bigpig

不严重的有效性错误 （light effectiveness）
（1）轻微违反了原文的意思
        弱语气的添加或者丢失
Just，even

As he do, I am a student.
1. As he is, I am a student.
2. Just as he is, I am a student
3. Like him, I am a student
        以下不可以随意替换
Only if---if
However much---however
Should---if
Be like---be not unlike
If---on condition that
n---any +n
like---just like

以下可以替换
May---might
        句子的强调重心发生轻微的改变
主动---被动
状语（即修饰成分）的位置发生改变
把状语从句+ and 改成 并列的第二主句
E.g. Laos has only four million in population, among whom many are members of hill tribes.
---Laos has only four million in population, and many are members of hill tribes. X
        时态发生变化
一般过去---过去完成
一般现在---现在进行
Since       现在完成
Originally   一般过去
Becoming   现在进行
Earlier in the year  过去完成
The economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year.

bigpig

新东方规律总结
（1）错误的表达方式
     Whether or not
     Do it  (应该是do so)
        口语化的表达方式
When you, …. X
If you X
Maybe X      (应该是perhaps)
Hopefully X   (应该是It is hoped that…)
        主观的色彩表达方式
Be to do/be going to X ------should
Avoid X -----keep sb from doing
Have to X ---must
        Being 放在 adj 或者 n 前面X
Being done 可以，被动语态进行时
        There be sth done  X
There being sth   X
        Similar to 放主句或者从句的句首X---用like
        Concerning/with respect to X --- about/over
        Be able to be done 能够被做 X
        Base, compare 只能被动---based on, compared with
Prove, double, triple, quadruple, 只能主动
        If + 名词
        Like X ---seem
As X ---as if
        Every one X ---all/each
        举例不能用Like---要用such as
或者such +n + as   (such crops as corns and beans)   
        This, that, these, those 不能单独出现，要+n
        Seeming X ---seemingly
        In comparison with---compared with
In isolation with---isolated from
In contrast with---contrary to
        Is 单独出现X
        双重所有格 A of B’s CX
The rates of Mideast immigrants' entrepreneurship X
        All…not X ----Not all
        N1, doing, N2 X  doing的指代对象不明
        其他
        Enough在画线部分一定错！
Enough…to…是主观表达，一般在GMAT里面都是错的，换成so…that
        把LIKE换成SEEM，AS 换成AS IF一定错。As though = as if
        Make comparison of 错！ 要用compare。
With the intention to错！ 要用intend。
Be able to be done错！应改为can be done
        Doubled, tripled, quadrupled 错！ 只能用主动
The doubling of the sales could occur…错！； the sales double 对！
        Such as to 错！
        Try to 错！      Try and make 错！
        Like this/that/ these/ those   错  ; such + n  对
        Do it  错(指代不清)   ;   do so 对
        All not 错（有歧义）； not all 对
        To do sth is to do sth 对，doing sth is doing sth 从未错过正确答案
        Visit..where 错！Visit..that (可省略)对！因为visit 及物
        把because,换成since, X 因果关系变得没有那么强烈
        把that换成what
Avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year
Avoid the recession, what many had feared earlier in the year X
        Some reason is attributed as the cause of some phenomenon X
Some phenomenon is attributed to some reason
        In one’s doing X
e.g. in his trying to X----in his attempt to
        时间状语一般放在开头比较清楚，放在主语和谓语的中间就不好

bigpig

（2）优选结构
        Not… but…>rather than>instead of
        Even though/if, Although+句子>Despite + n / despite of + n
        B 介词 A> AB
Inability of French>French inability
Sediments from the Baltic Sea>Baltic Sea sediments
        介词+which>where
        Adj+n>n +that be adj
        名词+more adj>more adj 名词（more 修饰对象有歧义）
        在其他完全相同的情况下
名词>代词
同位语>定语从句
主动句>被动句
        In that>because>by doing>because of >due to   (in that 现在已经不怎么用了，太正式了，用for更好一点)
        So+adj>such+抽象名词
        表示“是否”，whether>if
        Can>Able to do>ability of sb to do>capable>capability
        To do>of doing>for doing
表示动作目的的时候只能用to do, 不能用for doing
        Obituary>death 更正规
        比。。。少，不管可数还是不可数，都可以用less, 不用few
People是个例外，一定要用fewer
        尽量使用书面语
Obituary>death
Once>at one time
More ancient>older than
        Increase in sth>more sth     
A 55% increase in delays> A 55% more delays
后者不清楚和谁比增加了55%
At a lower cost>cost less   (书面用，比间接性更重要)
        实意n>v>adj>抽象n>分词，动名词>从句
        V>adj
        Adj>抽n
        So+adj>such a adj n
        V>抽n
半抽---aim, base, cost, force, help, result, increase…
优先选用他们的动词含义
        抽n>现在分词，动名词
        分词，动名词>从句
重复性v---政府法令----现在分词
一次性v---定语从句
        Whereas>while 在表示对比的时候，因为while可以表示同时，也可以表示对比，比较ambiguous
注意对比(whereas)前后的句子的主语要一个性质(e.g. 35% ---70%),structure 要parallel
        Try>make an attempt
Differ>have difference
Idealize>ideal
        在表示”是否”的时候，whether>if
        主动>被动    （如果by sb 在划线部分之外，可以保留被动）
        GMAT偏爱用that 引导宾语从句，同位语从句，因为解释的清楚，且避免结构复杂
        Include>with, with代表的意义太宽泛
        To do>as a way of doing
        Sb’s doing  (Katherine’s becoming a journalist) 一般都是X
        Using>by the use of
        Not+动词> 有否定词前缀的动词
---because it more effectively expresses the intended negation
e.g. not accompanied>unaccompanied
        It引导的that从句一般都很wordy
Sb is at falut for doing> It is the fault of sb to do
St is expected to do> It is expected that st do   
Maybe>It may be that
        Twice>two times

