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8.(Z)Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit-card logo.  Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?

A.        The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards.
B.        Patrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.
C.        In virtually all of the cases in the studies, the patrons who paid bills in cash did not possess credit cards.
D.        In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.
E.        The percentage of restaurant bills paid with given brand of credit card increases when that credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is prepared.

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9.(Z)It is true of both men and women that those who marry as young adults live longer than those who never marry.  This does not show that marriage causes people to live longer, since, as compared with other people of the same age, young adults who are about to get married have fewer of the unhealthy habits that can cause a person to have a shorter life, most notably smoking and immoderate drinking of alcohol.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?

A. Marriage tends to cause people to engage less regularly in sports that involve risk of bodily harm.
B. A married person who has an unhealthy habit is more likely to give up that habit than a person with the same habit who is unmarried.
C. A person who smokes is much more likely than a nonsmoker to marry a person who smokes at the time of marriage, and the same is true for people who drink alcohol immoderately.
D. Among people who marry as young adults, most of those who give up an unhealthy habit after marriage do not resume the habit later in life.
E.Among people who as young adults neither drink alcohol immoderately nor smoke, those who never marry live as long as those who marry.

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10. The population of peregrine falcons declined rapidly during the 1950’s and 1960’s and reached an all-time low in the early 1970’s. The decline was attributed by scientists to the widespread use of the pesticide DDT in rural areas.
  
Which of the following, if true, gives the strongest support to the scientists claim?

(A) DDT was not generally in use in areas devoted to heavy industry.
(B) In the time since the use of DDT was banned in 1972, the population of peregrine falcons has been steadily increasing.
(C) Peregrine falcons, like other birds of prey, abandon eggs that fallen out of the nest, even if the eggs remain intact.
(D) Starling, house sparrows, and blue jays-birds the peregrine falcon prey on—were not adversely affected by DDT in their habitats.
(E) Other birds of prey, such as the osprey, the bald cage, and the brown pclican, are found in the same area as is the peregrine falcon.

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11.(Z)Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces.  People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic.  The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration; accordingly, scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientists’ hypothesis?

A.        When the salt concentration of the fluid on the airway surfaces of healthy people is raised artificially, the salt concentration soon returns to normal.
B.        A sample of the antibiotic was capable of killing bacteria in an environment with an unusually low concentration of salt.
C.        When lung tissue from people with cystic fibrosis is maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria.
D.        Many lung infections can be treated by applying synthetic antibiotics to the airway surfaces.
E.        High salt concentrations have an antibiotic effect in many circumstances.

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12.(Z)Political Advertisement:
Mayor Delmont’s critics complain about the jobs that were lost in the city under Delmont’s leadership.  Yet the fact is that not only were more jobs created than were eliminated, but the average pay for these new jobs has been higher than the average pay for jobs citywide every year since Delmont took office.  So there can be no question that throughout Delmont’s tenure the average paycheck in this city has been getting steadily bigger.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument in the advertisement?

A.        The average pay for jobs created in the city during the past three years was higher than the average pay for jobs created in the city earlier in Mayor Delmont’s tenure.
B.        Average pay in the city was at a ten-year low when Mayor Delmont took office.
C.        Some of the jobs created in the city during Mayor Delmont’s tenure have in the meantime been eliminated again.
D.        The average pay for jobs eliminated in the city during Mayor Delmont’s tenure has been roughly equal every year to the average pay for jobs citywide.
E.        The average pay for jobs in the city is currently higher than it is for jobs in the suburbs surrounding the city.

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13.(Z)Capuchin monkeys often rub their bodies with a certain type of millipede.  Laboratory tests show that secretions from the bodies of these millipedes are rich in two chemicals that are potent mosquito repellents, and mosquitoes carry parasites that debilitate capuchins.  Some scientists hypothesize that the monkeys rub their bodies with the millipedes because doing so helps protect them from mosquitoes.

Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the scientists’ hypothesis?

