物的叶子沉浸在一片氮气的海洋中。

*这个句子很容易理解，但是很有意思，关键词是irony，主要是搞清楚irony的内容是什么。

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090.But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.

=But achieving necessary matches/ in physical properties/ across interfaces between living and nonliving matter/ requires knowledge/ of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other/—an area/ that we have not yet explored thoroughly.

#但是，达到必要匹配/生理性质上的/沿着界面在有生命和无生命物质之间，需要知识/，哪些分子控制着细胞的结合彼此间的/——这一领域/，我们尚未进行充分的探索。

*这个句子融入了专业知识，但大意并不难理解，本句中破折号是解释说明的作用，破折号后面的内容还是要注意的。

091.Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding，of course，a　considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other　of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to　appreciate adequately the full range of　possible legal phenomena.

=Islamic law is a phenomenon/ so different from all other forms of law/—notwithstanding/，of course/，a　considerable and inevitable number of coincidences/ with one or the other　of them/ as far as subject matter and positive enactments/ are concerned/—that its study is indispensable/ in order to　appreciate adequately/ the full range of　possible legal phenomena.

#伊斯兰法是一种现象/如此不同于所有其它法律形式的/——毋庸置疑/，当然，/相当数量的且不可避免的巧合之处/与其它法律形式的/就其主要内容和积极的规定而言/——以致于对它的研究不可或缺/，以便充分理解/全部范围可能存在的法律现象的 。

*这个句子比较长，而且中间又加入了一个意思，所以比较难以理解，注意把两个意思分开理解。注意对有些固定短语，句型的理解，如：as far as
……are concerned，so ……that，等。

092.Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.

= Though historically there is a discernible break/ between Jewish law/ of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora/ （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）/， the spirit of the legal matter/ in later parts of the Old Testament/ is very close to that of the Talmud/， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.

#虽然历史上看/，有一个明显的断裂/在犹太法律之间/独立主权国家的古代以色列(时期)的/与Diaspora时期(的犹太法律)/，(即古代犹太人被流放以色列被征服后)/，但是法律内容的精神/《旧约全书》后半部分中的/与《犹太教法典》的很相近/，《犹太教法典》是指犹太法律的主要典籍之一/在Diaspora时期。

*这个句子比较长,也比较复杂, 有的地方很有迷惑性, 如: between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora 是指在不同时期的犹太法律之间, 如果改成 and that of Diaspora 就很容易理解了;此外，由于涉及到历史方面的内容，有些专有名词认识就反映不认识就过去。

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088.Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories，which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups（these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and　the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.

=Historians/ such as Le Roy Ladurie/ have used the documents to extract case histories/，which have illuminated the attitudes/ of different social groups/ （these attitudes include/，but are not confined to/，attitudes toward crime and the law）/and have revealed/ how the authorities administered justice/.

#史学家/如Le Roy Ladurie/曾经利用这些文献去提取出个案史/，它们说明了态度/不同社会群体的/（这些态度包括/，但并非局限于/，对犯罪和法律的态度）/，并揭示出/当权者是如何妨碍司法的。

*这个句子本来很容易理解，但是在中间用括号加了一个句子，打乱了读者的思路，使句子的难度增加。但是我们知道括号中的内容是补充内容，也就是可有可无，没有它原句仍然成立，所以我们可以跳过括号看全句，读完再看括号中的内容。这个句子如果变成…which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups that include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and　the law…难度又增加了，所以有些内容可以跳过，或者存放在脑中的另一部分，不去打扰句子的主要意思。

089.My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.

=My point/ is/ that its central　consciousness/—its profound understanding of class and gender/ as shaping influences/ on people’s lives/—owes much to that earlier literary heritage/，a heritage/ that，in general/，has not been sufficiently valued/ by most contemporary literary critics.

#我的观点是/，其作品的中心思想——它深刻理解阶级和性别/作为决定性影响/对人的生活的——在很大程度上借鉴了早期的文学遗产/，这些遗产/总体上/还未受到足够重视/大多数当代文学评论家的。

*这个句子与上一句很相似，两个破折号中间的内容也是补充性的，这种情况下破折号就相当于括号，中间的内容可看可不看。

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086.The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing　steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the　　closing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land　needed for further expansion of the American farming system.

=The historian Frederick J. Turner/ wrote in the 1890’s/ that the agrarian discontent/ that had been developing　steadily in the United States/ since about 1870/ had been precipitated/ by the closing of the internal frontier/——that is/，the depletion/ of available new land　/needed for further expansion /of the American farming system.

#史学家Frederick J. Turner/写道/于十九世纪九十年代/，农民的不满/一直在不断发展的在美国/自1870年以来/已经加剧/由于封闭国内边疆/——即/，枯竭/可利用的新土地/进一步扩大所需的/美国农业系统的（扩大）。

*这个句子虽然有点长，但是意思却很容易理解，因为这个句子是人为加了一些修饰成分才变的很长的，对于这样的句子抓住句子的中心内容就可以了。

087.In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political　and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local　magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.

= In the early 1950’s/，historians/ who studied preindustrial Europe/ （which we may define here as Europe/ in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800）/ began/， for the first time/ in large numbers/，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population/ than the 2 or 3 percent/ who comprised the political and social elite/：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local　magnates/ who had hitherto/ usually filled history books.