bigpig

（3）. 有效性原则 （按错误严重性排序）
        There be+抽象n   X-----只能+实义n
        情态动词的添加和丢失X
Can, may
        Come, become, go, remain
表示方向性词，一定要保留，原文中没有不要加，改为Be 动词也错
        介词和助动词尽量补出
And补出介词  取消歧义
As, than 后面补出介词
补出不一定对，不补不一定错
        定语从句和分词省略结构的就近修饰原则
（全划线的常考）
        在其他完全相同的情况下
定语从句that 作为宾语尽量省略，作为主语不能省略
        逻辑关系的强加，丢失和改变X
When   时间
If       条件
Because  因果
Although 转折
        代词指代尽量清晰明确，不能指代不清
        A of B ---无生命
B’C--------有生命

bigpig

题型总结
（1）宾语、定语从句
（1）宾语从句  
一定要有that, 不可省
    动词+n+that…X
    Verb that…, that… and that…   (that不可以省略)  
    N in which…, in which and in which…
（2）定语从句
    That/which 的区别
        That+限制性定语从句
That 前不能加介词，要紧跟名词，不能跳跃修饰
        Which+非限制性定语从句
Which 前可加介词，不能紧跟名词，要加逗号，可以跳跃修饰,但一般认为是修饰前面最近的词（OG11）
        Who/whom---人
That/which---物
Whose---人，物
        N where… and in which X
N where… and who X
N who…and whose
（3）Time/period  when
2012  when
Age   in which
Year   that
Date  at which
（4）前面整句话对后面的影响，用新名词/doing
用which, to do, this, it X
（5）n that ….v …如果that 后面的修饰语太长，则可以将that 放到v后面
       A new type of jet engine is being tested that could eventually propel aircraft anywhere in the world。

bigpig

（2）时态
     同一句话中现在时，过去式不能混用
     出现before, after, once等代表事件顺序的词，前后分句的时态要不同
    e.g. They want to see whether tourists will continue to visit game parks to see rhinoceroses once the animals’ horns have been trimmed.
     考单一时态
        一般现在时
客观规律，真理
科研成果和统计资料
        一般过去式
Originally, centuries ago
To have done 表示的是一般现在时，不是现在完成时
e.g. They are thought to have lived 2,000 years ago       
        现在进行时
政府法规法令 directive, sentence
        现在完成时
Since
一大段时间
短语 （the world has ever seen, than ever before possible）
within/during/over/in + the past/last/recent + 时间短语
        一般将来式
The possibility that/the likelihood that
        Continue
不能用进行时
不能用复合时
Is and will continue doing X
(3) 形容词、副词的区别
        转义
Significant (重要)----significantly (极大程度的)
Fair (公平的)-----fairly (相当的)
Simple (简单)-----simply (仅仅地)
Special (特殊)-----especially (尤其的)
Economic(经济上的)---economical (节约的)
        修饰名词用形容词
修饰形容词用副词
Recent extended sales (recent 一定是修饰sales)
       Clothing could be packed flat  (flat 一定是修饰 clothing)
       …wings, shaped so smooth and perfectly (smooth---wings, perfectly---shaped)

bigpig

（4）比较结构
        A plays tennis better than B/B does/does B
考的最多的是does B
Oil price is higher this year than last year.
Oil price this year is higher than last year’s.
        比较对象要对等，句子后半段用that/those, 不能用 It/them/they
        比较结构后半段，尽量补出助动词
助动词和主句谓语一致，且可以倒装
        和。。。一样大或者比他大
As great as or greater than
At least as great as
As …as…, if not more so (此形式出现，一定正确)
The use of chemical pesticides in this country is as extensive as it was ten years ago, if not more so.