A.        A single millipede often gets passed around among several capuchins, all of whom rub their bodies with it.
B.        The two chemicals that repel mosquitoes also repel several other varieties of insects.
C.        The capuchins rarely rub their bodies with the millipedes except during the rainy season, when mosquito populations are at their peak.
D.        Although the capuchins eat several species of insects, they do not eat the type of millipede they use to rub their bodies.
E.        The two insect-repelling chemicals in the secretions of the millipedes are carcinogenic for humans but do not appear to be carcinogenic for capuchins.

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14.(Z)Crowding on Mooreville’s subway frequently leads to delays, because it is difficult for passengers to exit from the trains.  Subway ridership is projected to increase by 20 percent over the next 10 years.  The Metroville Transit Authority plans to increase the number of daily train trips by only 5 percent over the same period.  Officials predict that this increase is sufficient to ensure that the incidence of delays due to crowding does not increase.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest grounds for the officials’ prediction?

A.        By changing maintenance schedules, the Transit Authority can achieve the 5 percent increase in train trips without purchasing any new subway cars.
B.        The Transit Authority also plans a 5 percent increase in the number of bus trips on routes that connect to subways.
C.        For most commuters who use the subway system, there is no practical alternative public transportation available.
D.        Most of the projected increase in ridership is expected to occur in off-peak hours when trains are now sparsely used.
E.        The 5 percent increase in the number of train trips can be achieved without an equal increase in Transit Authority operational costs.

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15.(Z)Certain politicians in the country of Birangi argue that a 50 percent tax on new automobiles would halt the rapid increase of automobiles on Birangi’s roads and thereby slow the deterioration of Birangi’s air quality.  Although most experts agree that such a tax would result in fewer Birangians buying new vehicles and gradually reduce the number of automobiles on Birangi’s roads, they contend that it would have little impact on Birangi’s air-quality problem.

Which of the following, if true in Birangi, would most strongly support the experts’ contention about the effect of the proposed automobile tax on Birangi’s air-quality problem?

A.        Automobile emissions are the largest single source of air pollution.
B.        Some of the proceeds from the new tax would go toward expanding the nonpolluting commuter rail system.
C.        Currently, the sales tax on new automobiles is considerably lower than 50 percent.
D.        Automobiles become less fuel efficient and therefore contribute more to air pollution as they age.
E.        The scrapping of automobiles causes insignificant amounts of air pollution.

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16.(Z)A mosquito bite can transmit to a person the parasite that causes malaria, and the use of mosquito nets over children’s beds can significantly reduce the incidence of malarial infection for children in areas where malaria is common. Yet public health officials are reluctant to recommend the use of mosquito nets over children’s beds in such areas.

Which of the following, if true, would provide the strongest grounds for the public health officials’ reluctance?

A.        Early exposure to malaria increases the body’s resistance to it and results in a lesser likelihood of severe life-threatening episodes of malaria.
B.        Mosquito bites can transmit to people diseases other than malaria.
C.        Mosquito nets provide protection from some insect pests other than mosquitoes.
D.        Although there are vaccines available for many childhood diseases, no vaccine has been developed that is effective against malaria.
E.        The pesticides that are most effective against mosquitoes in regions where malaria is common have significant detrimental effects on human health.

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17.(Z)The Eurasian ruffe, a fish species inadvertently introduced into North America’s Great Lakes in recent years, feeds on the eggs of lake whitefish, a native species, thus threatening the lakes’ natural ecosystem. To help track the ruffe’s spread, government agencies have produced wallet-sized cards about the ruffe. The cards contain pictures of the ruffe and explain the danger they pose; the cards also request anglers to report any ruffe they catch.

Which of the following, if true, would provide most support for the prediction that the agencies’ action will have its intended effect?

A.        The ruffe has spiny fins that make it unattractive as prey.
B.        Ruffe generally feed at night, but most recreational fishing on the Great Lakes is done during daytime hours.
C.        Most people who fish recreationally on the Great Lakes are interested in the preservation of the lake whitefish because it is a highly prized game fish.
D.        The ruffe is one of several nonnative species in the Great Lakes whose existence threatens the survival of lake whitefish populations there.
E.        The bait that most people use when fishing for whitefish on the Great Lakes is not attractive to ruffe.