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2. The federal government expects hospitals to perform 10,000 organ transplants next year. But it is doubtful that this many donor organs will be available, since the number of fatalities resulting from car and motorcycle accidents has been dropping steadily over the past decade.
  
The argument above makes which of the following assumptions?

(A) A significant number of the organs used in transplants come from people who die in car and motorcycle accidents.
(B) The number of car and motorcycle accidents will increase significantly during the next year.
(C) No more than 10,000 people will be in need of organ transplants during the next year.
(D) In the past the federal government’s estimates of the number of organ transplants needed during a given year have been very unreliable.
(E) For any given fatality resulting from a car or motorcycle accident, there is a hospital in the vicinity in need of an organ for a transplant.

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3. Traditionally, decision-making by managers that is reasoned step-by-step has been considered preferable to intuitive decision-making. However, a recent study found that top managers used intuition significantly more than did most middle-or lower-level managers. This confirms the alternative view that intuition is actually more effective than careful, methodical reasoning.

The conclusion above is based on which of the following assumptions?

(A) Methodical, step-by-step reasoning is inappropriate for making many real-life management decisions.
(B) Top managers have the ability to use either intuitive reasoning or methodical, step-by-step reasoning in making decisions.
(C) The decisions made by middle-and lower-level managers can be made as easily by using methodical reasoning as by using intuitive reasoning.
(D) Top managers use intuitive reasoning in making the majority of their decisions.
(E) Top managers are more effective at decision-making than middle-or lower-level managers

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4. When people evade income taxes by not declaring taxable income, a vicious cycle results. Tax evasion forces lawmakers to raise income tax rates, which causes the tax burden on nonevading taxpayers to become heavier. This, in turn, encourages even more taxpayers to evade income taxes by hiding taxable income.

The vicious cycle described above could not result unless which of the following were true?

(A) An increase in tax rates tends to function as an incentive for taxpayers to try to increase their pretax incomes.
(B) Some methods for detecting tax evaders, and thus recovering some tax revenue lost through evasion, bring in more than they cost, but their success rate varies from years to year.
(C) When lawmakers establish income tax rates in order to generate a certain level of revenue, they do not allow adequately for revenue that will be lost through evasion.
(D) No one who routinely hides some taxable income can be induced by a lowering of tax rates to stop hiding such income unless fines for evaders are raised at the same time.
(E) Taxpayers do not differ from each other with respect to the rate of taxation that will cause them to evade taxes.

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5. In the 1960’s long-term studies of primate behavior often used as subjects tamaris, small monkeys that were thought ideal because they require only small cages, breed frequently, and grow quickly. Field studies were not used because they were costly and difficult. Tamarinds were kept caged in male-female pairs, because otherwise, serious fights erupted between unrelated females. On the basis of the fact that breeding occurred, tamarinds were viewed as monogamous.
  
The view taken by the researchers concerning the monogamy of tamarinds deepened on a questionable assumption. Which of the following could have served as that assumption?

(A) The suppression of fighting between related females serves to protect their common genetic inheritance.
(B) Adult male tamarinds contribute to the care of tamarind infants.
(C) The social system of tamarinds requires monogamous pairing.
(D) Male tamarind monkeys do not display aggressive behavior in the wild.
(E) The way the tamarinds were kept in cages did not affect their mating behavior.

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6. Twenty percent of all energy consumed in the United States is consumed by home appliances. If appliances that are twice as energy-efficient as those currently available are produced, this figure will eventually be reduced to about ten percent.
  
The argument above requires which of the following assumption?

(A) Home-appliance usage would not increase along with the energy efficiency of the appliances.
(B) It would not be expensive to produce home appliances that are energy-efficient.
(C) Home-appliance manufacturers now have the technology to produce appliances that are twice as energy-efficient as those currently available.
(D) The cost of energy to the consumer world rise with increase in the energy efficiency of home appliances.
(E) The percentage of energy consumed by home appliances will increase if existing appliances are not replaced by more energy-efficient models.

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7. Inspection system X and inspection system Y, though based on different principles, each detect all product flaws but they each also erroneously reject three percent of flawless products. Since false rejections are very costly, money will be saved by installing both systems, instead of either one or the other, and rejecting only products found flawed by both.
The argument above requires which of the following assumption?

(A)        The three percent of flawless products that system X rejects are not all the same products, piece for piece, that system Y erroneously rejects.
(B)        It is less costly to accept a flawed product than to reject a flawless one.
(C)        In their price range, system as X and Y are the least error-prone inspection systems on the market.
(D)        Whichever system performs the second inspection needs to inspect only products not rejected by the first system.
(E)        Any way of detecting flaws, other than by using either system X or system Y, requires complete disassembly of the products.

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8. Statistics over four consecutive years showed that four percent more automobile accidents happened in California during the week following the switch to daylight saving time and during the week following the switch back to standard time than occurred the week before each event. These statistics show that these time changes adversely affect the alertness of California drivers.
  
The conclusion in the argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?

(A)        Drivers in California as well as those in the rest of the United States have similar driving patterns.
(B)        The observed increases in accident rates are due almost entirely to an increase in the number of minor accidents.
(C)        Four years is not a sufficiently long period of time over which to judge the phenomenon described.
(D)        There are no other factors such as school vacations or holiday celebrations that cause accident rates to rise during these weeks.
(E)        A time change at any other time of year would not produce a similar increase in accident

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9(Z). Until mow, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available.  Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain of injections, but adults, who are at risk of serious complications from influenza, are commonly vaccinated.  A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children.  However, since children seldom develop serious complications from influenza, no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.        Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the nasal-spray vaccine as well.
B.        The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as jnjectable vaccines do.
C.        The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults.
D.        Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.
E.        The nasal spray vaccine is mot effective when administered to adults.

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10(Z). Newspaper editorial:   
In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher.  Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access they formerly had to college-level courses.  However, this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal, since after being released from prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.
B. Former inmates are no more likely to commit crimes than are members of the general population.
C. The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released.
D. Taking high school level courses in prison has less effect on an inmate’s subsequent behavior than taking college-level courses does.
E. The governor’s ultimate goal actually is to gain popularity by convincing people that something effective is being done about crime.

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11.(Z)Two centuries ago, Tufe Peninsula became separated form the mainland, isolating on the newly formed Tufe Island a population of Turfil sunflowers.  This population’s descendants grow to be, on average, 40 centimeters shorter than Turfil sunflowers found on the mainland.  Tufe Island is significantly drier than Tufe Peninsula was.  So the current average height of Tufe’s Turfil sunflowers is undoubtedly at least partially attributable to changes in Tufe’s environmental conditions.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.        There are no types of vegetation on Tufe Island that are known to benefit from dry conditions.
B.        There were about as many Turfil sunflowers on Tufe Peninsula two centuries ago as there are on Tufe Island today.
C.        The mainland’s environment has not changed in ways that have resulted in Turfil sunflowers on the mainland growing to be 40 centimeters taller than they did two centuries ago.
D.        The soil on Tufe Island, unlike that on the mainland, lacks important nutrients that help Turfil sunflowers survive and grow tall in a dry environment.
E.        The 40-centimeter height difference between the Turfil sunflowers on Tufe Island and those on the mainland is the only difference between the two populations.