（5）Rate
        Rate 和rate 比，不可以和 wage 比
        Rate 和 high/low 搭配， 不可以和prevalent 搭配
（6）时间上有先后关系的两个动词，必须用and 连接
     当中，动词改成现在分词作伴随状语是典型的错误
（7）like A, B do--------A和B必须是同类事物,A 必须是和主句中的主语对应，不能和谓语对应
       As + 句子（补出助动词）-----A 和B可以不是同类事物（句子可以不完整，有省略,可以省略助动词，谓语）
e.g. Owning a house is the goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations. （省略谓语）
Owning a house is the goal of a majority of young adults, like that of earlier generations. X
The civilization in Pakistan flourished at the same time as the civilization in Nile.
As
        作连词+句子   （像什么一样）
Like A, B do
As +句子
Just as A do, so B do/so do B
Just as A do, so too do B
        作介词+名词   （作为）
        作副词   （语气助词）
As when   as when she was a child (正确的，不是重复)
As where
作代词, 指代简单主句
Indirect socialization also occurs, as when television shows or films reinforce stereotyped images of women and men.
   比较
   1. 有There be 的比较，两个there be 都要写出
         There are about ○as many gym members in the boxing class ○as there are in the aerobics class.
      2. as 比较中，比较主语的时候谓语动词一定要补出，
                   主语相同时，可以省略第二个主语
   Four times as many Americans were killed as would be killed in 1990. 省略those who
      3. 表示比较的时候把as/like放在句首，as/like A, B… 会 more effective, 开始就摆明两个比较的对象
（8）如此…以至于
     So …as to   简单但是逻辑主语必须一致
     So…that    复杂但是逻辑主语可以不一致
     Enough X
     Such…as to X
     Such…though X

肯定---as…as，never as…as
否定---not so…as
Such 后面不跟抽象名词

（9）名词修饰
     名词 of 限定  （短修饰）
     名词  that 解释 （长修饰）

     例外：
     Importance/Necessity/Need 只能加 of
     Need 还可以加 For
(10) Closing/worrying----过程动作
    Closed/worried----状态结果

bigpig

（11）with
        本身的逻辑宾语就是它的修饰，所以不加 it
With It X
To do it X
固定搭配可以加 （Associate with it）
        可以跳跃修饰
        With sth adj/done/doing/介词短语
        With sth as sth
The diet was largely vegetarian---X1, X2, X3, and X4, with meat as a rarity.
（12）all each
        直线部分在句子前半段，用all. 在后半段用each
        Each 引导强调型 独立主格
复数n结尾的句子，each+…ed/doing/介词短语/形容词短语
They have five groups, each having its own executive.
                  , each with its own executive
                  , each equipped with its own executive
                  , each a powerful team
        有which,不要替换成with, 用with 指代不清
The company earns a profit, which have increased 5 percent during the first three years.
The company earns a profit, with a 5 percent increase during the first three years. X

  （13）to do sth is to do sth
        Doing sth is doing sth
        Sth is sth
（14）without (高分标志)
        Without  + 名词/doing     中间不能插任何修饰语（例如any）
Without your permission/without thereby provoking X
        相对简洁，尽量使用
        强烈语气表达
Without 原文中通常没有，但通过判断句子语气需要加强，就加
  （15）倒装
        否定性词或者短语位于句首，引起部分倒装
      Never, no longer, rarely, hardly…when, few, little, not until, no sooner…than
        So/such 位于句首
        Only 位于句首
Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.
        全倒装的谓语动词单复数由动词后的主语(动作的发生者)决定
Out of sth grows a market…
（16）虚拟语气 (Subjunctive mood)
    If I/he were a boy, I/he would…
     Wish + I could fly/I had won the game
     虚拟语气一定要用if…were
Not one of the potential investors is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were not to be concluded.
    Demand/suggest/advise/mandate/order/propose/advocate/recommend/decree/insist/urge/plead/ask…. (should省略) be
     Predict that 后面不跟虚拟语气+will do
     It is urgent/vital/essential/necessary/important/imperative/better/preferable that….
     Would rather + you went to bed early
     Demand sb to do sth是错误表达。og 上cocacola那道题是最好的例证。
     In order to/To do sth, sb would have to do sth
  （17）If…., (then)….
      If she wins the lottery, she will give half the money to charity.
      If she won the lottery, she would give half the money to charity.
      If she had won the lottery, she would have given half the money to charity.
（18）语义不清
     1. I definitely prefer eating ice cream to eating hot dogs in the summertime.
（不知道in the summer修饰什么）
In the summertime, I definitely prefer eating ice cream to eating hot dog.
     2. St of this kind, St like this/that 指代不清
       应换成such + n