#在二十世纪五十年代早期/，史学家们/研究前工业时代欧洲的/（我们可将其定义为欧洲/这一时期的约自1300至1800）/开始/，首次/很多人/，调查前工业时代欧洲人口/超出于百分之二或三的/那些人口（百分之二或三的）构成了政治与社会精英/：国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方官/，他们曾经充斥于史学著作。

*这个句子比较长，需要我们耐心阅读，有个地方很有迷惑性要尤其注意，investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political　and social elite，调查的是百分之二或三的人口吗？不是。调查的是多于百分之二或三的人口，也就是百分之二或三的人口之外的那些人。

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084.In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily com-munity grazing rates，for nutrient-poor　lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.

= In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance/，that is/，in the late spring and in the summer/, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates/，for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes/，respectively/，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent/ of daily phytoplankton production.

#在这个时期浮游动物数量的高峰期/，即/在春末和夏季/，Haney记录了最高的每日群落食草速率/，对于贫养湖和沼泽湖而言/，分别为/，6.6%和114%/每日浮游植物繁殖量的。

*这个句子和上一句出自同一篇文章，都融入了专业知识，对于专业词语认识的就反映不认识的就过去，但要注意zooplankton 和phytoplankton是不同的，前者是浮游动物，后者是浮游植物。

085.The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.

=The hydrologic cycle/，a major topic in this science/，is the complete cycle of phenomena/ through which water passes/，beginning as atmospheric water vapor/，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation/，thence along and into the ground surface/，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor/ by means of evaporation and transpiration.

#水文循环/，一个主要课题该学科中的/，就是指整个循环过程/水经历的/，开始是大气中的水蒸气/，进而变成液体和固体形态作为降水/，由此流经地表或进入地表/，最终又变回大气水蒸气形态/通过蒸发和气化作用。

*这句话讲的是水的循环过程，不读这个句子，句子大意也略知一二，句子中有些专业词语我们能猜出其意， 如：precipitation，在 passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation 中，我们可以知道是液体或固体的形态，那一定会降落下来，而不是停留在空中，所以是降水。如果我们对句子的大意略知一二读起来就容易得多，但ETS没有那么仁慈，除非正好是你所学的专业，否则翻译成中文也不知道在讲什么。

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082.A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove，that the grazers had removed most of the algae.

=A low number of algal cells/ in the presence of a high number of grazers/ suggested/，but did not prove/，that the grazers had removed most of the algae.

#少量的水藻细胞/同时存在着大量的食草动物/，这暗示——但并不能证明——食草动物已清除了大部分水藻。

*这个句子比较短，也比较容易理解，注意理解一些细节，如：in the presence of 在……同时存在的情况下，或者是当着……的面。还要注意suggest这个多义词的理解，suggest有建议，提议，使某人想到，暗示，意味着等意思，联系上下文我们发现“暗示”这个义项更符合句意，故选之。有趣的是在GRE GMAT考试中 suggest经常表示“暗示”的意思，可能ETS想挑一个不常用的义项来迷惑读者。

083.Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of　individual zooplankton species in the　laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions　using the known population density　of grazers.

=Studies/ by Hargrave and Geen/ estimated natural community grazing rates/ by measuring feeding rates/ of　individual zooplankton species/ in the laboratory/ and then computing community grazing rates/ for field conditions/ using the known population density of grazers.

#研究/由Hargrave和Geen所进行的/，估计了自然群落的食草速率/通过测量捕食速率/浮游动物个体的/在实验室内/，然后通过计算群落的食草速率/实地状况下的/利用已知的食草动物种群密度。

*这个句子融入了专业知识，但并不难理解，人名和一些专业术语认识就反映不认识就过去。

kini

080.Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，　　infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface，radiation that would　otherwise be transmitted back into space.

=Although these molecules/ allow radiation/ at visible wavelengths/， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated/，to pass through/，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength/，infrared emissions/ radiated from the Earth’s surface/，radiation that would　otherwise be transmitted back into space.

#虽然这些分子/允许辐射/可见光波长的/——在那里绝大部分阳光的能量聚集——通过，但是它们却会吸收一些波长较长的光/，即红外线/从地球表面辐射出的/，这种辐射否则就会被重新输送回太空（若不是二氧化碳的缘故）。

*这个句子融入了专业知识，讲的是有关分子的事，很微妙。有些专业术语很容易猜到其意思，如：visible wavelengths 可见波长（的光）longer-wavelength 波长较长（的光），等。最后一句radiation that would　otherwise be transmitted back into space意思是：这种辐射否则就会被重新输送回太空，但感觉意思不完整，看了原文才知道，完整的意思应该是：若不是二氧化碳的缘故，这种辐射就会被重新输送回太空。

081.The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating　the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of　feeling，thinking，and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.

=The role/ those anthropologists ascribe to evolution/ is not of dictating　the details of human behavior/ but one of imposing constraints/—ways of　feeling，thinking，and acting/ that "come naturally" in archetypal situations/ in any culture.

#这个作用/人类学家所归功于生物进化的/，不是规定种种细节人类行为的，而是强加限制（于人类）——即情感、思维、以及行动方式/自然表现出来/在典型情景中/任何文化的。

*这个句子明显带有人工雕琢的痕迹，主要的句型就是：the role …is not …but…，句子的重心在后半部分。